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Question No 1: What is Data processing?
Answer: Data processing is any process that uses a
computer program to enter data and summarise , analyse or
otherwise convert data usable information . It involves
recording, analysing, sorting, summarising, calculating,
disseminating and storing data. Because data is most useful
when well-presented and actually informative , data-
processing systems are often referred to Information system.

Question No 2: Differentiate between DATA and
INFORMATION? Which is more useful to people and why?
Answer: DATA- Data is the collection of raw facts and
figures. It is without any proper meaning. Data may be used as
collection of words, numbers, graphics or sounds. It can exist in
a variety of forms as numbers or text on pieces of paper, as bits
and bytes stored in electronic memory or as facts stored in a
persons mind.
For Example: Student data on admission form.
In examination data about obtained marks of different
subjects for all student is collected .
INFORMATION-
Processed data is called Information. When raw facts and
figures are processed arranged in some order then they



become information . It is mainly using in decision making.
Actually we processed data to convert it into information.

For Example: Student Address Data
Stored data of students can be used to print address labels
students.
Question No 2: What is Generation in computer Terminology
and how many computer generations are their till date?
Answer: Generation in computer terminology is a step in
technology. It provides the all information about the growth of
computer history. The term generation was used to distinguish
between varying the hardware technologies. Now a day, it has
been extended to include both hardware and software that
together make up a computer system.
There are FIVE generations:
a) FIRST generation (1942-55): In this generation we use
vacuum tubes as the main electronic component. These
computers are physical large in size and limited memory
space. This tube consumes large amount of electricity and
produced large amount of heat.
b) SECOND generation (1955-64): This generation used
Transistors in the place of vacuum tubes. Transistors were
made from material called semi-conductors. The size of
transistors is much smaller than vacuum tubes. It use very
less amount of electricity and produced very small
amount of heat.



c) THIRD generation (1964-75): This generation of computer
used Integrated circuits(IC) or it is called CHIPS. SSI used
by third generation. It only contains 10-20 components in
one chip.
d) FOURTH generation (1975-89): In the fourth generation,
larger scale integral (LSI) and Very larger scale integral
(VLSI) chips are used. It was possible to integrate 50,000
components in one single chip.
e) FIFTH generation (1989-Present): In this generation, Ultra
Large integration technology is used. This generation
have mainly emphasis in the field of parallel processing
and artificial intelligence.

Question No 3: Differentiate between Positional number
system and Non-Positional number System?
Answer:
NUMBER SYSTEM

POSITIONAL
NO. SYSTEM
NON - POSITIONAL
NO. SYSTEM



(1) Positional Number System:
A Positional Number System is a system for
representations of numbers by an ordered set of numerals
symbols (called digit) in which the value of a numeral symbols
depends on its position. For each position a unique symbols or
a limited sets of symbols is used. The value of its symbols is
given by the weights of its position. Expressed in the bases
(or radices) of the system.

(2) Non-Positional Number System:
In Non Positional Number System the position of the digits is
not fixed. These numbers are represented by counting on
fingers of 11111 to represent 5 or V to represent 5. These
number systems were used in past time but nowadays
these are never used. This number system is difficult to use as
it has no symbols.
For Example: In the early stages stones and stick were
used to count number, with one stick for 1, a hundred sticks
for 100 and so on. The position or placing will not make any
change.

Question No 5: Draw a BLOCK DIAGRAM of a computer
System and describe the role of each functioning of system?
Answer:







BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COMPUTER










(1) INPUT DEVICES
The is the process of entering data and program in the
computer system .Computer is an electronic machine like any
other machine which takes as input raw data and performs
some processing giving out processed data . Therefore, the
input unit takes from us to the computer in an organised
manner for processing.
(2) CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
The ALU and CU of a computer system are jointly known as
the central processing unit. CPU is mainly called by the brain
of any computer system. It is just like brain that takes all major
decisions, makes all sorts of calculations and directs different
parts of computer functions by activating and controlling the
operations.
(3) CONTROL UNIT
The next component of computer is the control unit, which
acts like the supervisor seeing that things are done in proper
fashion. Control Unit determines the sequence in which
computer programs and instructions are executed. Things like
processing of programs stored in the main memory,
interpretation of the instructions and issuing of signals for
other units of the computer to execute them. It also acts as a



switch board operator when several users access the computer
simultaneously. Thereby it coordinates the activities of
computers peripheral equipment as they perform the input and
output.

(4) MEMORY UNIT
The process of saving data and instructions permanently is
known as storage. Data has to be fed into the system before the
actual processing starts. It is because the processing speed of
Central Processing Unit is so fast that the data has to be
provided to CPU with the same speed. Therefore the data is
first stored in the storage unit for faster access and processing.
This storage unit is designed to do the above functionally. It
provides space for storing data and instructions.
(5) ARITHMATIC LOGIC UNIT
After you enter data through the input device it is stored in the
primary storage unit. The actual processing of the data and
instructions are performed by the ALU are addition,
multiplication, subtraction, division, logic and comparison.
Data is transferred to ALU from memory unit when required.
After processing the output is returned back to memory unit for
further processing or getting storage.
(6) LOGIC UNIT



This is the process of producing results from the data for
getting useful information. Similarly the output produced by
the computer after processing must also be kept somewhere
readable form. Again the output is also stored inside the
computer for further processing.


Question No 6: Differentiate between Input device and Output
device? Can a device be used as both an input and output
device. If NO, explain why, if yes, give an example of such
device?
Answer:
INPUT DEVICE
An input device is any peripheral used to provide data and
control signals to an information processing system. Input
devices are those physically interacted with by the user and
have buttons, keys, a lens or some other component that is
responsible for the actual input. They work before output
devices. Usually these devices are cheaper than output devices.
It converts commands to binary digits. User to CPU via input
device.
OUTPUT DEVICE
Any device that outputs information from a computer is called,
not surprisingly, an Output device. These devices are never
contacted, are usually larger, and typically have a screen or set



of speakers for data output. These devices works after input
devices. Usually output devices price is higher than input
device. It converts binary language to our language. CPU to
user output device.
Yes, MODEM is a device which can be used as both output and
input device.

Question No 7: What do you mean by Peripheral devices? Give
some examples?
Answer: A computer peripheral is a device that is connected to
a computer but is not a part of core computer architecture. The
core elements of computer are the central processing unit,
power supply , motherboard ant the computer case containing
is considered a peripheral device ; however , this is a somewhat
narrow view , since various other elements are required for a
computer to actually function , such as hard drive and random
access memory (RAM).
For Example: Central processing unit, motherboard and
power supply.

Question No 8: Hardware and Software of the computer
system are like the two sides of a coin, Discuss?
Answer: The heads side of a coin is very often different from
its Tail side and yet both are integral part of the coin as a
whole.



The same is true of the Hardware and the Software
that make up a computer system. A close look at its hardware
provides very little in the way of clue about what its software
will be. Similarly, closely inspecting a piece of software source
code will seldom tell you about the hardware on which it runs.
And yet hardware and software are both integral parts of every
computer system. If is for this reason that Hardware and
Software are often called two sides of same coin.

Question No 9: Hardware is onetime expense whereas
Software is a continuous expense. Explain?
Answer: For a computer to produce useful output its hardware
and software must work together. Nothing can be useful can be
done with the hardware on its own , and software cannot be
utilized without supporting hardware .To take an analogy , a
cassette player and its cassettes purchased from the market are
hardware . However, the songs recorded on the cassettes are its
software. To listen to a song, that song has to be recorded on
one of the cassettes first, this is then mounted on the cassettes
player and played. Similarly to get job done by a computer, the
corresponding software has to be loaded in the hardware first
and then executed. AS Hardware is onetime expense whereas
software is a continuing expense.
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