REPORT ON SOLAR VEHICLE

OBJECTIVE:
While a majority of the world's
current electricity supply is
generated from fossil fuels such as
coal, oil and natural gas, these
traditional energy sources face a
number of challenges including
rising prices, security concerns over
dependence on imports from a
limited number of countries which
have significant fossil fuel supplies,
and growing environmental
concerns over the climate change
risks associated with power
generation using fossil fuels. As a
result of these to face this problem
solar energy comes into play.
How Does a Solar Electric Cum
solar car Work
In a contemporary world, a solar
electric car is considered one of the
best friends of the future. Using the
sun for power, a solar car is
environmentally and budget
friendly. Among all known
alternatives to conventional vehicle
fuel, solar cars stand alone.






They are also more practical, given
their smaller size and safer since
their speed is limited to hardly 40
km/h for now. Solar cars basically
work on the batteries or motor if the
car is designed that way.
Step 1 Understanding the Solar
Principle
Like all solar-fueled devices, solar
cars use energy that comes from the
sun. Direct exposure to sunlight
doesnt move cars or other devices
that can use this energy, so the
converter of sun rays into usable
power is needed. When it comes to
solar cars, specially designed
batteries serve as converters. Solar
energy also needs to be stored since
sun is not always available. Silicon-
based photovoltaic cells are still
most common solar collector and
storage space where, due to electron
movements and interactions,
accumulated sunlight moves
electrons around. These movements
and interactions of electrons trigger


electrical current or energy that
eventually runs the car.
Step 2 - Solar Panel


Solar panels are actually boards
that collect the suns rays, and host
the whole process of transforming
energy coming from the sun into
electricity and power. Placing the
solar panels on the car allows you to
direct solar power to the motor or
you can store it in a battery,
depending on the car make and
design. Known a century ago as
home water heaters, then going
through some periods of oblivion,
solar panels experience today their
re-birth one more time, thanks to
growing popularity of solar powered
electric cars. Solar panels basically
wrap the whole system of solar
principle, since they work as long as
electrons freely flow around. They
are still a little costly, but we can
definitely find affordable ones, if we
wish to turn our car to a solar
electric car.
Step 3 Using Photovoltaic Power
As already said, silicon-based
photovoltaic cells are the most
common collector of the suns rays.
Those cells make solar panels that
convert the suns energy into one
form of usable energy. New models
of solar panels are capable of
transforming about 22% of
accumulated sunlight into
electricitythat solar cars use (future
promises more but we still have to
see it). Newly created usable energy,
or photovoltaic power now goes to
batteries that keep the electricity in
tact until it is needed. Its important
to know that thousands of
photovoltaic cells are needed to
transform sun energy into electricity
needed to operate a car.
Step 4 Car Components
Photovoltaic array is the basic
component in a car running on solar
energy. Generated and produced
electrical energy goes to the motor
when you turn the key on. When the
motor is off, a battery keeps solar
power as chemical energy. The
majority of solar cars have small
motors (nothing like conventional
motors), and there is no need to shift
gears since the electronic motor does
it itself. Other basic components are
the already mentioned battery that
collects solar energy, motor
balancer, power tracker and data
system, which monitor and check
the electricity inside the whole
system. But dont be surprised to see
some other, or customized
components in solar cars that
aficionados like to make on their
own.

Step 5 The Solar Car Design
Big cars and SUVs have been
gradually losing their battle with
smaller and easier-to-maneuver cars,


not only because of the fuel price,
but also because of eco-awareness.
That trend works well for solar cars
that tend to be smaller and lighter
from their inception. Until recently,
solar powered electric cars used
solar panels to operate, but today
individual solar cells are more
popular, since they significantly
contribute to lighter car frames .

Electric cum solar system





SOLAR PANEL
What is solar panel?
A solar panel is a set of
photovoltaic modules electrically
connected and mounted on a
supporting structure to produce
electricity .

PV arrays essentially consist
of a number of internal silicon based
photovoltaic cells combined in
series and parallel, depending on the
voltage or current requirements
.This cells are used to convert solar
energy into electricity.






How Does it Work?


Solar cells are usually made of two
thin pieces of silicon, the substance
that makes up sand and the second
most common substance on earth.
One piece of silicon has a small
amount of boron added to it, which
gives it a tendency to attract
electrons. It is called the p-layer
because of its positive tendency.
The other piece of silicon has a
small amount of phosphorous added
to it, giving it an excess of free
electrons. This is called the n-layer
because it has a tendency to give up
negatively charged electrons.








Working Principle
















TYPES OF SOLAR PANEL:


Monocrystalline silicon (mono-
silicon or single silicon)


Right now, these are the most
efficient type of solar panels. In
other words, when sunlight hits
these puppies, more of it turns into
electricity than the other types
below. As a result of their high
silicon content, theyre also more
expensive, but you need fewer of
them. Thats why theyre ideal for
roofs. You can tell if you have a
monocrystalline solar panel by its
square-ish cells.







Polycrystalline silicon
(multicrystalline, multi-silicon,
ribbon)



Poly panels have lower silicon
levels than mono panels. In
general, that makes them less
expensive to produce, but theyre
also slightly less efficient. The good
news is that their overall
construction design can often make
up for the efficiency loss, so theyre
also good for roofs. You can tell
poly-silicon panels by their groovy
mlange of silicon woven through
thin rectangular conduit wires. Thin
film (amorphous silicon, cadmium
telluride, copper indium, gallium
(di)selenide
Everyone talks about thin film
because theyre really inexpensive to
make and they dont mind the heat,
which is all cool. Except right now,


theyre very inefficient, which
means well see them in big solar
farm projects with a lot of land, but
not on roof.

Monocrystalline Vs.
Polycrystalline Solar Panels
There are three major types of
photovoltaic solar panels
:monocrystalline panels,
polycrystalline panels , and
amorphous panels. At Mid-South,
we deal exclusively with
monocrystalline panels and
polycrystalline panels. Below we
explore the advantages and
disadvantages of both solar panel
technologies. As we begin our
research, we should acquaint ourself
with the term conversion efficiency.
Conversion efficiency is listed as a
percentage. That conversion
efficiency of a panel is the
percentage of sunlight that a panel
can convert into electricity.

A monocrystalline solar panel

We will best recognize
monocrystalline PV panels as the
iconic black or iridescent blue
panels seen on some rooftops.
Monocrystalline solar panels are one
of the most efficient photovoltaic
(PV) solar panels available. They are
one of the oldest, most efficient, and
most dependable PV panels in use
today. Each cell is made from a
single silicon crystal which makes it
much more efficient than the
alternative polycrystalline panel, but
it also makes it more expensive.
Monocrystalline solar panels are
considered to be the "workhorse" in
the solar industry due to the
conversion efficiency of the cells
and the lesser space required on the
roof per module versus
polycrystalline modules . The


minimum lifespan of
monocrystalline solar panels is 25
years, but panels can last up to 50
years. Monocrystallinepanels have
the best conversion efficiency at
about 17%.



A polycrystalline solar panel

Polycrystalline panels are made
from a block of silicon that has
multiple crystals. Polycrystalline
cells are square in shape, and the
surface resembles a mosaic.
Polycrystalline panels are typically
less efficient and require more space
per square foot to produce the same
output as a monocrystalline module.
They are just as durable as
monocrystalline panels. However,
they are simpler and cheaper to
manufacture which makes them
more affordable for the consumer.
Polycrystalline panels generally cost
between $8.5 and $10 a watt. They
have a 12% to 12.5% conversion
efficiency. The standard rating of a
panel is based on ideal conditions
which are about 75 degrees
Fahrenheit. Panels operating above
115 degrees Fahrenheit (as will
occur on most roofs in the middle of
the summertime), are less efficient.
If panels rise beyond these
temperatures, they lose between
12% and 33% of their conversion
efficiency. Monocrystalline
modules suffer lesser reductions in
efficiency (from 12% to 15% loss)
than polycrystalline (at about 14 to
33% loss)panels.
Advantages of Monocrystaline
Solar Panel
1. Efficiency: As already
mentioned, PV panels made from
monocrystalline solar cells are able
to convert the highest amount of
solar energy into electricity of any
type of flat solar panel. Currently,
Sun Power manufacturers the most
efficient monocrystalline solar
panels - with an efficiency of 22.5
percent. In June 2010 they broke the


world's record for commercially
produced solar cells at 24.2%.

2. Longevity :Monocrystalline
solar panels are first generation solar
technology and have been around a
long time, providing evidence of
their durability and longevity.

3. Lower Installation Cost :
The cost of solar panels is typically
around 60% of the cost of a fully
installed solar power system, with
installation being a significant cost
component.

4. Environmental Concerns:
:Monocrsytalline solar panels are
not hazardous to the environment.

5. Greater Heat Resistance :
Like other types of solar panels,
monocrystalline solar modules
suffer a reduction in output once the
temperature from the sunlight
reaches around fifty degrees
Celsius/a hundred and fifteen
degrees Fahrenheit. Reductions of
between twelve and fifteen percent
can be expected.

6. More Electricity : those who
are "going green" and are concerned
about the environmental impact of
solar panels, monocrystalline panels
reduce the amount of electricity
needed from local power plants

Disadvantages Of Polycrystalline
Solar Panel
1. Less efficient than
Monocrystalline Panels
2. It required more area to
produce more power as compare to
monocrystalline .
3. Appearance is slightly
multicoloured due to the use of
multiple crystals.

















MARKET SURVEY
250watt solar panel for car battery
charger

US $0.68-0.88 / Watt
Quick Details
Place of Origin: Guangdong China
(Mainland)
Brand Name: SYFD Model Number: SYFD250W
Material: Polycrystalline Silicon Size: 1950*990*50 Number of Cells: 72
Max. Power: 250W Open-Circuit Voltage: 36.5V Junction Box: IP65 rated
Optimum Operating
Voltage(Vmp):
31.8V Short-Circuit Current (Isc): 8.91A Optimum Operating
Current (Imp):
8.17A
Module Efficiency: 17.10% Solar Cell Eficiency: 17.75% Maximum System
Voltage:
1000VDC
Color: black/white

solar panel for car battery
charger:
solar panel for car battery
charger
Brand Name: SYFD Model Number: SYFD250W
Size: 1950*990*50 Number of Cells: 72
Open-Circuit Voltage: 36.5V Junction Box: IP65 rated
Short-Circuit Current
(Isc):
8.91A Optimum Operating
Current (Imp):
8.17A
Solar Cell Eficiency: 17.75% Maximum System 1000VDC
Voltage:


Model Number:


SYFD250W
Number of Cells: 72

Junction Box: IP65 rated

Optimum Operating Current
(Imp):
8.17A

Maximum System Voltage: 1000VDC


solar panel for car battery
Technical Dataspecification :

Solar Cell
Mono-crystalline 156156mm
(6 inch)
No. of
Cells
72(6x12)
Dimensions 1950*990*50mm
Weight 28kgs (34.1 lbs)
Frame
While or Black Anodized
aluminium alloy(white or blace
contact )










Quality and Safety :
Rigorous quality control
meeting the highest
international standards
TUV , IEC , MCS , ISO
9001:2000 (Quality
Management System)
manufacturing world class
Products.















Flexible solar panels for Car







Characteristics 156M-250w 156M-270w 156M-280w 156M-290w 156M-300w 156M-310w
Maximum power at STC (Pmax) 250Wp 270Wp 280Wp 290Wp 300Wp 310Wp
Open-Circuit Voltage(Voc) 36.5V 43.7V 35.3V 44.5V 38v 38.5V
Optimum Operating Voltage(Vmp) 31.8V 35.3V 35.6V 35.9V 35.9V 36.3V
Short-Circuit Current (Isc) 8.91A 8.58A 8.58A 8.80A 9.09A 9.20A
Optimum Operating Current (Imp) 8.17A 7.39A 7.93A 8.14A 8.35A 8.53A
Module Efficiency 17.10% 14.75% 15.25% 15.75% 16.50% 17.25%
Solar Cell Eficiency 17.75% 15.00% 16.00% 16.50% 17.25% 18.00%
Operating Temp -40C to +85C
Maximum System Voltage 1000VDC
Seriec Fuse Rating 3




Quick Details
Place of
Origin:
Guangdong China (Mainland) Brand
Name:
Hopesun Model
Number:
HPS-SYK-20W-18M
Material: Monocrystalline Silicon Size: 730*300*2.5 MM Number of
Cells:
36 PCS
Max.
Power:
20W N.W(KG): 1.05KG Certifications: CE,TUV,ISO,

Specifications:
flexible solar panels :
.Monocrystalline silicon.
.18V output for 12v system
.CE,TUV,ISO.
.Warranty 25 years .
Featrues:
High module conversion
efficiency(up to 16%), through
superior cell technology and leading
manufacturing capability
.Positive tolerance --Guaranteed:
tolerance from +/- 3% ensures
power output reliability
.Excellent performance under low
light environments(morinings,
evenings and coloudy days)



.Product Structure: PET + EVA +
Cell + EVA + PET + EVA +
Stainless steel plate
.18V output for 12VDC use
.Sealed against corrosion
.Water-proof for outdor use
.Every piece is tested before
shipping
.Custom designed to fit the voltage
and ampere requirements of each
specific product.

Specification :
semi flexible solar panels 20w for
your car
Model semi-flexible solar
panel 20w
Pmax 20W
power tolerance: 3%
Vmp 18V
Imp 1.1A
Voc 21.24v
Isc 1.2A
Cell Type 125*125
monocrystalline solar cell
Size 730*300*2.5 mm


Net weight 1.05kg
STC 1000W/m2,AM 1.5,25oC
Warranty 5 year warranty for
products,10 years for 90% power ,25
years for 80% power
Accessory 3.2mm thick tempered
glass,aluminium frame
Others There are drainage
holes on the Border components,
eliminating the framework of
deformation caused by rain or snow
accumulated in the framework

Applications:
1. Remote telecommunication power
supply
2. Water pumping systems
3. On-grid/Off-grid system
4. Rural electrification
5. Solar farms ,Car , boat .





GP folding solar panel
120W,portablepanel,charger for
car battery


US $0.9 - 0.99


Quick Details
Place of Origin: Zhejiang China (Mainland) Brand Name: G&P Model Number: GPM-2F-120W
Material: Monocrystalline Silicon Size: 156 Number of
Cells:
28 1/2
Max. Power: 120 brand: G&P warranty: 2 years electric parts warranty
and 25years solar cell
Maximum power
voltage(Vmp):
18V Maximum power
current(Imp):
8.89A Size of
module(mm):
1350*620*35
Size when folded(mm): 675*620*70 2 Foldable Cell Efficiency(%): >16


Specifications
1.Excellent in quality and service
solar panel kit
2.OEM
3.CE/TUV/IEC/ISO
4.Fast delivery 10-15days
5.25years life time
Solar Irradiation in Punjab, India


Solar radiation
Monthly Average kwh
/m2
/day
Jan 3.29

Feb 4.26

Mar 5.64

Apr 6.73

May 7.28

Jun 6.46

Jul 5.77

Aug 5.62

Sep 5.47

Oct 5.00

Nov 3.83

Dec 3.09




Geographical information
28
th
march ( Punjab )

Sun set 18 : 43
Sun Rise 6 :21
Day Length 12h 21m 56s






CALCULATION

Maximum solar power is calculated
by :-
P
(max)
= P
(in)
[N/100]

Where ,
P
(in)
= Solar energy hit on earth (
1000 w/m2)
N = No of maximum
photovoltaic cells efficiency ( 10-
15% )
Now ,
P
(max )
= 1000 ( 15/100)
= 150 N
Consideringsolar panel area :-
A = 8 5 ft
2

= 2.4381.523 m
2

= 3.7153 m
2

Total output solar :-
P(max) = 150 3.1753
= 557.29 w/m
2




The power that the solar array will
produce is :-


P(array) = P(max) cos [ cos ] 0.3
Assuming , = (array is parallel
to ground)
And =0 (solar array is aligned
with sun)
To calculate the power produced by
solar array , it is necessary to know
the following things :-


A. Time of the day when the
race start .
B. Sunrise and sunset times .
C. High noon sun angle
D. Maximum power
Sun high non angle = 62.1 23.6
(23 and 6 minute tropic of cancer
north )
= 37.5
Now , = 90 - ( 90 N) sin [
180(T SR) / DL ]
Where ,
N
= High noon angle
T = Time in military digital
DL = Day length

SR = Sunrise time
CALCULATION FOR TIME
IST 9:00 9:30

= 90 - ( 90 -
N
) sin [ 180
( T SR ) / DL ]
= 90 - ( 90 - 37.5 ) sin [
180 ( 9.25 6.21 ) / 12 ]
= 90 - 52.5 sin 45.6
= 37.5 sin 45.6
= 24.6 at ( 9:00 to 9:30 )

P(array) = P(max ) [ cos ]
0.3

= 557.9 [ cos 24.6 ]
0.3

= 557.9 ( 0.926)
0.3

= 557.9 0.9771
= 545.27 w

Driving power = P(array) [ cos ]
1.3

= 545.17 [ cos 24.6 ]
1.3

= 545.17 ( 0.926 )
1.3

= 545.17 0.9048
= 493.317 w



Charging power =
P(array) [ cos ]
0.3



= 545.17 [cos24.6 ]
0.3

= 545.17 (0.926)
0.3

= 545.17 0.9771
= 532.73 w

Similarly the other value are
also being calculated by means of
the same procedure as shown
above .
















SPREADSHEET

I
S
T

Milit
ary
Tim
e

Su
n
An
gle


Arr
ay
Po
wer

Driv
ing
Pow
er
( w )

Char
ging
Powe
r (w)

9:0
0
9:3
0

9.25

24.
6

546
.17


493.
317

532.7
3

9:3
0
10:
00

9.75

29.
28

534
.6

443.
340

511.8
22

10:
00

10:
30

10.2
5

32.
67

529
.80

423.
52

503.1
2

10:
30

11:
00

10.7
5

34.
79

525
.54

406.
83

495.3
9

11:
00

11:
30

11.2
5

36.
32

522
.89

394.
86

490.0
78

11:
30

12:
00

11.7
5

37.
22

521
.05

387.
51

486.6
3




12:
00

12:
30

12.2
5

37.
49

520
.49

385.
29

485.5
9

12:
30

1:
00

12.7
5

37.
12

521
.26

388.
34

487.0
26

1:
00

1:
30

13.2
5

36.
11

523
.31

396.
56

490.8
6

1 :
30
2
:00

13.7
5

34.
49

526
.46

409.
47

496.7
9

2:
00

2:
30

14.2
5

32.
27

530
.51

426.
54

504.4
6

2:3
0
3:0
0

14.7
5

29.
51

513
.27

446.
68

513.4
6

3:0
0
3:
30

15.2
5

26.
23

539
.99

468.
81

522.6
6

3:3
0
4:
00

15.7
5

22.
51

544
.79

491.
51

531.9
9

4:0
0
4 :
30

16.2
5

18.
40

549
.18

412.
98

540.6
0

4:3
0
5 :
00

16.7
5

13.
98

552
.89

431.
69

547.9
2

















REFERENCES
1. A Design guide for solar race
car, SAE International by
Douglas R. Carroll , ISBN 0-
7680-1131-0.
2. International journal of
renewable energy research
Immanuel Alphonse et
al.,Vol.2, No.3, 2012.
3. SAENA - SAEnaples section
one day workshop
istitutomotoricnr,
naplesnovember 8, 2010.
4. On the Subject of Solar
Vehicles and the Benets of
the Technology , John
Connors Jack Baskin School
of Engineering University of
California, Santa Cruz Santa
Cruz, California, 95064.

5. Solar Powered Vehicle ,
Proceedings of the World
Congress on Engineering and
Computer Science 2010 Vol II
WCECS 2010, October 20-22,
2010, San Francisco, USA .