A

Seminar Synopsis
Report on
SWARM INTELLIGENCE
Submitted as a requirement for the partial fulfillment of deree of
!a"helor of Te"hnoloy
#Computes S"ien"e$
of
Ra%asthan Te"hni"al &ni'ersity( )ota
Submitted to* Submitted !y*
Er +ineet )hanna Satarupa ,as
-., CS ,epartment +III Sem
#Computer S"ien"e$
/0102/011
AJMER INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Approved by AICTE, Affiliaed o Ra!a"#a$ Te%#$i%al U$iver"iy
&'"#(ar )ypa"" , A!*er
SWARM INTELLIGENCE
Se*i$ar o$ S+ar* I$elli,e$%e
I$rod'%io$ abo' S+ar* I$elli,e$%e
3SI is the property of a system 4hereby the "olle"ti'e beha'iors of aents intera"tin lo"ally
4ith their en'ironment "ause "oherent fun"tional lobal patterns to emere 5
3SI pro'ides a basis 4ith 4hi"h it is possible to e6plore distributed problem sol'in 4ithout
"entrali7ed "ontrol or the pro'ision of a lobal model5
3.ne of the "ores tenets of SI 4or8 is that often a de"entrali7ed( bottom2up approa"h to
"ontrollin a system is mu"h more effe"ti'e than traditional( "entrali7ed approa"h5
39Groups performin tas8s effe"ti'ely by usin only a small set of rules for indi'idual
beha'iour is "alled s4arm intellien"e5:
39S4arm Intellien"e is a property of systems of non2intellient aents e6hibitin "olle"ti'ely
intellient beha'iour5:
3In S4arm Intellien"e( 9;t4o indi'iduals intera"t indire"tly 4hen one of them modifies the
en'ironment and the other responds to the ne4 en'ironment at a later time5:
Where did the Con"ept arise<
3=or years s"ientists ha'e been studyin about inse"ts li8e ants( bees( termites et"5
3The most ama7in thin about so"ial inse"t "olonies is that there>s no indi'idual in "hare5
=or e* "onsider the "ase of ants5
3!ut the 4ay so"ial inse"ts form hih4ays and other ama7in stru"tures su"h as brides(
"hains( nests and "an perform "omple6 tas8s is 'ery different* they self2orani7e throuh
dire"t and indire"t intera"tions5
Self .rani7ation
3Errors and randomness are not 9bus:? rather they "ontribute to su""ess by enablin them to
dis"o'er and e6plore in addition to e6ploitin5
3Self2orani7ation feeds itself upon errors to pro'ide the "olony 4ith fle6ibility and
robustness55
3A 'ery different mindset from the pre'ailin approa"h to soft4are de'elopment and
manain 'ast amounts of information* no "entral "ontrol( errors are ood( fle6ibility(
robustness @or self2repairA5
Chara"teristi"s of So"ial Inse"ts
15=le6ibility
/5Robustness
B5Self2orani7ation
-uman beins suffer from a 9"entrali7ed mindset:? !ut insertin the human fa"tor into the
loop is aainst SI5
!i Issue
-o4 should 4e proram the indi'idual 'irtual ants so that the net4or8 beha'es appropriately
at the system le'el<
There is al4ays a fear of these systems oin out of "ontrol as there is no "entral "ontrol nor
the emerent beha'iour of the 4hole system is predefined only the aents are predefined5
We don>t al4ays 8no4 ahead of time 4hat emerent solutions 4ill "ome out be"ause
emerent beha'iour is unpredi"table5
If applied 4ell( self2orani7ation endo4s your s4arm 4ith the ability to adapt to situations
that you didn>t thin8 of5
Chara"teristi"s of Self .rani7in !eha'iour
15Cositi'e reinfor"ement
/5Neati'e reinfor"ement
B5Amplifi"ation of flu"tuations
D5Multiple intera"tions
15Cositi'e reinfor"ement
3Many ant spe"ies forae for food usin a trail2layin trail2follo4in beha'iour5
3It is a self2fulfillin prophe"y( 9ants follo4in pheromone trails 4ill tend to "onreate
simply from the fa"t the pheromone density in"reases 4ith ea"h additional ant that follo4s:5
3This self2 perpetuatin me"hanism is 8no4n as 9mass re"ruitment: and is the primary
reinfor"ement of the forain beha'iour5
Cheramone Trails
3Indi'idual ants lay pheromone trails 4hile tra'ellin from the nest( to the nest or possibly in
both dire"tions5
3The pheromone trail radually e'aporates o'er time5
3!ut pheromone trail strenth a""umulate 4ith multiple ants usin path5
/5Neati'e Reinfor"ement
3Neati'e reinfor"ement "an be seen in "ro4din at the food sour"e( limitation of population(
or food sour"e e6haustion5
3In "ase food sour"e e6haustion( then no more pheromone is deposited on the trail5 The
pheromone "urrently on the trail 4ill e'aporate( e'entually fallin to 7ero5
3No pattern is formed if the pheromone sinal is too 4ea85
D5Multiple intera"tions
3A minimum saturation is required for a pattern to emere
3Self orani7ation 9usually requires a minimal density of mutually tolerant indi'iduals:5
3Ea"h indi'idual should be able to use the results of its efforts and those of nest mates
possibly bein able to distinuish e6a"tly 4hi"h indi'idual performed the tas85
In order to understand s4arm intellien"e 4e ha'e to analy7e fe4 questions*
3-o4 are %obs s"heduled and assined<
3-o4 are %obs e6e"uted<
3-o4 do indi'iduals "hoose or "hane a %ob<
3-o4 is equilibrium a"hie'ed amon all indi'iduals for all %obs in the "olony<
We "an analy7e the %ob assinment stratey as it is the only question 4hi"h "an be i'e an
ans4er in spe"ifi"s5
Eob Assinment* =our Ways
3Ae
3Morpholoy
3Indi'idual F Indi'idual @I2IA "ommuni"ation
3En'ironment F Indi'idual @E2IA "ommuni"ation
1A Ae Eob Assinment
3Amon "ertain so"ial inse"ts( indi'iduals prefer to ta8e "ertain %obs based on their ae5
3With honey bees
F Goun 4or8ers do hi'e "hores su"h as buildin and repairin the hi'e( 'entilation( defense(
food preparation( et";
F .lder 4or8ers ather ne"tar( pollen( and 4ater5
3In SI our 'irtual aents 4or8 in the same 4ay older aents 4ill ha'e more updated rules(
ne4er aents 4ill ha'e some spe"ifi" %ob5
/A Morpholoy Eob Assinment
3Some indi'iduals may be better suited for one %ob o'er another due to their physi"al form5
3Thus they tend to4ard a "ertain set of %obs @or may be "apable of only those %obsA5
BA Indi'idual 2 Indi'idual Communi"ation Eob Assinment
3=or those spe"ies 4ith e'ol'ed "ommuni"ation s8ills( one indi'idual may re"ruit another( 'ia
dire"t "ommuni"ation( to help 4ith a "ertain %ob5
3We ha'e applied these "on"epts to a 'ariety of te"hnoloy problems( su"h as distributed data
storae in a "omputer net4or8( and the "reation and manaement of ad ho" 4ireless
net4or8s5:
DAEn'ironment 2 Indi'idual Communi"ation Eob Assinment
3Stimery* a 8ind of indire"t "ommuni"ation and learnin by the en'ironment found in
so"ial inse"ts is a 4ell 8no4n e6ample of self2orani7ation( pro'idin not only 'ital "lues in
order to understand ho4 the "omponents "an intera"t to produ"e a "omple6 patterns as "an
pinpoint simple bioloi"al non2linear rules and means to a"hie'e an impro'ed desin of
artifi"ial intellient systems5
Ad'entaes of usin Mobile Aents and Stimentory
15S"alability
/5=ault toleran"e
B5Adaptation
D5Speed
H5Modularity
I5Autonomy
J5Carallelism
S4arm Systems E6hibits
3Multiple lo4er le'el "ompeten"es
3Situated in en'ironments
3Limited time to a"t
3Autonomous 4ith no e6pli"it "ontrol pro'ided
3Croblem sol'in is emerent beha'iour
3Stron emphasis on rea"tion and adaptations
Appli"ations of SI
Theoreti"al
15Ant2!ased Control* de'eloped for telephone net4or8s5
/5AntNet* Adapti'e aent2based routin alorithm
Ant Net
3Routin is determined by "omple6 intera"tions of for4ard K ba"84ard net4or8 e6ploration
aents5
3=or4ard ants* No node routin updates5 They report NLW delay "onditions to !a"84ard ants5
3!a"84ard ants* inherit the ra4 data K update routin table of nodes5
3Entries of routin table are probabilities5
Crobabilities ser'e a dual purpose
15To de"ide the ne6t hop to a destination5
/5,ata pa"8ets deterministi"ally sele"t the path 4ith the hihest probability for the ne6t hop5
A"tionsin Ant Net
15Ea"h nL4 node laun"hes for4ard ants to all destinations in reular time inter'als
/5Ant finds path to destination based on "urrent routin tables5
B5=or4ard ants "reate Sta"8s( pushin Trip times for e'ery node5
D5When the destination is rea"hed( ba"84ard ant inherits the sta"85
H5It pops the sta"8 entries K follo4s path in re'erse5
I5Node tables of ea"h 'isited node are updated based on trip times5
Cra"ti"al Appli"ations
3&A+ @&nmanned Air +ehi"leA K Robots
3!usiness
&A+ @&nmanned Air +ehi"lesA and Robots
!ein able to "ontrol s4arms or teams of &+ 'ehi"les "ould lead to no'el pea"e time
appli"ations5
3=isheries* to tra"8 s"hools of fish or 4hales in the o"ean
3Robots* to e6plore and "lean up ha7ardous sites
3Ci"o2satellites* sur'ey asteroid belts and ather s"ientifi" information
F.nly small simulation e6ists5
F=ormal modelin is "urrently under4ay5
FCon"eptual de'elopment needs to be done5
!usiness Appli"ations of S4arm Intellien"e
9S4arm Intellien"e: had been used su""essfully to address notoriously diffi"ult business
problems5 Some "lients are*
3South West Airlines
3Cina Cetroli
3,istribution Centres @9!u"8et !riade:A