Sustainable tourism Sustainable tourism

Finding harmony
Sziva Ivett, Ph.D.
ivett.sziva@uni-corvinus.hu
What are we going to talk about? What are we going to talk about?
1) Impacts ) pacs
2) Carrying capacity
3) Sustainable tourism who is 3) Sustainable tourism who is
responsible for what?
II. Socio-cultural impacts p
Two cases
A / N l Annapurna / Nepal
Yunnan / China
COMPARE the two cases by following these questions COMPARE the two cases by following these questions
1. What are the - /+ impacts of tourism?
2. What kind of tourists arrived?
3. How is the tourism system operated?
4. What could be the reasons for the
impacts?
5. Are there any difference? Why?
Common positive impacts
Annapurna / Nepal Yunnan / China
Increasingqualityof life
Empowerment of women, better health Empowerment of women, better health
care, better education, environment-
consciousliving, more income
C it d l t Communitydevelopment
Revitalizationof ethnicculture
Different negative impacts
Annapurna / Nepal Yunnan / China
P tit ti
Destroying community contacts
& traditions
Environmental damages
Prostitution
Getting kids out of schools
Cheap souvenirs Environmental damages
Begging (but educating
programs)
Cheap souvenirs
Multinational companies &
governmental control (forcing
lt l t t ki t cultural events, takingout
revenues)
Wh ? Why?
Difference lies in
Annapurna / Nepal Yunnan / China
M t i d ti t i
Alternative(advanture) tourism
International tourists
Strong communitycontacts
Masstourism, domestictourism
Ethnical problems
Strong governmental impact
Strong communitycontacts
Locallyownedtouristicinfra.
Strong governmental impact
(centralization)
Touristicinfraownedby
lti ti l i multinational companies
Main differentiating factors
Annapurna / Nepal Yunnan / China
Features of the communityy
Type of tourists
Dependancy on government & Dependancy on government &
outsiders
Negative socio-cultural impacts
1. Weakeningcommunitycontacts
2 Cultural commodification 2. Cultural commodification
3. Demonstrationeffect
4 Hostality 4. Hostality
5. Overcrowding
6 Outmigration 6. Outmigration
7. Prostitution, crime
8 Seasonal work 8. Seasonal work
Socio-economic benefit
Improvingstandard of living (eg.
benefit fromtourism, employment)
Improvinglocal enterprisesin Improvinglocal enterprisesin
tourism& inother sectors
Infrastructural development
Improvingqualityof life (eg. social
mobility, education, healthcare)
Stimulus for conservation of cultural
h it heritage
Revitalisation of traditions and
customs
Renewal of cultural pride
Increasingenv. protection
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qkDbzOQvafI&feature=PlayList&p=C48C5FB1877F3ADB&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&index=27
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ReR-7B0KDJ Y&feature=PlayList&p=C48C5FB1877F3ADB&index=28
Main differentiating factors
Annapurna / Nepal Yunnan / China
Features of the communityy
Type of tourists
Dependancy on government & Dependancy on government &
outsiders
Economic impacts
Some numbers
Tourism receipts by countries
International tourism receipts grew to US$ 944 billion (euro 642 billion) (ca
Country Tourism receipts
International tourism receipts grew to US$ 944 billion (euro 642 billion) (ca.
3,8 % of GDP directly, 10,4% inderictly)
Country Tourism receipts
(million USD)
USA 96 712
Spain 57 795 Sp 5 95
France 54 228
It l 42 651 Italy 42 651
Hungary 4 728
Source: UNWTO, 2010
China 54 720
Some numbers
Source:UNWTO,2011.
Getting away?
Race in the hotel sector: Le Tour dEurope
Growing RevPAR,
reason:growing.ADR,
andgrowing OCC
Growing RevPAR
Reason:growing ADR
or growing.OCC
Stagnating RevPAR Decreasing RevPAR
Source:HVS,2010.
Getting away?
Escapees
Drafters
Peloton
Off the back
Source:HVS,2010.
Getting away?
The way of escaping
Popularity and balanced growth(London)
Mega-events (Mnchen, Berlin, Frankfurt, Amsterdam)
The travelers of Middle East and Africa (Istambul, Paris)
Balanced mix of segments (MICE+FIT Amsterdam)
HVS (2010)
Source:HVS,2010.
Getting away?
Failure factors
The economic downturn of the country (e.g. Dublin, Athen)
Overcapacity (eg Prague) Overcapacity (e.g. Prague)
The Stars of the near past, without sustainable and
diversified attractions (eg Budapest Bucharest) diversified attractions (e.g. Budapest, Bucharest)
HVS (2010)
Source:HVS,2010.
Multiplier effect of tourism
TTypes
Output multiplier Output multiplier
Income multiplier
E l t lti li
Tourism
(hotels rest
Employment multiplier
Government revenue
multiplier
(hotels, rest.,
tour op.)
multiplier
Supporting industries: e.g.
transporting, building,
telecom., agriculture,
education
Carrying capacity
Definition of carrying capacity
the maximum number of people who can use a
site without an unacceptable alteration in the
physical environment and without an p ysca e o e t a d t out a
unacceptable decline in the quality of experience
gained by visitors
(Mathieson and Wall, 1992)
Elements of carrying capacity
1. Physical C/C: The max number of touriststhat anarea is actually
able to support.
2. Ecological C/C: The maxnumber of touristsat an area(attraction),
whichdoesnot causeirriversibledamageinenvironment or in whichdoesnot causeirriversibledamageinenvironment or in
attraction.
3. EconomicC/C: It is the extent to which a tourist destination is able to
d t t i t f ti ith t th l f l l ti t accommodate tourist functions without the loss of local activates
4. Social C/C: The level beyondwhichgrowthwill be unacceptablein
termsof detriment tothehost communityinitstradition, ethics, value y , ,
systemor qualityof life.
5. Psychological C/C: The level of crowdingthat doesnot reducethe
experienceof thetourist experienceof thetourist.
(Puczk-Rtz, 2005)
Try to think of a destination where
1 Physical carryingcapacityhas been exceeded 1. Physical carryingcapacityhas been exceeded
2. Ecological carryingcapacityhas been exceeded
3. Economiccarryingcapacityhas been exceeded y g p y
4. Social carryingcapacityhas been exceeded
5. Psychological carryingcapacityhas been exceeded.
Sustainable tourism
Look instead of look down, ask instead of
answer search instead of find(Jost answer, search instead of find (Jost
Krippendorf: The Holidaymakers)
What is sustainable tourism?
- an idea, a solution, a buzzword, a concept, ecotourism?
F f t i hi h t th d f Forms of tourism which meet the needs of
tourists, the tourism industry, and host
communities today without compromising the y p g
ability of future generations to meet their own
needs (Swarbrooke, 1999.)
Tourismthat takesfull account of itscurrent and future Tourismthat takesfull account of itscurrent and future
economic, social andenvironmental impacts, addressingthe
needsof visitors, theindustry, theenvironment and host
iti (WTO 2002) communities.(WTO, 2002)
What is sustainable tourism?
- an idea, a solution, a buzzword, a concept, ecotourism?
Ecotourismdoesindeedembracetheprinciplesof sustainability,
b t it f li itl t d t i h but it refersexplicitlytoa product niche.
It is about tourisminnatural areas, normallyinvolvingsomeform
of interpretativeexperienceof natural and cultural heritage, o te p etat ee pe e ceo atu a a dcutu a e tage,
positivelysupportingconservationandindigenouscommunities,
andusuallyorganizedfor small groups.
The de elopment of ecoto rismcanpro idea sef l tool ithin The development of ecotourismcanprovidea useful tool within
wider strategiestowardsmore sustainabletourism. (Quebec
Declaration on Ecotourism, 2002)
What is sustainable tourism?
Tourismthat is based on the principles of sustainable
development refers to afundamental objective: to development , refers to afundamental objective: to
make all tourism more sustainable.
An objective a condition(not atypeproduct An objective, a condition(not atypeproduct
of tourism)
Holisticconcept (shouldbe ) (UNEP 2005) Holisticconcept (shouldbe..) (UNEP, 2005)
Where are the differences?
Some examples - Hard and soft
L i l t l t th ? - Laisser passer or lets plan together?
Hard tourism
I Pl i
Soft tourism
I. Planning
Development without planning Planning before development Development without planning
Thinking in projects
Municipalities plan separately
Planning before development
Thinking in conceptions
Bigger areas plan together
Planning without borders
Tourism development everywhere
Planning with focusingon special
areas
Tourism development only at Tourism development only at
places with good potential
Some examples - Hard and soft p
Hard tourism
II. Building touristic infrastructure
Soft tourism
Building blindly
Exhaustingall valuable areas
Concentrated building
Saving the valuable areas (zoning!)
Exhaustingall valuable areas
New buildings
New hotel capacity
g ( g)
Renewing the existing buildings
Filling the existing capacity
Build for the actual touristic
market (future?)
Fixing expansion border
Cautious forecasting
Some examples Hard and Soft
Hard tourism
III. Impacts on community
Soft tourism
Development without asking the
community
Involving community in the
development community
Employing cheapworkforce
outside of the destination
development
Building on the local workforce
Pushing out agriculture
Supportingindividual transport
Saving agriculture and building
on the local products
Supporting public transport Supportingindividual transport Supporting public transport
Krippendorf, J . (1987)
Is demands expectation a driving force?
Conclusions of surveys analyzing tourists attitudes (UNEP, 2005)
Highand growinglevelsof interest bytouristsinvisitingnatural
and cultural sitesduringtheir holidays andtheauthenticityand and cultural sitesduringtheir holidays, andtheauthenticityand
educational valueof suchexperiences.
Growingexpectationsconsideringthequalityof thedestination
Considerable willingness to pay more to support local
environments and communities.
British
dirty beach or polluted seais a
Americans
61% wantsa clean, well-preserved
environment
Th f h b
dirty beach or polluted seais a
problemfor 83%
3in 4British touristswantsauthentic
local culture&food
Three-quarters of themcareabout
their impactsondestination
Danish
local culture&food
53% of British wouldpaymore just to
ensurebetter wagesfor locals(+5%)
Danish
69 per cent of Danish tourists staying
in eco-labelledhotels are willing to pay
more for thiskindof accommodation
Sustainable tourism development
What are the goals of sustainable tourism?
3 P of course
Sustainabletourismshould
Makeoptimal useof environmental resources(maintaining Makeoptimal useof environmental resources(maintaining
essential ecological process, helpingconservation)
Respect the socio-cultural authenticity of host communities p y
(conservingheritage, values, strengtheningtolerance)
Ensure viable, long-term economic operations(socio-
i b fit t bl l t i f l l ) economicbenefits, stableemployment, servicesfor locals)
(UNWTO, 2004)
Who is responsible?
Case of New Zealand
G t Government
Tour operators Transporters Tour operators Transporters
Destination
Local authorities
Tour. Enterprises& investors
NGOs
National parks&
protectedareas
NGOs
Locals
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pVSaVwcTiec
What is their responsibility?
Government - Crucial role
Managingpublicgoods
Coordinatingtourismasa fragmentedarea
Regulation(eg.landman, licensing, taxing)
Raisingawarness
Tour operators
Selectingsuppliers
Visitor-management
W ki ithth l l it Workingwiththelocal community
Educatingtourists
Transporters
Usinggreentechnology
Donatingsocial environmental Donatingsocial environmental
programs
What is their responsibility? In destination
Local authority
Pl i & i fl i i t t l d Planning& influencinginvestments, landuse
Resolvingconflicts
Creatingalternativeemployment possibilities Creatingalternativeemployment possibilities
Raisingawarness
Taxation
Touristic enterprises & investors
Careful planning Careful planning
Enironmental management systems
Visitor-management
Networkinglocal suppliers
Supportingcommunityprograms
What is their responsibility? In destination
National Parks
Protection, conservation, but assuringvisitation
Education!
Supportingcommunityprograms
NGOs
Helpingtourismplanning
Assuringcommunityinvolvment
Monitoring
Locals
Environmental consciousliving Environmental consciousliving
Participating& defendinginterestsof community
& nature
Activeroleinenterpreneurship& product
development