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Mechatronics [MH1031]
Unit 1
1. What is Mechatronics? Give examples.
Mechatronics is the synergistic integration of mechanical engineering with electronics &
Intelligent control algorithms in the design & manufacture of products process.
Examples washing machine! "o#ot! automo#ile electronic fuel in$ection & antiloc% #ra%e
systems! digital camera etc.
&. 'escri#e various elements of measurement system with help of a #loc% diagram.
(ensor It responds to the )uantity #eing measured #y giving as its output
a signal which is related to the )uantity.
(ignal conditioner It ta%es the signal from the sensor & manipulates it into
a condition which is suita#le for either display *or+ for
use to exercise control.
'isplay ,he output from the signal conditioner is displayed.
-. Identify the sensor! signal conditioner & display elements in the measurement systems of a+
mercury in glass thermometer #+ a .ourdon pressure gauge.
a+ (ensor / mercury
signalconditioner/fine#orestem
display / mar%s on the stem.
#+ (ensor / curved tu#e
signal conditioner / gears
display / pointer moving across a
scale.
0. Identify the various elements that might #e present in a control system involving a
thermostatically controlled electric heater.
1rocess 2 heater
3ontrolled varia#le 2 temperature
Measurement device 2 #imetallic strip
3omparison element 2 thermostat
3orrection element 2 relay.
4. What is meant #y se)uential control & illustrate with an example.
,he control system in which the actions are strictly ordered in a time or event driven
se)uence is %nown as se)uential control.
Example domestic washing machine. ,he operations to #e carried out in the correct
se)uence are! pre wash cycle! main wash cycle & rinse cycle.
5. (tate steps that might #e present in the se)uential control of a dish washer.
Water in! rinse! water out
Water in! heat water! rinse! water out
Water in! rinse! water out
6. 3ompare & contrast the traditional design of a watch with that of a Mechatronics designed
product.
,raditional design Mechatronics design
i. .ul%y i. 3ompact
ii. 7imited functions ii. More functions
iii. "e)uires rewinding iii. 'oes not re)uire rewinding
iv. 3ostlier iv. 3heaper.
8. 3ompare and contrast the control system for the domestic central heating system involving a
#imetallic thermostat and that involving microprocessor.
.imetallic element Mechatronics design
i. (low i. 9ast
ii. 7imited accuracy ii. More accurate
iii. (imple functions iii. Many functions
iv. 3heap iv. More 3heap.
:. 7ist the advantages of Mechatronics system.
1. Increased functionality and letter design
&. More use of electronics & software instead of mechanical function
-. ;ssumes responsi#ility for process & operation with little interference of
operators.
0. <igh levels of integration
4. =ses ;I and intelligent process control
5. <igh relia#ility & safety.
1>. 'escri#e #riefly the evolution of Mechatronics system.
Modern Mechatronics systems evolved through several stages and categori?ed as
1. (tand alone systems Ex washing machine! compact dis% player! auto
focus! camera! #oat auto pilot etc.
&. (ystem with high level of distri#uted sensor! micro controller! actuator
Ex wire aircraft.
-. 7arge factory system.
0. (ystem that incorporates intelligent control Ex humanoid ro#ot.
11. What are the disadvantages of Mechatronics design.
1. Initial cost is very high
&. 3omplicated design
-. "epair & maintenance is complex
0. Its replacement is difficult.
1&. What are the %ey elements of Mechatronics system.
1. Information system
&. Mechanical system
-. Electrical system
0. 3omputer system
4. (ensor & actuators
5. "eal time interfacing.
=nit / &
1. 'efine sensor & transducer
(ensor is an element in a measurement system that ac)uires a physical parameter and
changes it into a signal. ,ransducer is a device that converts the energy from one form to
another.
&. 'efine range & span.
,he range of a transducer defines the limits #etween which the input can vary. ,he
span is the maximum value of the input menus the minimum value.
-. 'efine accuracy & precision
;ccuracy It is defined as the a#ility of an instrument to respond to a true value of a
measured varia#le under the reference conditions.
1recision It is defined as the degree of exactness for which an instrument is designed
to perform.
0. 'efine sensitivity.
It is the relationship indicating how much output may #e o#tained per unit input.
4. 'efine <ysteresis.
It is defined as the difference in the output for a given input when this value is
approached from the opposite directions.
5. 'efine repeata#ility & reproduci#ility.
"epeata#ility It is defined as the a#ility of an instrument to produce the same output
for repeated applications of the same input value.
"eproduci#ility It is defined as the closeness of agreement among the repeated
measurements of the output for the same value of the input under the same operating conditions
over a period of time.
6. 'efine sta#ility It is the a#ility of the transducer to give the same output when used to
measure a constant input over a period of time.
8. 'efine dead #and and dead time
'ead #and It is the range of input values for which there is no output.
'ead time It is the length of time from the application of an input until the output #egins to
respond & change.
:. 'efine "esolution It is the smallest change in the input value that will produce an
o#serva#le change in the output.
1>. Explain the significance of the following information given in the specification of a strain
gauge transducers
"ange 6> to 1>>> @ 1a
9ull range output 0> mA
Bon linearity & hysteresis >.4C full range output.
,he range indicates that the
transducer can #e used to
measure pressures #etween 6>
& 1>>> @1a
It gives an output of 0> mA
when the pressure is 1>>> @1a
Bon linearity & hysteresis will
lead to erros of >.4C of
1>>>! *ie+ 4 @1a.
11. What is the non2linearity error! as a percentage of full range! produced when a 1@
potentiometer has a load of 1>@ & is at onethird of its maximum displacement.
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 7
& -
1
7
1
7
& -
" D1@E! " D1>@E! xD>.--
"
x 2x
"
non2linearity errorD F1>>C
"
x 12x G1
"
>.1 >.-- 2>.--
D D >.6C
>.1F>.-- 12>.-- G1
1&. What is displacement & position sensor.
'isplacement sensors are concerned with the measurement of the amount #y which
some o#$ect has #een moved. 1osition sensors are concerned with the determination of the
position of some o#$ect with reference to some reference point.
1-. Bame some sensors which are used for displacement measurement.
1. potentiometer sensor &. resistance strain gauge element
-. push / pull displacement sensor 0. 7A',
10. Bame some sensors which are used for position measurement.
1. photo electric sensors &. <all effect sensors -. optical encoders.
14. 'efine proximity sensor.
1roximity sensors are a form of position sensor and are used to determine when an
o#$ect has moved to within some particular critical distance of the sensor.
15. 'efine optical encoder. What are its type.
;n encoder is a device that provides a digital output as a result of a linear *or+ angular
displacement.
Incremental encoder It detect changes in rotation from some datum position.
;#solute encoder It gives the actual angular position.
16. What is hall effect?
When a #eam of charged particles passes through a magnetic field! the #eam is
deflected from it straight line path due to the forces acting on the particles. ,his is %nown as
<all effect.
18. What is the wor%ing principle of eddy current proximity sensor?
If a coil is supplied with an alternating current! an alternating magnetic field is
produced. If there is a metal o#$ect in close proximity to this alternating magnetic field! then
eddy currents are induced in it. ,he eddy currents themselves produce a magnetic field. ;s a
result! the impedance of the coil changes & so the amplitude of the alternating current.
1:. Bame some sensors used for measurement of velocity
1. ,achogenerator &. incremental encoder-. pyro electric sensor
&>. Bame some signal conditioning operations.
;mplification! lineari?ation! comparision! protection! filtering! temperature
compensation! ;nalog to 'igital conversion! 'igital to ;nalog conversion.
&1. What is the resolution of an ;' converter with a word length of 1& #its & an analogue
signal input range of 1>>v?
1>>
"esolution D D&0.0mA
&1&
&&. What is the conversion time for a 1& #it ;'3 with a cloc% fre)uency of 1 M<??
5
1
3onversion time D D>.4 sec
& 1>