Review on GPS for Power SystemTransmission and Distribustion System

Undergraduate Academic Research J ournal (UARJ ), ISSN: 2278 1129, Volume-1, Issue-3,4, 2012
55

REVIEW ON GPS FOR POWER SYSTEM TRANSMISSION AND

DISTRIBUSTION SYSTEM

DILNASHEEN JAWED
1
, KHUSHBU SINGH
2
, ASHIT JHA
3
, AJIT KUMAR GOPE
4
, ARCHAN
PRABHA
5
, AVINASH KUMAR
6

1,2,3,4,5&6
Dr. MGR Educational and Research Institute University, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract-This paper present innovative application and improve power quality systemby improving the utility factor.This
paper demonstrates the use of GPS in power systemtransmission and distribution system.This suggested scheme is used for
fault detection in transmission and distribution and save power.Furthermore,this paper exhibits the conservation of energy by
reducing losses,by improving utility factor and conservating coal.The proposed schemes improve uninterruptible power,to
reduce losses,to save the time thereby saving the cost.

1. INTRODUCTION

Global Positioning System plays vital role in finding
out the position of a moving object in the globe. GPS
system saves time, life, cost in many ways to the
society along with greater security. Worldwide for
almost all the surveillance need people started using
GPS. It consisting of a sensing system coupled with a
local transmitter, base station to receive various
transmissions from different locations, a satellite for
communication, a computer along with powerful
software for proper informative needs and decision
making.After 100years the word coal will be in the
paper only. This can be extended by conservation. So
essentially conservation of energy will be possible
only when we conservate coal forever. To conservate
coal, losses must be reduced. .GPS is the remedy for
the above and can be better implemented in power
system environments, because it doesnt need hard
wiring throughout the transmission and distribution.
We would like to automate the fault-finding system
of the transmission and distribution to improve the
utility factor, uninterruptible power, to reduce losses,
to save the time thereby saving the cost.



Figure.1: main block diagram
The state of art Embedded technology will be used in
our project to minimize the electronic hardware.
Embedded technology is used everywhere to
minimize the cost and maximizing the work ability.
Embedded systems will have all the needs of
industrial control, monitoring, interfacing with any
latest communication systems like GSM, CDMA,
WAP, IR, and BLUETOOTH. Flash Embedded
technology to achieve higher speed from
MICROCHIP Corporation will be used in our project
along with appropriate electronic hardware to have
better interface with the computer. Visual Basic
software will be employed for better visual and audio
effect. A real time electrical hardware to prove our
idea will be developed for reality, implementation
and demonstration.




Figure2: Remote Sensing System

From the area the inputs are send through wireless to
the area transmitter, the input is send to the fault
sensing system the fault sensing system consists of a
voltage and current sensing system which senses the
voltage and current respectively, and a comparator
which as a logically preassigned values for the type
of the faults for eg: 0000 for no fault condition, 0001
for high voltage etc.Through wireless communication
(RF freq, will be used because implementation of
GPS using satellite is too costly) the logical values
are fed into the PIC. Similarly the inputs from the
generation stations are signal conditioned and send to
Review on GPS for Power SystemTransmission and Distribustion System
Undergraduate Academic Research J ournal (UARJ ), ISSN: 2278 1129, Volume-1, Issue-3,4, 2012
56
the PIC. The reference values in the embedded
system are compared with the signal conditioned
values.We take the data rate speed from the PIC. For
audio and clear visual information PC is used.

II.LITERATURE REVIEW ON GPS

A. Review on Faulty Feeder Detection and Fault
Self-Extinguishing by Adaptive
Petersen Coil Control
This paper tells us about the characteristic of the
single-phase earth fault in the Peterse coil grounded
distribution network . It is disclosed that only the
derivative of the zero-sequence
current of the faulty feeder changes with the
controllable inductance of the Petersen coil, while the
derivative of the zero-sequence current of the sound
feeder is kept invariable.A variety of simulation tests
is carried out. The exactness and sensitivity of the
proposed scheme are verified by simulation test
results.


Figure3:Neutral uneffectual-grounded system

A Petersen coil-grounded network, including three
feeders, is modeled as shown in Fig. 3. The
impedances of the source, the step-down transformer,
and the grounded transformer can be set in a wide
range. The lengths of feeder 1, 2, and 3 are 30, 25,
and 35 km, respectively. The voltage ratio of the step-
down transformer is the 110/10.5 kV connection. The
zero-sequence capacitance per kilometer of the feeder
is F/km. The value of the Perterson coil is adjusted to
an appropriate state with respect to the total grounded
capacitance of three feeders. A variety of single-
phase earth faults is simulated to verify the proposed
method. The simulation sample frequency is 1.8 kHz.
The Petersen coil is set as overcompensated during
normal operation. Suppose a fault occurs on feeder 1.

Figure 4: Zero-sequence currents of the fault and sound
feeders
The zero-sequence currents of the faulty feeder and
the sound feeders and are shown in Fig. 4. As seen,
the phases and the magnitudes of the zero-sequence
currents of all feeders are very similar.As a
consequence, the zero-sequence current of the faulty
feeder will have a far
bigger derivative than those of all sound feeders if the
inductance of the Petersen coil has a sudden change
during the course of a single-phase earth fault. The
criterion can be easily designed based on the
aforementioned fact.

Figure 5: Derivatives of the zero-sequence currents of the
feeders on the ratio of inductance.

The derivatives of zero-sequence currents with
respect to the inductance of corresponding feeders are
shown in Fig. 3 when the inductance of the Petersen
coil is tuned from 1.0 to 0.8 or
from 1.0 to 1.2 times resonance, respectively. The
aforementioned simulation tests are carried out,
among which the fault point is via a 1-k ground
resistance. The derivatives difference
between zero-sequence currents of the faulty feeder
and sound feeders is remarkable. The difference will
be more remarkable if the ground resistance is
smaller.

B. Review on Extra Long-Distance Bulk Power
Transmission
This paper presents a solution for bulk ac power
transmission over extra long distance based on an
unconventional transmission line that is little longer
than a half wavelength This solution is very
convenient to be applied in countries where the
generation sites are very distant from the
consumption centers. However, it has some
restrictions regarding feeding loads at intermediate
points. To overcome this drawback, an HVAC tap
based on power-electronics converters is proposed.
This tap allows feeding local loads as well as
integrating power plants to the main circuit without
changing the transmission systems electrical
characteristic. THE BULK energy transmission over
very long distances and the interconnection of large
power systems through very long transmission lines
are one of the challenges in the power industry. In
many regions throughout the world, such as
Brazil, China, Russia, or even continents like Africa
and Europe, there is a large electric generation
potential more than 2000 km away from the main
load centers. For instance, in the Amazon Basin in
Northern Brazil, the hydroelectric potential reaches
up to 100 GW while the main load centers are located
in the Southern region, with distances of more than
2500 km [3]. In
China, most of the generation centers lie in the
Western part of the country, around 2000 km away
Review on GPS for Power SystemTransmission and Distribustion System
Undergraduate Academic Research J ournal (UARJ ), ISSN: 2278 1129, Volume-1, Issue-3,4, 2012
57
from the massive load centers in the Eastern and
Southern parts of the country [4].
.

Figure5:Equivalent circuit for the analytical analysis of the
system with HVAC series tap

Fig. 6 shows two large power systems, represented
as infinite buses, tied by a 2750-km line . An HVAC
series tap is connected to the line at an equivalent
electrical distance from bus #1. The line is assumed
ideal and is divided into three sections which are
represented as the equivalent- model, and the terminal
voltages are and , with.For power draining, it is
noticeable that the voltage does not exceed the
nominal voltage in none of the lines.On the other
hand, for 1.0 GW power injection, the voltage along
the exceeds the nominal voltage in parts of the line.
The maximum voltage in the line can be limited if the
HVAC shunt tap power remains at a certain level.
The maximum power that a shunt tap can inject to the
line, near the sending-end terminal, depends on the
line characteristic power and line loading. The higher
sensitivity can be explained because the voltage
around varies for different line loadings whereas the
current at the half length is constant regardless of the
line loading . Despite higher sensitivity, the shunt tap
does not affect power system stability.HVAC shunt
tap may be used to combine the multiterminal
functionality and power flow control capability in a
line. This paper presents an alternative ac solution for
bulk power transmission over very long distances. It
is based on an unconventional ac overhead line with
an electrical length slightly longer than half
wavelength (at power frequency), referred to as line.
Although the considered alternative is not an essential
point-to-point transmission system, it has some
constraints and limitations in power received or
supplied at intermediate points. To overcome those
limitations, this paper presents an HVAC tap based
on power-electronics converters, which can be series
or shunt connected to the line. The HVAC tap
provides multiterminal capability to a line.

C. Review on Secure Remote Backup Protection of
Transmission Lines Using
We consider the problem of detecting a fault on a
transmission line from the residual vector of a
synchrophasor state estimator (SynSE). For a
transmission line under fault, we identify six
operating modes depending upon location of the
phasor measurement units (PMUs).We show that in
five operating modes, the fault is seen in the residual
vector while in one mode, the fault will not reflect in
the residual vector. The analysis leads us to propose a
remote backup protection scheme for supervised
zone-3 operation of distance relays. In case of
inadequate PMU penetration in the system, the
implementation of SynSE can even be restricted to a
small subsystem of critical lines Synchrophas .
Backup protection relays, significantly improve the
dependability of the protection system as they are
immune to any common-mode failures involving
primary protection schemes. Nonetheless, zone-3-
based remote backup protection systems have been
criticized for their inability to be precise in
distinguishing faults from other stressful conditions,
such as low voltage, power swing, load
encroachment, etc. Unfortunately, relay maloperation
can act as a catalyst or even trigger a system collapse
situation. In essence, the zone-3 based backup
protection scheme is dependable but not secure. For a
thorough discussion on this problem, we refer readers
to [5]. It also suggests
intelligent supervision of zone-3 as an excellent
example of adaptive relaying. Adaptive setting of
distance relays using PMUs is also discussed in [6].
Thus, the problem of improving backup
protection system performance can be posed as a
problem of improving security without compromising
dependability.This paper propose a methodology to
handle this challenge.

Figure 7: Two-area, four-generator, 10bus system. Note PMU
placement is for complete system observability.

The process that is followed to validate the proposed
scheme is as follows. The synchrophasors are
generated from the result
of Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP)
simulation using the discrete Fourier transform (DFT)
technique. A phasor communication rate of 1
phasor/cycle (for a 50-Hz system) has
been considered for SynSE. The residual threshold
value for the trip/no trip decision is set based on the
steady-state CT and VT errors under no-fault
conditions and a safety factor of 4; is set to 20. If
instead, ideal CT and VTs are assumed (simulated in
ATP through the use of current and voltage probes),
then as expected, a much lower value of steady-state
Review on GPS for Power SystemTransmission and Distribustion System
Undergraduate Academic Research J ournal (UARJ ), ISSN: 2278 1129, Volume-1, Issue-3,4, 2012
58
error is obtained. This indicates that it is important to
model CT and VT in EMTP simulations to study
PMU performance. Further, as time synchronization
error with GPS is of the order of 1 s (which translates
into an error of 0.018 at 50 Hz and 0.0216 at 60
Hz),errors due to time synchronization and phasor
stamping can be ignored. As reported in [9],
commercially available PMUs today promise
accuracy better than 0.02 in angle measurement and
0.1% for magnitude measurement. The analysis
presented so far has assumed that PMU placement is
performed to achieve complete system observability.
This permits supervision of a large set of backup
relays of multiple lines, thereby providing a generic
solution to the mitigation
of the zone-3 security problem. However, existing
PMU deployments may not meet this requirement.
Hence, solutions specific to critical lines7 should be
thought of
D. Review on Online Oil Condition Monitoring
Using a Partial- Discharge Signal.

The objective of this letter is to evaluate the condition
of the transformer oil using features extracted from
the acoustic and the radio-frequency (RF) partial-
discharge (PD) signals. Pulse width, rise time, and
frequency components of the measured PD signals
were used as features to differentiate between two oil
samples (i.e., new and aged samples). The artificial
neural network (ANN) was trained and tested using
these features. The results have
shown that the frequency content of the RF signal is
highly correlated with the oil status and, hence, can
be used to extract information
about the oil condition. One of the most important
online monitoring techniques used to evaluate the
insulation conditions of power transformers is the
partial-discharge (PD) measurement. Several types of
sensors have been developed for online monitoring of
PD signals, such as the acoustic emission (AE)
sensor, radio-frequency (RF) antenna, and high
frequency current transformer [7]. Each sensor has its
own advantages and disadvantages that were
discussed in detail in the literature [8].
The main focus of using ANN in the PD
measurement is to identify the source of the PD
signal. The PD signal propagates in the surrounding
medium before it reaches the PD measuring sensor.
Since the insulation ages with time, its physical
properties will change and this may influence the
shape of the PD signal. In this letter, a PD signal was
generated inside an oil tank and detected using
acoustic and RF sensors. The main objective of this
study is to use the PD signal to distinguish between
two samples of transformer oi. Three different
features have been used from measured AE and RF
PD signals to distinguish between two oil samples.
The
results have shown that the frequency content ofthe
PD signal has the potential to be used to predict the
status of transformer oil. Results have shown that the
accuracy of PD recognition of more than 95% has
been achieved using WNN compared to accuracy as
low as 83% for BPNN.

Figure 7: Experimental setup

In order to generate PD, a high electric field is
required. A 15-kVA,220-V/15Kv transformer
connected to avariac was used to generate a variable
high voltage at its secondary side that is connected to
a sharp electrode, as shown in Fig. 8. The distance
between the sharp electrode and the ground tank was
adjusted to be 1 cm. This will result in a very high
concentration of the electric field which will lead to
PD generation. The PD signals were measured at two
different voltage levels (3.5 and 5 kV) and the sharp
electrode hasbeenmovedtotwodifferent locations with
respect to the measuring sensors (5 cm and 17
cm).For the detection part, two sensors were used.
First, an AE sensor was attached at the outer surface
of the tank using a magnet. The sensor is connected
to a preamplifier that amplifies the captured signal
with a gain of 46 dB (2580 kHz). The second sensor
is based on an RF antenna that was inserted inside the
tank as shown in the Fig. 8. The antenna detects the
electromagnetic waves resulting from the occurrence
of PD. The measured signal passes through an
amplifier with a gain of 20 dBand bandwidth of 0.52
GHz. A digital oscilloscope was used to monitor the
signal of the acoustic sensor and the RF antenna.
Mineral oil is usually used in distribution and power
transformers. Two samples of new and aged mineral
oil were acquired from a local utility company.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

From the above papers we get a clear picture for
improving the Utility Factor,locating the fault area,to
Review on GPS for Power SystemTransmission and Distribustion System
Undergraduate Academic Research J ournal (UARJ ), ISSN: 2278 1129, Volume-1, Issue-3,4, 2012
59
minimize line losses on Transmission and
Distribution.Annunciation system to identify the
status of the feeder station/ substation/distribution
[Audio and video information of the fault].
The analysis presented so far has assumed that PMU
placement is performed to achieve complete system
observability. This permits supervision of a large set
of backup relays of multiple lines, thereby providing
a generic solution to the mitigation of the zone-3
security problem. However, existing PMU
deployments may not meet this requirement. Hence,
solutions specific to critical lines7 should be thought
of. With this transmission line, an attractive option is
to place PMUs at both ends of the line (i.e., realize
fault observability mode 4 or 5 and then only
supervise the corresponding backup relays) as
discussed in Section III-A. In fact, this is nothing but
a specialization of the proposed generic scheme
where state estimation is restricted to a subsystem of
two adjacent buses and transmission line(s)
connecting the two buses. Further, as the distance
relay manufacturer now also provides synchrophasor
measurement capability, these relays could be used as
an alternative.
First, the rise time of the measured acoustic and RF
PD signals has been used as a feature. Tables II and
III show the number of tested samples (NTS), number
of misclassified samples (MCS), number of correctly
classified samples (CCS), and classification rate (CR)
for each category for the AE and RF sensor,
respectively.

IV. PROPOSED WORK

We would like to automate the fault-finding system
of the transmission and distribution to improve the
utility factor, uninterruptible power, to reduce losses,
to save the time thereby saving the cost. We would
like to implement the above said system to improve
power system quality by improving the utility factor.
At present India is loosing more than 70,000 crore
rupees every year due to poor transmission and
distribution system. If we could save 1% out of it will
be a good profit to the power sector and also nature
can be retained for some more extent. An expansion
of the regional transmission network and inter
regional capacity to transmit power would be
essential. The latter is required because resources are
unevenly distributed in the country and power needs
to be carried great distances to areas where load
center exist.

IV. CONCLUSION

The primary objective of the work outlined in this
proposal was to provide a innovative application and
improve power quality system by improving the
utility factor.This paper demonstrates the use of GPS
in power system transmission and distribution
system.This suggested scheme is used for fault
detection in transmission and distribution and save
power.Furthermore,this paper exhibits the
conservation of energy by reducing losses,by
improving utility factor and conservating coal.The
proposed schemes improve uninterruptible power,to
reduce losses,to save the time thereby saving the
cost.By using GPS we can dedect different Types of
Faults like Conductor Failure,Locating the area of
failure,Low Voltage /High Voltage,Unbalanced
Voltage/Current,Under/Over Frequency.The
objective of GPS are Conservating the source of
power,Improving the Utility Factor,locating the fault
area,easy diagnostic tool developments,to minimize
line losses on Transmission and
Distribution,annunciation system to identify the status
of the feeder station/ substation/distribution [Audio
and video information of the fault].

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