171

A chronology of the Teutonic

Prussian bracteates
to time intervals of renovatio monetae. Following
this new model, I started to prepare a wide study
on Teutonic bracteates but I have never published
it. Only a brief preliminary proposal of the new
chronology was published in the early stages of my
research, as well as the study on the beginning of the
Prussian coinage (Paszkiewicz 2000b; Paszkiewicz
2002). Recently Jarosaw Dutkowski joined in the
discussion about Teutonic bracteates. He aptly fo-
cused on the problem of the discernment of Prussian
and non-Prussian bracteates but he denied, without
good reason, Suchodolskis model as well as he ig-
nored the hoard analysis (Dutkowski 2004).
Te previous discussion was concentrated on the
fourteenth century coinage. It only rarely referred to
the thirteenth century and hardly ever to the period
between 1410-1525. And even the bracteate coinage
of Polish Prussia after 1454 remains researched only
roughly (Kubiak 1986, 64-66, 93-95). In order to
survey the whole period of the coinage of the Teu-
tonic Order in Prussia, i.e. the years 1236-1525,
in this short contribution I had to pass over the
irregular and hybrid varieties, the types which I re-
garded as non-Teutonic coins, Polish imitations of
Teutonic coins, or issues of Prussian bishoprics. Te
explanation of all these attributions would substan-
tially enlarge this article. Tese questions, as well as
those of silver supply, coin metrology, iconography,
Borys Paszkiewicz
Te Prussian coinage of the Teutonic Order, due to
the economic and military power of this ecclesiastical
state, was of great importance and had a great im-
pact zone. Despite that, the chronology of bracteates
which were the predominant form of the Teutonic
coinage, was researched reluctantly. And even Emil
Waschinski who made both the detailed catalogue
of these coins and the monograph on the Teutonic
monetary policy written in a scholarly manner, di-
vided the bracteates into three stages only: before
1290, 1290-1410 and post-1410 (Waschinski 1934;
Waschinski 1936; Waschinski 1952; about Waschin-
ski see Jensen 1999a). Tose dividing dates were
taken from two dierent realities: the year 1290 was
regarded as the tpq of the important hoard from
Wiele on the Note River in Great Poland (today
we think the hoard is a couple of years later), whereas
the year 1410 was the date of the Grunwald or Tan-
nenberg battle, which was the resounding defeat of
the Teutonic Knights. Another attempt to catalogue
the Prussian bracteate types was made by Marian
Gumowski who virtually passed their chronology
over, though (Gumowski 1938). It was Stanisaw
Suchodolski who tried to determine some shorter
coinage periods and, what is even more important,
to change the model of interpretation of this coinage
(Suchodolski 1988; Suchodolski 1993). Te basic
types, according to him, did not refer to mints but
65377_jorgen steen jensen_171-236_.indd 171 15-11-2007 14:30:07
Borys Paszkiewicz
172
mints and circulation will be perhaps discussed in
another treatise. (For the historical background see
Boockmann 1981).
1
Among bracteate coinages of the Baltic zone, the
Prussian Teutonic coinage stands out with its coher-
ence, stability, and with the documentary evidence
of its organisation. Te Privilegium Culmense from
1233, many times referred to later, states as follows:
(22) Statuimus denique, ut una moneta sit per totam
terram, et ut de puro et mundo argento denarii
fabricentur, ipsi quoque denarii in tanto valore
perpetualiter perseverent, ut eorum LX solidi
ponderent unam marcam, et dicta moneta non
nisi semel in singulis decenniis renovetur, et quo-
ciens renovata fuerit, XII novi nummi pro XIIII
veteribus cambiantur. (PrivCulm 1986, 46).
Tat shows an unusually soft version of the renovatio
monetae system ruling in Prussia. Te Chemno/
Kulm charter guaranteed that the coins would be
reminted not more often than every ten years and
the exchange rate would be not worse than twelve
new pfennigs for fourteen old ones. And facing no
complaints about a violation of renovation terms,
and seeing a set of types which roughly suits the
regular ten-year intervals, one can believe that the
Privilegium Culmense rules remained valid for the
monetary circulation in the Prussian state till the
mid-fourteenth century.
Te fourteenth century hoards seldom, if ever,
contain the thirteenth century pfennigs. Te same
hoards, however, accumulate the subsequent coin
types from about 1300 till the third quarter of the
fourteenth century. On the other hand, the cumula-
tive nds from the same period, as those from the
Rumia church,
1
Gdask Spichlerze (Granary) Island
(Paszkiewicz forthcoming c) or the Puck castle (Pasz-
kiewicz forthcoming d), do not contain coins older
than the beginning of the human activity on a given
site. One can observe that the way of renovation was
modied at the end of the thirteenth century and the
1 Unpublished, described by A. Kumin and stored
in the collection of the Archaeological Museum in
Gdask.
previous coinages continued to be eliminated from
everyday circulation but not from thesaurization.
Te beginnings of the Teutonic coinage in Prussia
took place in the late 1236 or in 1237 (Paszkiewicz
2002). It is also generally agreed upon that the oldest
type of Teutonic coins was an Arm and Banner type
(Wasch. 1-5; Fig. 1), being a derivative of the French
Chinonais type, and struck in Toru/Torn (Bahr-
feldt 1901, 3; Semrau 1923, 6; Waschinski 1934,
16; Paszkiewicz 2000a). According to the Privile-
gium Culmense, the coin validity lasted ten years so
the rst renovation time limit was in 1246/7. But it
was just the period when the Teutonic Knights state
was going through a political crisis, facing the native
Prussian peoples uprising and the war against duke
witopek of Gdask Pomerania. Communications
routes were broken and only Toru and Radzy/Rah-
den were not spoiled and burnt. As late as in autumn
1247 the truce on Kowalowy Ostrw was concluded
with Duke witopek and this enabled the state ap-
paratus to function. Tus the rst renovatio monetae
was probably made in 1247/8. Let us try to put the
subsequent types within the sequence of decades.
Tere is not a dispute about the second Teutonic
type. It is the Knight type (Wasch. 7-15; Fig. 2)
with the knight standing facing. Te knight stands
behind a cross shield between two variously arranged
attributes: a banner and a cross sta or a lis sta.
Fig. 1. Arm and Banner type, 1236/7- c 1247/8: a. Wasch. 2 (The
Royal Castle in Warsaw); b. Wasch. 5 (Peus 381:2550). Approx.
1.5:1.
Fig. 2. Knight type, c 1247/8-1257/8: a. Wasch. 11b (Peus 381:2551);
b. Wasch. 14 (Peus 381:2552). Approx. 1.5:1.
65377_jorgen steen jensen_171-236_.indd 172 15-11-2007 14:30:09
A chronology of the Teutonic Prussian bracteates
173
Te diverse order of these attributes may be a mint
indication: apart from Toru, the other mint came
into being before 1251 in Elblg/Elbing (CodWarm
1860, no. 27) where the new capital of Teutonic
Prussia emerged. Tis type was found e.g. in a con-
agration layer in the Raci castle in Gdask Po-
merania, burnt in 1256 (Kubiak 1998, no. 115/I),
and in the Havelberg hoard hidden after the mid-
thirteenth century (Grote 1857, 53-64, Plate 8:20).
Tus it perfectly matches the theoretical time of issue
between 1247/8 and 1257/8.
Unfortunately, there are no more easy solutions.
Tere are some hoards from northern Poland, hid-
den in the late thirteenth century, none of them
being buried on the territory of the Teutonic state,
though. Tus we are not sure which bracteate types
are of the Teutonic origin since a presence of a cross
or a crosslet is not enough to establish this. As we
can see below, the type struck around 1300 is more
certain, and the scholars count the following types
among the Teutonic coins struck in the latter half
of the thirteenth century:
First Gate (Wasch. 33-5, 37-40; Fig. 3);
First Greek Cross (Wasch. 16-26, 170a), also
with additional pellets, star or crescent;
Double Arch (Wasch. 46-51; Fig. 4);
First Cross Arch (Wasch. 27-31; Fig. 5);
First Star Shield (Wasch. 52);
First Crown (Wasch. 41-44; Fig. 6).
Tere are six types and the time space for only four of
them. Can we point out two types to be eliminated?
Te First Star Shield was counted among Teuton-
ic coins because of the existence of the Second Star
Shield, obviously Teutonic, in the mid-fourteenth
century (Gumowski 1938, 33). Voberg attributed
them both to Grand Master Michael von Sternberg
(1414-22) (Voberg 1843, 87). Te thirteenth centu-
ry coins are greater and the shield is more triangular.
Tey occurred in the Wiele and Sarbsk hoards (Bey-
er 1876, no. 38; Dannenberg 1885, 292; Waschin-
ski 1934, 25). Te literature observes them in two
fourteenth century hoards as well, i.e. in Kryszko-
wice and Nipkowie/Gro Nipkau (Mora Morzycki
1895; Karow 1884; Kubiak 1998, nos. 444, 545). In
both instances it seems improbable. In the Kryszko-
wice hoard the Voberg reference number had been
probably misprinted (36 instead of 39). In Nipko-
wie the Star Shield had to be the fourteenth century
issue, i.e. the Second Star Shield type. Te weight
of the First Star Shield bracteates is too low: in the
Warsaw and Cracow National Museums they weigh
0.19, 0.18g (Miehle 1998, nos. 59-60), 0.250, and
0.241g, whereas other Teutonic coins from the thir-
teenth century weigh c 0.25-0.30g.
Another type to be crossed o the list of Teuton-
ic bracteates is the First Greek Cross. A sole cross is
to be met among various ecclesiastical issues, and
there is little to distinguish one from another. Tere
are similar but smaller, and obviously Teutonic issues
of that type in the fourteenth and fteenth centu-
Fig. 6. First Crown type, c 1287/8-1297/8: a. Wasch. 41 (Peus
381:2572); b. Wasch. 43 (WAG 33:888). Approx. 1.5:1.
Fig. 3. First Gate type, c 1257/8-1267/8: a. Wasch. 37a (PDA 9:203,
ex Bytw hoard); b. Wasch. 40 (ex Bytw hoard). Approx. 1.5:1.
Fig. 4. Double Arch type, c 1267/8-1277/8: a. Wasch. 46 (PDA 9:199,
ex Bytw hoard); b. Wasch. 47b (ex Bytw hoard). Approx. 1.5:1.
Fig. 5. First Cross Arch type, c 1277/8-1287/8: a. Wasch. 28a (WAG
26:1135); b. Wasch. 28a var. (PDA 9:200, ex Bytw hoard). Approx.
1.5:1.
65377_jorgen steen jensen_171-236_.indd 173 15-11-2007 14:30:10
Borys Paszkiewicz
174
ries. Te thirteenth century Greek Cross bracteates
are more at and more simple than the undoubt-
edly Teutonic types of that period. Te prole of
the former diers from the latter as well. Te Greek
Cross with pellets (Wasch. 170a) is a rare and light
coin of a non-Teutonic fabric. And the group with an
additional crescent and star (Wasch. 19-26) predomi-
nates the Wiele hoard thus it is probably of Great
Polish origin (Suchodolski 1996, 72; the author pro-
poses Gdask Pomerania, Masovia or Kuiavia).
Te relative chronology of the four remaining,
Teutonic types is dicult to establish. Te hoards
which contained them were hidden mostly over the
last dozen years of the thirteenth century (Paszkie-
wicz forthcoming a). I propose to place the First
Gate type at the rst position because it is the only
type among these four which never occurs in the
hoards from the rst half of the fourteenth century.
Moreover, in the Brzegi hoard (near Kielce) hid-
den after c 1275, there is a Polish imitation of the
Teutonic First Gate (Przypkowski 1924, no. 42).
On the other hand, the First Crown type is absent
from the Kik hoard in the Dobrzy Land (hidden
c 1290) as far as we know it (Stronczyski 1847,
62). Of these four types, the latter one is the most
frequent in the fourteenth century hoards. Its form
is also the closest to the fourteenth century Teutonic
coins. Te most uncertain one is the sequence of the
two arch types. Te hoards give no indication. And
only the form of an of the First Cross Arch seems
more similar to that of the First Crown type which
suggests nally the following sequence: First Gate,
Double Arch, First Cross Arch, First Crown.
2
A group of Teutonic types from the rst six decades
of the fourteenth century was isolated by Stanisaw
Suchodolski. He grouped most of them in the half-
century before 1345 but he failed to determine their
sequence (Suchodolski 1988 and 1993). Te Prus-
sian and neighbouring hoards containing the four-
teenth century Teutonic bracteates are mostly ho-
mogenous, virtually deprived of foreign admixtures.
Tey, however, enable to establish the relative chro-
nology of virtually all types as it is shown in Table 1.
Te type denitions are somewhat specied in com-
parison to those by Suchodolski (see the Waschinski
numbers given in Table 2; Fig. 7-15). Te alleged
urawiec/Schwansdorf hoard had to be passed over,
being undoubtedly made in the nineteenth century
from several mixed components and not necessari-
ly of nd provenance. In the published information
(Bahrfeldt 1894-7b) it shows an unusual diversity
and incoherence.
As we can see in Table 1, only two pairs: the
Slanted Gate with the Modied Gate types and the
Fig. 7. First Rectangle type, c 1297/8-1307/8: Wasch. 186 (PDA
9:229). Approx. 1.5:1.
Fig. 8. First Cross Shield type, c 1307/8-1317/18: a. Wasch. 62a
(PDA 9:218); b. Wasch. 78 (Peus 381:2558). Approx. 1.5:1.
Fig. 9. Latin Cross type, c 1317/8-1327/8: a. Wasch. 151a (ex Powce
hoard); b. Wasch. 157 (Allegro no. 164158856); c. Wasch. 158a
(PDA 9:198); d. Wasch. 162 (ex Powce hoard). Approx. 1.5:1.
Fig. 10. Second Gate type, c 1327/8-1337/8: a. Wasch. 116a (PDA
9:205); b. Wasch. 117b (ex Lbork cumulative nd); c. Wasch. 123
var. (WCN 35:115). Approx. 1.5:1.
Fig. 11. Second Crown type, c 1337/8-1347/8: a. Wasch. 142b (PDA
9:222); b. Wasch. 137a (ex Powce hoard). Approx. 1.5:1.
65377_jorgen steen jensen_171-236_.indd 174 15-11-2007 14:30:12
A chronology of the Teutonic Prussian bracteates
175
D-Rectangle with the Second Star Shield types do
not show their mutual relationships clearly. It is pos-
sible that the Slanted Gate with Modied Gate types
are two mint varieties of one coinage or, in other
words, two forms of one type: the Last Gate. Tis
cannot be said about the Second Star Shield and D-
Rectangle types whose sequence remains uncertain.
And what is the most important, the First Rectangle
type which by all authors, along with Suchodolski,
was placed not earlier than in the mid-fourteenth
century (since it was absent from the Wiele hoard)
(Suchodolski 1988, 43; Piniski 1988), is to be
moved back to the turn of the thirteenth and four-
teenth centuries, at the beginning of the fourteenth-
century bracteate suit under consideration.
To get the absolute chronology we need to go
through external hoards where Teutonic pfennigs
make a small admixture to other bracteates:
Gro Briesen, Lower Lusatia. Hidden shortly after
1300 (Hatz 1954, 298). Te hoard contained
the First Cross Shield type (Wasch. 97 (?) 3).
Starosiedle/Starzeddel, Lower Lusatia (Bahrfeldt
1926, 178-226). According to the new typol-
ogy of Brandenburg pfennigs by Hans-Dieter
Dannenberg, the tpq is 1315-25.
2
Te hoard
contained the First Cross Shield type (Wasch.
97a 1).
Przyk, Cracow Duchy. Tpq 1314 (Paszkiewicz
1994, 32). First Cross Shield (Wasch. 88a?
1), Latin Cross (Wasch. 163 1).
Broda, Mecklenburg. Hidden c 1340-50. Latin
Cross (Wasch. 161b, simplied version 1).
(Dannenberg 1896, Taf. V, XIX:94, the Teutonic
coin is not recognized there; the date according
to Szczurek 1999, 34).
Crivitz, Mecklenburg. Hidden c 1340-50. First
Cross Shield (Wasch. 67 1), Latin Cross
(Wasch. 161b 1, not recognized in the pub-
lication), Second Gate (Wasch.? 1) and not
described (1). (Maybaum 1912, Teutonic coins
see pp. 482, nos. 117, 118, 125; ill. 69, 75. Te
date, determined by Maybaum, is supported by
Szczurek 1999, 38).
Gedesby, Falsters Snder herred, Storstrms amt,
Denmark. Tpq 1354/5. Latin Cross (Wasch.
151-6 1). (Jensen 1992, no. 196).
Tnsberg, Vestfold, Norway. Tpq 1354. Latin Cross
(Wasch. 151-6 1). (Holst 1936, 16, no. D5;
Holst 1946, 145, no. 42; Holst 1954, 69).
Korsbetningen, Gotland. Hidden in 1361. First
Cross Shield (Wasch. 80 2), Latin Cross (not
registered by Waschinski 1), Second Crown
(Wasch. 140 1; Wasch. 147a 1; not registered
by Waschinski 1). (Tordeman 1932, 31).
Hehlingen, Brunswick. Tpq 1364, but the core of
the hoard was formed by c 1330. Latin Cross
2 Te date according to the presence of the type BftB
I.557 = DbgB 167, struck c. 1315/8; the type BftB
I.575 = DbgB 187 is dated to c. 1325 but H.-D.
Dannenberg does not take such a late chronology
into consideration (Dannenberg 1997, 120, 185).
Fig. 15. Slanted Gate type (Last Gate coinage), c 1360-1363: a.
Wasch. 198 (found at Bezawki, photo Marcin Rudnicki); b. Wasch.
198 (Alytaus Kratotyros muziejus, Alytus, Lithuania). Approx.
1.5:1.
Fig. 12. Second Star Shield type, c 1347/8-c 1360: a. Wasch. 104
(photo S. Stube); b. Wasch. 106 (PDA 9:212). Approx. 1.5:1.
Fig. 13. D-Rectangle type, c 1347/8-c 1360: a. Wasch. 200a (PDA
9:231); b. Wasch. 204 (WCN 35:120). Approx. 1.5:1.
Fig. 14. Modied Gate type (Last Gate coinage), c 1360-1363:
Wasch. 208a (PDA 9:227). Approx. 1.5:1.
65377_jorgen steen jensen_171-236_.indd 175 15-11-2007 14:30:12
Borys Paszkiewicz
176
Table 1. Hoards containing Teutonic pfennigs from c 1300-c 1370
3 Te data on the 1888 egotki hoard are presented here according to the description of the parcel of 733 coins which
were originally dug out, made by F. Skrzydlewski (Szuda 1970, 233). Another parcel of the hoard, having c. 500
coins, was never described. Its remnants are probably 11 coins stored in the Vor- und Frhgeschichte Museum in Ber-
lin-Charlottenburg, as the 1894 Waldau or Mhlengrund bei Strelno hoard (inventory no. Id 3552): First Rectangle
(8), First Cross Shield (3).
4 A coin of the Wachinski 123d(?) variety from this hoard is stored in the Cracow National Museum, inv. no. VII-
P-6215.
5 Te data from the collection of Te Royal Castle in Warsaw.
6 Te data are supplemented from the collection of Te Royal Castle in Warsaw.
7 Paszkiewicz forthcoming b.
8 Te complex was found on a secondary site and may not be an authentic hoard. Tough, having rejected the shil-
lings by Michael Kchmeister and groschen by Albert, the remnants seem reliably enough as a hoard. Only the small
number of the Latin Cross pfennigs may be surprising.
9 In publications, four Wasch. 114 bracteates were misinterpreted as Opole coins.
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873 egotki
3
685 40
650 Radziejw-okolica 1 4 3 3
653 Rawa Mazowiecka 8 21 17 10
334 Gromice x x x x x
355 Ignacewo 2 x x x 1
361 Izbica Kujawska ? ? ? x
4
x
416 Koniec
5
6 137 99 92 14
444 Kryszkowice 15 21 40 20 26 ?
547 Nowa Dbrowa x x x x x
580 Ostrowo 143 77 31 46
454/I Kwidzyn 82 43 52 33 4 21
605/II Powce
6
109 82 33 66 13 19
776/IV Toru (Kaszownik) 900 343 165 200 70 109
751 Szerokie x x x x x x x
512 Mikanowo 1 2153 1361 866 1555 406 722 60 56
545 Nipkowie >1 1409 947 >681 525 43 276 >4
Gdask Green Gate
7
1 21 16 16 11 6 9 1 6 3
497/III Malbork (?)
8
215 5 82 1 1
293/II Elblg 2
313 Gniezno environs x x
683 Splno Krajeskie 1 3 x 2 3 4 1 x 208
9
776/IX Rubinkowo 1 1 1 764
65377_jorgen steen jensen_171-236_.indd 176 15-11-2007 14:30:13
A chronology of the Teutonic Prussian bracteates
177
(Wasch. 162? 1), Second Gate (Wasch. 123?
1). (Menadier 1895, 131, 136).
Kirial, Djurs Nrre herred, rhus amt, Enslev sogn,
Denmark. Hidden c 1365. First Cross Shield
(Wasch. 74 1; Wasch. 80 1), Latin Cross
(Wasch. 157 1; Wasch. 164 var. 1; Wasch.
177a 2), Second Gate (Wasch. 123-126 1;
Wasch. 129a 1), Second Crown (Wasch. 135
2; Wasch. 131-145 1/2). (Jensen 1970).
Risegrd, Olsker sogn, Bornholms Nrre herred,
Bornholms amt. Tpq 1380 (Winrich von Kni-
prodes shilling). D-Rectangle (Vob. 96 1).
(Jensen 1992, no. 223; Mikoajczyk 1977, p. 15,
no. 28).
10
Also the Powce in Kuiavia hoard is regarded a strong
chronological indication. Jan Pakulski linked it with
the famous battle fought there in 1331 (Pakulski
1970). But it is not the Korsbetningen case: Powce
was a well functioning parish settlement during the
Late Middle Ages (Guldon & Powierski 1974, 30)
and there is no good reason to date the hoard back
to 1331.
Te archaeological excavations in towns give an
important indication ex absentio. On the Granary
Island in Gdask, established c. 1340, the following
types occurred: the Second Crown (Wasch. 137a
1; Wasch. 137b 1), the Second Star Shield
(Wasch. 106? 1; Wasch. 107b), the Slanted Gate
(Wasch. 199 1; not registered by Waschinski
1), and the Second Greek Cross (Wasch. 180 1).
(Paszkiewicz forthcoming c). In the Puck Castle,
10 Te former author observed one Teutonic bracte-
ate, without description. Te latter author noticed
here the First Cross Shield, Vob. 27 (1), and the
D-Rectangle, Vob. 96 (1), but he did not quote
his source. Mr. Jrgen Steen Jensen from Te Royal
Collection of Coins and Medals in Copenhagen on
25
th
May, 2001, explained: We have two Prussian
bracteates put at the same place and with the same
ticket. One is from the Tomsen collection (T.8338),
it was according to the catalogue of 1874 Vossberg III,
95. Te other one, which is a little fragmentary, is
Vossberg 96. Consequently this is the coin which comes
from the Risegrd hoard, I believe. I see no other coins
from the Risegrd hoard in the Prussian part of the
tray, so Vossberg 27 is enigmatic in the Risegrd con-
nection. Many thanks to Mr. Jensen for this infor-
mation.
founded in 1338, in the same layer two coins were
found: the D-Rectangle (W. 200-204 1) and the
Slanted Gate (1). In the town of Puck, re-established
in 1348, only the later coins were found (Paszkie-
wicz forthcoming d). Tus, among numerous coins
from the fourteenth century there are no coin of
the most popular Teutonic bracteate types of that
century there: the First Cross Shield and the Latin
Cross. Tese two types may be older than 1340.
According to the cumulative nds and hoards
from outside the circulation area of the Prussian
money, the First Cross Shield occurred after c. 1300
and the Latin Cross after 1314. Tey both disap-
peared from circulation (but not from hoards!) in
Prussia before 1340. Te Second Gate type is visible
in c. 1340, and the Second Crown one in c. 1360. As
we can see, these nds conrm in concert the rela-
tive chronology from Table 1. Dierently speaks the
interesting case of the mast-step coins from the Vejby
wreck described by Jrgen Steen Jensen. A Latin
Cross bracteate co-occurred there with a halbscoter
struck between 1364-1379, but the ship was built in
Gdask or Elblg in 1372 (Bonde & Jensen 1995,
107-108; Jensen 1999b, 95). However, it is known
that Latin Cross pfennigs remained a long time in
treasures, being hoarded still in the fteenth century.
Perhaps the coin was chosen as the mast-step oering
due to the religious sense of the type.
On the other hand, the absolute chronology, as
we have it determined according to the ten-year in-
tervals of renovatio monetae in Table 2, enables us to
adjust the dates of hoards. Te Gro Briesen hoard
was hidden after c. 1308 and the Przyk hoard was
hidden after c. 1318. Some disturbances are visible
near the end of the sequence of the fourteenth cen-
tury types. To make them clear, we need to deter-
mine the date of the end of the renovation system,
and to point out the bracteate type which followed
that reform.
It is not necessary to agree with Suchodolski who
had said: ist es kaum wahrscheinlich, da irgend-
welche Brakteaten whrend der Durchfhrung der
Reform oder direkt danach geschlagen worden
wren (Suchodolski 1993, 71), and for that rea-
son he moved the Second Greek Cross type before
the halbscoter reform which he placed c. 1360. It
could be just the opposite: the introduction of the
halbscoter and fourpence (vierchen) coinages was
65377_jorgen steen jensen_171-236_.indd 177 15-11-2007 14:30:13
Borys Paszkiewicz
178
Table 2. The chronology of Teutonic Prussian bracteates
11 Te Second Cross Arch type (Wasch. 165-169), from the fourteenth century, is not Teutonic.
12 Te Tird Crown type (Wasch. 224-225), from the late fteenth century, is not Prussian.
13 Te First Star Shield (Wasch. 52), from the thirteenth century, is not Prussian. Te Wasch. 107e variety is not Teu-
tonic.
14 Te First Greek Cross Type (Wasch. 16-26, 170a) gathers various non-Teutonic issues from the thirteenth century.
15 Te variety Wasch. 227 is Livonian.
Type Waschinski nos. Time of issue Remarks
Arm and Banner 1-5 1236/7- c 1247/8
Knight 7-15 c 1247/8-1257/8
First Gate 33-35, 37-40 c 1257/8-1267/8
Double Arch 46-51 c 1267/8-1277/8
First Cross Arch
11
27-31 c 1277/8-1287/8
First Crown 41-44 c 1287/8-1297/8
First Rectangle 181-186 c 1297/8-1307/8
First Cross Shield 53-63, 66-88ab, 89-97, Thorn 4 c 1307/8-1317/18
Latin Cross 151-164, 170b, 176-177 c 1317/8-1327/8
Second Gate 115-129 c 1327/8-1337/8
Second Crown
12
131-132, 134-149 c 1337/8-1347/8
Second Star Shield
13
104-107abcd c 1347/8-c 1360 Two issues, uncertain
sequence
D-Rectangle 200-207 c 1347/8-c 1360
Modied Gate 208-210 c 1360-1363 One issue (Last Gate),
probably from dierent mints
Slanted Gate 187-190, 195-199 c 1360-1363
Second Greek Cross
14
180 1364-1379
First Eagle 108-111, part of 113, 114 c 1380-1415 with many breaks No. 114 from the years
1410-1415
Third Greek Cross 178, 218-220, 222, 223a=170d 1416-1460 No. 222 struck by 1442
Second Eagle 112, part of 113 1460-1490 And Rubinkowo 59-60, 62-63
Fourth Greek Cross 221 1490-1510 (1515?)
Last Cross Shield
15
226, 228-230 1511 (1520?)-1525
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A chronology of the Teutonic Prussian bracteates
179
a groschen reform. And a typical groschen reform
created two sorts of coins: a full-value moneta bona
and a base moneta nigra (Kiersnowski 1969, 227),
and the latter was aptly identied by Suchodolski
with the third monetary metal (after gold and silver),
noticed as arelat by Philippe de Mzires in Prussia
in 1364. In the 2001 Gdask hoard from the Green
Gate (Zielona Brama), the bracteate Wasch. 180 (a
cross potent over a simple cross) ended the Teutonic
bracteate series without other Second Greek Cross
coins. Tis hoard also contained three halbscoters
and one fourpence. Tat shows the Wasch. 180 is the
earliest variety of the Second Greek Cross type (Fig.
16) started probably together with the halbscoter
and fourpence coinage.
Te date of the rst groschen reform by Grand
Master Winrich has not been evidenced directly.
Emil Waschinski dated it to 1370, following the
opinion by David Braun, a Prussian historian from
the eighteenth century (Waschinski 1952, 74). Re-
cently Oliver Volckart notices that halbscoters were
mentioned in 1368 (Volckart 1996, 41) but he over-
looked that some older pieces of information had
been found. Marian Gumowski observed a mention
of halbscoter in a Kuiavian charter from 1365, and
for that reason he proposed the date of the reform
c. 1360 (Gumowski 1951, 19). Suchodolski noticed
a fourpence in the same charter as well. Moreover,
he revealed the larger Teutonic coins in the Philippe
de Mziress information about the monetary con-
ditions in Prussia in 1364 (Suchodolski 1988, 38).
Here we can add one more early piece of evidence
of the reformed system. On July 25
th
, 1364, the
commander of Gdask, Ludecke von Essen, granted
an island to Iohann Pyangow, schultheiss of Schn-
baum near Nowy Dwr/Tiegenhof. Using the Cul-
mer Law, the commander imposed the annual rent
duas marcas leves Prutenicalis monete (PrUb 1986,
no. 304). Such an unusual expression, a light mark,
used neither earlier nor later, indicates that in a new
monetary situation the commander allows schultheiss
to pay rent in arelat, black money, not in groschen
coins. One can guess that the reform was introduced
shortly before that, in the rst half of 1364.
Tus between c. 1297/8 and 1364 we have got
nearly seven decades and eight Teutonic coin issues:
First Rectangle, First Cross Shield, Latin Cross, Sec-
ond Gate, Second Crown, Second Star Shield, D-
Rectangle, and Last Gate (Modied Gate/Slanted
Gate). Te former ve of them are of large volume,
whereas the three latter issues occurred distinctly
more rarely. I think that the regular renovation inter-
vals were given up after the fth type, i.e. the Second
Crown one. After c. 1347/8 the renovation became
irregular, although not particularly frequent. Te
three coinages (and four types) were issued between
c 1347/8 and 1364, the Gate types being the last
of them.
16
Te groschen reform eventually nished
the renovatio monetae system in Teutonic Prussia.
Te largest volume of the First Cross Shield coin-
age, struck between 1307/8-1317/18, was probably
caused by the conquest of Gdask Pomerania in
1308/9 and the consequent necessity to introduce
the Prussian monetary system into this large terri-
tory. Te subsequent coinages were smaller as it ap-
pears from the hoard proportions, and this suggests
the gradually decreased role of the pfennig coinage in
the Prussian monetary market during the fourteenth
century.
3
Te Second Greek Cross coinage contained the elab-
orate variety Wasch. 180, with the heraldic cross of
the Grand Master and it lasted probably until the
end of the monetary system introduced in 1364,
i.e. till 1379.
Te halbscoter currency was replaced in Janu-
ary 1380 with the shilling coinage (Voberg 1843,
94-95; Waschinski 1952, 72-73). Volckart is of the
opinion that the 1380 mint regulation on shilling
coinage only changed the shilling standard (Volckart
16 As we observed above, the Modied Gate and
Slanted Gate types might be the elements of one
issue, the Last Gate, struck in dierent mints. It
disagrees, however, with A. Semraus opinion that c.
1357 Grand Master Winrich allowed only one mint
to work (Semrau 1923, 17).
Fig. 16. Second Greek Cross type: a. Wasch. 180 (WCN 34:136), c
1364; b. Wasch. 179a (WCN 28:158), 1364-1379. Approx. 1.5:1.
65377_jorgen steen jensen_171-236_.indd 179 15-11-2007 14:30:13
Borys Paszkiewicz
180
1996, 45, 51) but neither hoards nor documents
give reason to date shillings before that date.
17
Te
shilling system lasted more than a century, being
modied several times. Te type of small change
was hardly observed by contemporary writers but
we may expect that substantial modications of the
shilling system would cause changes in bracteate
types. Tanks to Suchodolskis study, the rst shil-
ling-accompanied pfennig coinage is identied with
the First Eagle type (Fig. 17). It displayed the Grand
Masters coat of arms, i.e. an eagle shield put on the
heraldic cross of the Grand Master, which on a small
coin gave the eect of three short rays on each side
of the shield with the eagle inside (Wasch. 108).
Tis was gradually simplied and nally the type
showed the sole eagle (Wasch. 114). Te changes
in details and mint standard reect the long period
of coinage (1380-1415). As Suchodolski observed,
it was not a continuous activity. Te letter exchange
between the Grand Master and the Prussian towns
about the resuming or break of the pfennig coinage
reects diculties in balancing the white and black
money supply, typical for every groschen coinage
on its early stage. Te coining phases are evidenced
with documents during the years 1391-3, 1395-8,
1404-6 and from after 1410 till 1415 (with breaks)
(Suchodolski 1988, 36). Suchodolski suggests that
the oldest phase of the First Eagle was made before
1380, i.e. during the halbscoter period. However, the
Gdask Green Gate hoard shows the Second Greek
Cross being contemporary to the halbscoter coin-
age and the Tylkowo/Scheufelsdorf hoard placed the
First Eagle alongside the shillings by Master Winrich
(Kubiak 1986, no. 792). It is quite possible but not
proved that the oldest First Eagles were struck in
1380 or slightly later. We cannot link the separate
Waschinski numbers with the coinage phases save
17 Te inventory of the Brodnica/Strasburg castle
from 1374 contains Czum ersten 1,700 nobiln, item
200 orenen, item 1,150 marc schillinger, 350 schog
groschen (Volckart 1996, 41), and that is the reason
of Volckarts opinion. However, if the nobles and
orins are obviously not Teutonic, it is dicult to
say why shillings would be Teutonic here. One can
think the word schillinger describes sterlings which
were many times evidenced in Prussia in the four-
teenth century and they assumed the name of shil-
lings just in the 1370s. (See e.g. Klendorf 1985).
only for Wasch. 114. Bracteates of this simplied
variety were well represented near the Tannenberg
Memorial Chapel that suggests they were struck af-
ter the Grunwald defeat in 1410. It was the period
of a rapid debasement caused by the war expenses
(Waschinski 1952, 106; Volckart 1996, 70-72).
In September 1415 a complex reform was an-
nounced, reintroducing the halbscoter system of
Master Winrich. Save for the new greater coins, halb-
scoter, shilling and fourpence, new pfennigs were to
replace the old ones according to the exchange rate
2:3. Te new coins occurred at the beginning of
the following year and the pfennig exchange rate
was modied in May 1416 as 1:2. Te monetary
system was changed once again in September 1416
when halbscoter and fourpence were withdrawn and
it was stated that the pfennigs sullen swarcz syn, und
geczeichnet mit eyme crucze (Waschinski 1952, 133).
Pakulski and Suchodolski identied the latter with
the Tird Greek Cross coinage (Pakulski 1984, 185;
Suchodolski 1988, 31-32). If a problem of old, inter-
mediate and new pfennigs did not come into being
then, it is clear enough that there was no other pfen-
nig issue between the First Eagle and Tird Greek
Cross. Te type change in 1416 is well illustrated by
the small coin complex found in the Blackfriars area
in Gdask in 2001. It consisted of two pre-reform
coins (Master Michaels short-cross shilling struck
1414-15, and a First Eagle bracteate, Wasch. 114)
together with two post-reform ones (the Tird Greek
Cross bracteates, Wasch. 222): the devaluated old
shillings became small change alongside bracteates.
Fig. 17. First Eagle type: a. Wasch. 110b (WCN 34:129), c 1380-1410;
b. Wasch. 111 (found near Olsztyn), c 1380-1410; c. Wasch. 114
(ex Podwiesk hoard), 1410-1415; d. Wasch. 114 var. (found at
Grunwald, Muzeum Warmii i Mazur, Olsztyn), 1410-1415. Approx.
1.5:1.
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A chronology of the Teutonic Prussian bracteates
181
Te Tird Greek Cross type (Fig. 18) was struck
in great quantities, being more lucrative than shil-
lings (Volckart 1996, 92-99). In 1441/2 the Estates
of Prussia asked the Grand Master to make pfen-
nigs somewhat smaller and thicker. After the Tir-
teen Year War had broken out in 1454, pfennigs
were considerably debased again (Waschinski 1952,
126-127, 140). As we can guess, both times the coin
type was not changed substantially and we cannot
discern these phases of coinage in the coin type. In
principle, Waschinskis variety no. 222 seems older.
In the Domkowo hoard, which contained mostly
shillings of Michael Kchmeister (1414-22) and Paul
von Rudorf (1422-41) with only few shillings of
Conrad von Erlichshausen (1441-9) and one of the
Estates of Prussia (1454-7), only pfennigs of the
Wasch. 222 variety occurred. However, in the Pod-
wiesk hoard, hidden after 1422, the Tird Greek
Cross pfennigs of varieties 220 and 223a were also
represented. (Domkowo: Kubiak 1998, no. 285; Ja-
nuszkiewicz 2001, 18-19. Podwiesk: Kubiak 1998,
no. 607/II; Paszkiewicz 2000c, 40-41; Paszkiewicz
2001, 49-50).
In 1460 the coinage of the rst war years was de-
valuated. Te debased pfennigs were withdrawn and
then the newly struck ones were declared as being as
good as the old ones (Waschinski 1952, 141-143). It
is not clear whether the coin type was changed then.
On the other hand, the cancellation of debased coins
would be dicult to carry out without changing
the current type, so we can regard that possibility
as probable.
In the hoards hidden by c. 1470 we meet two
main varieties of the Greek Cross: Wasch. 222 and
219. Te variety no. 221, tiny and light, with the
Maltese cross, is completely absent from them. On
the other hand, this variety is the most numerous
Teutonic pfennig type in the Rubinkowo hoard
hidden after 1498. As we will see, both groups of
Greek crosses were separated by another type. Tus
we have to regard the Wasch. 221 variety as the sepa-
rate Fourth Greek Cross type restored in 1490 and
we must guess that the Tird Greek Cross coinage
came to the end in 1460.
What was going on with the Orders pfennig
coinage between these dates? During the archaeo-
logical excavation in the Puck castle between the
years 1993-1999 a small hoard was found, consisting
of eight coins. Tere was one Elblg/Elbing pfen-
nig among them, accompanied by seven bracteates
with a Gothic shield and an uncrowned eagle (Fig.
19). Tis form of eagle resembles the variety Wasch.
111 and 112 but there is nothing outside the shield
on the Puck coins, like in the variety Wasch. 113
which, however, presents a dierently shaped eagle.
Such a variety was present but not singled out in
other nds, e.g. in the Rubinkowo hoard, and it
was usually counted among the First Eagle coins
(Musiaowski 2001, no. 26).
Te pfennigs with the Elblg coat of arms were
struck from 1457 till the third decade of the six-
teenth century (Biskup 1997) but nobody tried to
determine a relative chronology of separate varieties
of the shield upon them. Te shape of the Elblg
shield on the Puck coin (Wasch. Elbing 1b) may
be regarded as an early one and probably the earli-
est of this long lasting series. Tere is no doubt,
however, that none of these coins was struck before
1457 when Elblg was granted the minting right by
the king of Poland (Kubiak 1986, 27-29). Tere-
fore, it is unlikely that the eagle pfennigs from Puck
were struck before 1416 as an element of the First
Eagle coinage. Te eight pfennigs from Puck were
probably contents of a purse or something of that
kind, so these coins were nearly contemporary and
of a Prussian origin. Te uncrowned eagle was most
probably a Teutonic symbol there, the same as the
one displayed in the middle of the Grand Masters
coat of arms. It is interesting that one can see a very
similar eagle among shillings of Grand Master Con-
rad von Erlichshausen (1441-1449) (Fig. 20) but not
Fig. 18. Third Greek Cross type, 1416-1460: a. Wasch. 222 (WCN
34:133); b. Wasch. 220 (ex Podwiesk hoard); c. Wasch. 223 (ex
Podwiesk hoard). Approx. 1.5:1.
Fig. 19. Second Eagle type, 1460-1467 (ex Puck hoard, photo M.
Zawadzki). Approx. 1.5:1.
65377_jorgen steen jensen_171-236_.indd 181 15-11-2007 14:30:15
Borys Paszkiewicz
182
upon those of Louis von Erlichshausen (1450-1467)
(Fig. 21). Te Teutonic Knights, having lost the
Puck castle since 1454, recovered it in 1460 and
kept till 1464. Although there is also a possibility
to attribute the Second Eagle coins to the Estates of
Prussia between 1454-1457 or to the City of Gdask
from 1457, I tend to think that they belong to the
Teutonic coinage from between 1460-1467. And
later it was continued by a series of bracteates with
the eagle without shield which is to be observed
in the Rubinkowo hoard (Musiaowski 2001, nos.
59-60, 62-63).
Te rst time we may expect the next pfennig
type change was the year 1490 when Grand Master
John von Tieen introduced new, three times more
valuable shillings, called later scoters or groschen
(Kubiak 1986, 21; Volckart 1996, 218). Waschin-
ski was of the opinion that pfennigs contemporary
to the Master Johns reform were the Fourth Greek
Cross (Fig. 22) and the Last Cross Shield (Waschin-
ski 1952, 155, note 47). As the Rubinkowo hoard
shows, the introduction of the latter type, with a
rounded shield (Fig. 23), seems much later than
1490. Tus perhaps the next changes in the Teutonic
coinage made by Grand Master Frederick of Saxony
(1498-1510) were the opportunity to introduce the
Last Cross Shield? Master Frederick imitated Saxony
while introducing his monetary reforms in Prussia,
and the replacing of the Fourth Greek Cross with the
Last Cross Shield, analogous to Saxon hellers with
dynastic shields, might have taken place c. 1500.
Te Last Cross Shield pfennigs scarcely occur in
hoards. Tey were observed in the Frombork/Frau-
enburg Chapter treasure (Kubiak 1998, no. 294/I),
an interesting complex which has never been hidden
but kept in the archive, probably from the general
monetary reform in 1526/8. Now this coin complex
is not available, like the hoard found near Sztum
probably in 1999, containing mostly or exclusively
the Last Cross Shield pfennigs (J. Dutkowski & W.
Nakielski, pers. comms.). Te Last Cross Shield is
absent from the Rubinkowo hoard (tpq 1498) and
still from the Pomeranian Mirocice/Bullenwinkel
hoard (tpq 1513) (Dannenberg 1882). Both hoards
had the Fourth Greek Cross as the most recent and
the most numerous Teutonic coinage. Tis indicates
the Last Cross Shield was introduced by the last
Grand Master in Prussia, Albert of Brandenburg
(1511-25).
Te Teutonic pfennig coinage is evidenced in
1508 and in 1515 (Waschinski 1952, 163, note 35;
Akta 1979, no. 115). On the other hand, mint con-
tracts from 1516 and 1519 do not mention pfen-
nigs, which may indicate an interruption in the Last
Cross Shield coinage (Volckart 1996, 240). Tere is
also another possibility that the Fourth Greek Cross
Fig. 20. Eagles from Conrad von Erlichshausens shil-
lings (1441-1449).
Fig. 21. Eagle from Louis von Erlichs-
hausens shilling (1450-1467).
Fig. 22. Fourth Greek Cross type, 1467-1510(?): Wasch. 221 (ex
Puck cumulative nd, photo M. Zawadzki). Approx. 1.5:1.
Fig. 23. Last Cross Shield type, 1511(?)-1525: a. Wasch. 226b (found
near Gdask); b. Wasch. 228a (WCN 34:126). Approx. 1.5:1.
65377_jorgen steen jensen_171-236_.indd 182 15-11-2007 14:30:16
A chronology of the Teutonic Prussian bracteates
183
lasted till 1515 and the Last Cross Shield was intro-
duced as late as in 1520. In 1521 the Grand Master
granted two greater merchants from Knigsberg the
right to order private pfennig issues. Tis right was
cancelled by the landtag in 1523. Te Knigsberg
city mint by then worked alongside the Order one
(Volckart 1996, 253). Perhaps the pellets placed in
various quarters of the shield on pfennigs (Wasch.
229 and 230) indicated such special issues. Te Last
Cross Shield coinage was probably continued till the
secularization of the Prussian branch of the Teutonic
Order in 1525 and this was the last Teutonic pfennig
type.
Te coins with a high Gothic crown, part of them
with rays (Wasch. 224-5; Fig. 24), which are re-
garded as partly Prussian and partly Lower Lusatian,
were probably all Lusatian from the late fteenth
century (Bahrfeldt 1893; Bahrfeldt 1894-7a), and
their presence in Prussian hoards was only an eect
of the coin import. Tey never make a dominant
group in Prussian hoards, and the symbol of crown,
though utilised earlier in Prussia, was rather obsolete
in the Teutonic Order of that time. Te rayed edges
on bracteates were rarely used in Prussia and such
featured coins of other types turned out to be of
foreign, mostly Danish, Lower German or Livonian
origin (e.g. Wasch. 133, 171, Torn 6).
Te proposed absolute chronology of Prussian
Teutonic bracteate coinages is gathered in Table 2.
We may reserve that the set of types from the other
half of the thirteenth century still needs conrma-
tion and so does the chronology of them. Te coin-
age of the last thirty years of the existence of the
Prussian ecclesiastical state was researched here only
roughly. It urgently needs both coin and document
studies.
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Abbreviations
Vob. Voberg 1843
Wasch. Waschinski 1934; Waschinski 1936
BftB I E. Bahrfeldt, Das Mnzwesen der Mark Branden-
burg von ltesten Zeiten bis zum Anfange der Regierung
der Hohenzollern (Berlin, 1889)
DbgB Dannenberg 1997
Peus Dr. Busso Peus Nachf., Frankfurt am Main, sale
catalogue
PDA Poznaski Dom Aukcyjny Podlaski Gabinet
Numizmatyczny, sale catalogue
WAG Westflische Auktionsgesellschaft, sale
catalogue
WCN Warszawskie Centrum Numizmatyczne, sale
catalogue
Allegro www.allegro.pl, Internet auction
65377_jorgen steen jensen_171-236_.indd 186 15-11-2007 14:30:17