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Part 2: Bolivia
Recognized People
60%
50%
50%
41%
Precentage
40%
30%
Quechua
Aymara
20%
Chiquitano
Guarani
Mojeo
10%
4%
0%
3%
1.40%
2.60%
Others
Recognized People
Quechua
50%
Aymara
41%
Chiquitano
4%
Guarani
3%
Mojeo
1.40%
Others
2.60%
10,000
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
1996
1998
2001
2004
1996
1998
6,149
2001
5,577
2004
6,495
2007
7,683
2010
9,406
2007
2010
100
90
80
70
60
1996
50
1998
40
2001
30
2004
20
2007
10
0
2010
1996
1998
76
2001
65
2004
71
2007
80
2010
93
Legislation:
According to ILO, it is said that Bolivia has the highest percentage of
indigenous people in South America and that their identity is composed as
indigenous people and First Nations. Somewhere in the 19th century, they have
been fighting for their rights, lands, a share in the national resource profits, to
be known in the society, et cetera. In 1991 and 1994, the Convention No. 169
has been authorized. This made the Constitution recognize Bolivia as
multiethnic and multicultural. It also recognized the indigenous peoples
rights, their native communal lands, a share in the national resource profits,
and to be known in the society. The UN also declared the Rights of Indigenous
People as a national law. As Bolivia is not only composed of indigenous people
but also a First Nations, Bolivia was described as a multinational state.
Indigenous peoples have merged together almost about 20,000,000
hectares of a united property under the idea of Native Community Lands
Native Community Lands is commonly known as the Tierras Comunitarias de
Origen, or for short TCO. The TCO were territories held by indigenous
people through a legislation that was cited together under the law. Through
their approval with a Decree Number 727/10, the TCOs took the legal name,
Territorio Indigena Originario Campesino, or for short TIOC. Territorio Indigena
Originario Campesino is translated to the Peasant Native Indigenous Territory.
The TIOC became known as the territory where common lands or a community
was established. Ever since, Bolivia has become a participant in the ILO
Convention 169. The ILO Convention number 169 was an indigenous and tribal
peoples convention, which deals with the rights of these people. A Law No.
3760 on November 7, 2007 approved the United Nations Declaration on the
Rights of the Indigenous Peoples.
The largest events in
history,
including
the
Indigenous
people,
had
comprised of laws and
disputes the Indigenous
people had to face. During
an approval of Law 180/11
which was about banning
the construction of a Villa
Tunari-San
Ignacio
de
Mojos highway through a
Isiboro
Secure
National
Park
and
Indigenous
Territory, otherwise known as TIPNIS. President Evo Morales had decided to
resign from this decision because it was under the effect of unconvinced social
protests about lands and coca settlers who demanded the termination of this
Law 180. Therefore, he passed the Law 222 on a discussion in the TIPNIS. This
law was about getting the communities to accept the highway that was going
to go through their territories. This concerned the Indigenous people because
it was a procedure that violates their basic rights and that contradicted the
accomplishments that had been gained through an 8th Indigenous March in
2012. The Indigenous March was a protest towards the Bolivian governments
proposed highway through the TIPNIS. So far, there have been nine
Indigenous Marches, which were the protests against the proposal of President
Morales.
The Indigenous people had rejected the Law 222, because of certain
disputes that were: (1) the aim of the Law was to bond the controversial
dispute of the intangibility of TIPNIS with building of the highway, by
rejecting the intangibility of the area (Parellada 150-51). This meant that the
Indigenous people would automatically have to accept the construction of the
highway no matter what. (2) The law had been called a prior discussion,
however in reality the project had already been under governing development
for nine years. In addition, three more years of more construction in the areas
those were entering the north and south of TIPNIS. (3) The law had
established a some sort of sphere of application (Parellada 151) that
included the area of settlement located outside the indigenous territory, which
had been occupied by 17,000 coca producers who were the basic main
supporters of the highway construction. (4) The law lined out any participation
in TIPNIS organizations or decision making associations, stopping the
Indigenous people from indicating their communities in this process. (5) The
law also established a process that would be completely executed by, and its
results outlined and spread completely by (Parellada 151), the Ministry of
Public Works and the Ministry for the Environment.
The government had already made up a procedure in which the objective
of a discussion was to establish the best possible conditions for construction
of the first ecological highway in Bolivia [] (Parellada 151-52). This meant
that there was no more determining whether the highway would be
constructed or not. Now, however, the government had to consider in what
way to construct this highway.
Following approval of Law 222, the government soon enough approved a
support program for the TIPNIS communities. This had been funded by an aim
of assembling resources and gaining the territory with so-called gifts. These
were handed out during ceremonies, in which they found out that this state of
limbo would once and for all culminate if the Indigenous people accepted the
highway. If they do accept the project, it would bring them progress and wellbeing. The Naval Forces and the Special Drugs Control Force supported this
campaign. This had established firm control over many ways, such as the
rivers, the Church or other support associations, averting the sale of oil for
indigenous techniques, and blocking the area from organizations and people
that still opposed the highway.
The TIPNIS conflict comprised of a new era of relations between the
government and the indigenous people living in the lowlands. Even though the
seventh and eighth Indigenous Marches had formed conflicts they had, in the
end, been overcome by the different agreements and discussions. However,
this situation changed drastically in 2012 leaving the alliance between the