Example calculations

75

Example calculations
The examples are based on Eurocode 0, Eurocode 1 and Eurocode 3, Part 1-3 [16]. Some additional detail
checks are made according to Swedish code for light-gauge metal structures, StBK-N5 [5]
The calculations in the following examples are set out in detail. In most cases, the designer can make
simplifications when he/she has learned by experience which checks are not usually critical.
The examples are worked out in the mathematics program Mathcad, version 2000i. Some of the operators and
notations used in the examples are explained below.
x := 50.6 mm

Definition of value

y 2.5 mm

Global definition

x + y = 53.1 mm

Calculation result

a=b

Boolean equality

0.5

Decimal point must be used

c := ( 1 3 2 )

( c d )

Row vector

1 8 2
g := 3 4 7

5 6 9
T

Vectorise operator, i.e. perform arithmetical operation on each element of a

vector or matrix

gives a = ( 2 12 6 )
Example:
d := ( 2 4 3 )
a := ( c d )
Matrix

Transpose, i.e. rows and columns are interchanged

Example:

submatrix( a , 0 , 1 , 1 , 2)

1
c = 3

1 3 5
g = 8 4 6

2 7 9

Part of matrix ( a=matrix, 0 och 1 define rows, 1 and 2 define columns)

Normally, in a matrix, the first row is numbered 0 and the first column is numbered 0
Example:

augment( f , g )

1 8 2
g = 3 4 7

5 6 9

submatrix( g , 0 , 1 , 1 , 2) =

Augmentation of matrices
Example:

1 1 8 2
augment( c , g ) = 3 3 4 7

2 5 6 9
8
1
g = 4

6
T

Column in matrix
Example:

Aef

Notation ( ef is not a subscript but part of variable notation)

Subscript i

Example:

1, 2

=7

8 2

4 7

SkinIns.mcd

Example 1. Insulated building

76

Example 1. Insulated building with sheets on rafters

Contents
0.
1.
2.
3.
4.

7.3 End support

7.31 Web crippling
7.32 Distorsion of profile at end
7.4 Intermediate support
7.41 Local buckling of web and web crippling
7.42 Local buckling of web due to shear force
and moment
7.5 Normal force due to wind on end

Conditions
Dimensions and classes
Loads and actions
Sheets and fasteners
SI units

5. Design of sheets for transverse action

due to snow, wind suction and self weight.
5.1 Check of profile for support conditions over two
bays
6. Actions on diaphragm due to wind
6.1 Wind on long side
6.2 Wind on end

8. Attachments
8.1 Design of rivets in side overlaps
8.2 Connection to edge beam
8.3 Connection of end fitting to sheet
8.4 Splicing of edge beam and fixing of edge
beam to the building structure
8.5 Connection of roof sheeting to end rafter
8.6 Connection of sheeting to rafters

7. Design of sheeting
7.1 Section forces
7.2 Single plate panel

9. Deformations
10. Holes

0. Conditions
An insulated industrial building with normal leakage paths shall be designed for diaphragm action due to wind
action. Diaphragm forces are transferred to the foundation via wind trusses. All columns are pinjointed at the
foundation. Distances between rafters vary and the sheets are spliced as shown in the figure below. See also
Drawing No K3 in Chapter 9. In this example, only the first two bays are treated in detail.

10

1:16

ht

hp

broof

hb

B
crafter

crafter2

broof

lroof

cgp

1. Dimensions and classes

Roof width
Roof length

Partial factor for resistance

broof := 25 m
Lroof := 56 m

Column height, long side hp := 7.5 m

Beam depth hb := 0.5 m

Roof slope

slope :=

Ridge height
Beam spacing

ht := hp + hb + 0.5 broof slope

crafter := 7 m and
ht = 8.781 m

Beam spacing

crafter2 := 5 m

End columns

cgp := 5 m

16

M1 := 1.0

Construction Class I (EN 1993-1-3)

Reliability class RC3
(EN 1990, consequence class CC3, high
consequence for loss of human life)

d := 1.00

(See 2.11)

Comment: As d := 1.00 then it is not included

in the expressions for the actions

SkinIns.mcd

Example 1. Insulated building

77

2. Loads and actions

2

Snow load, on the ground

Wind load

sk := 1.0 kN m

Snow load on roof 1 := 0.8

s := 1 sk

Peak velocity pressure

s = 0.8 kN m

Shape factors, wind

Combination value 0 := 0.6 scomb := 1 0 sk

scomb = 0.48 kN m

Partial factor, snow load and wind action

leading (main) variable)

Q := 1.5

Partial factor, self weight

unfavourable

G := 0.89 1.35

favourable

G.inf := 0.89 1.0

kN
qp := 0.9
2
m

Roof, suction

cpe.roof := 0.7

Wall, pressure

cpe.p := 0.7

Wall, suction

cpe.s := 0.3

Internal suction

cpi := 0.3

where the reduction factor for permanent

action is := 0.89 see 2.12

Inclination from vertical of columns , factor

bu

hw

sw

3. Sheets and fasteners

bw

bd

bo

:= 0.005

Sheet := "TRP110"
bd := 237 mm
bo := 68 mm
bw := 0.5 bd bo bu

sw :=

bw + hw

hw := 112 mm
bu := 64 mm
fyb := 350 MPa
tcor := 0.636 mm

t := tcor
2

Resistances of sheeting for transverse action

and diaphragm action are given by the
producer of the profiled sheeting.
Resistance of fasteners are given in chapter 8.

Blind rivets in side overlap

Self weight, roof

gperm := 0.30 kN m

Width of support

ls := 100 mm

Transverse action
Moment capacity, span

Mf.Rd := 10.04 kN

Moment capacity, support

Ms.Rd := 10.56 kN

Capacity of support

Rw.Rd := 27.3 kN m

Aluminium

drivet := 4.8 mm
Nominal plate thickness tnom := 0.7 mm

Shear resistance
table 8.9
Bearing resistance
table 8.10
Screws
Carbon steel
Shear resistance
table 8.3
Bearing resistance
table 8.5
Tensile resistance
table 8.2

Fv.Rd.riv := 0.88 kN

Diaphragm action

Fb.Rd.riv := 1.35 kN

Shear buckling of web

Vw.Rd := 27.6 kN m

Shear buckling of flange

Vf.Rd := 86.4 kN m

Global buckling

VgR := 684 kN m

Distorsion of corrugation
of profile end
Support reaction factor for
end support
Tensile force factor for
fastener at end support

Vr.Rd := 4.90 kN m

dscrew := 6.3 mm
t1 2.5 t
Fv.Rd.screw := 7.84 kN
Fb.Rd.screw := 2.83 kN
Ft.Rd.screw := 9.41 kN

RvV := 1.22
Pc2V := 134 mm

SkinIns.mcd

4. SI units

Example 1. Insulated building

78

kN 1000 N

MPa 10 Pa

5. Design of sheets for transverse action due to snow, wind suction

and self weight
Nominal sheet thickness t = 0,70

Steel core thickness

Self weight, roof

gperm = 0.3 kN m

Design value for snow

and self weight

qs1 := Q s + G gperm

qs1 = 1.56 kN m

Snow at serviceability limit state

and self weight

qs2 := scomb + gperm

qs2 = 0.78 kN m

tcor = 0.636 mm

2
2
2

5.1 Check of profile for support conditions over two bays

Spans

crafter = 7 m

crafter2 = 5 m

L1 := crafter

L2 := crafter2
3

Snow, support

Ms.Ed :=

Sheet = "TRP110"
Width of support

Ms.Ed = 7.607 kN

Interaction

ls
Ms.Edr := Ms.Ed RB
4

Support moment

ls
Ms.Edm := Ms.Ed RB
8

RC

0.5 Rw.Rd
1

RB = 11.971 kN m

Mf.Ed

Mf.Ed = 6.133 kN

2 qs1

Ms.Edr
Ms.Rd

RB
Rw.Rd

RB
Rw.Rd

Mf.Ed :=

Mf.Rd
= 1.131

Ms.Edm = 7.458 kN

Serviceability limit
state, deflection in
outer bay

= 0.321
= 0.174

= 0.438
= 0.611

< 1,25
Ms.Edm
Ms.Rd

= 0.706

Ms.Ed
RB ls
4

(10 % increase in
capacity at support)

0.5 Rw.Rd

RC = 2.38 kN m

Snow, span, max

RA

RA = 4.375 kN m

RB := qs1 L1 + L2 RA RC
RA

ls = 100 mm

qs1 L1 + qs1 L2

8 L1 + L2
qs1 L1
Ms.Ed
Outermost support A RA :=

2
L1
qs1 L2 Ms.Ed
Support C
RC :=

2
L2
Support B

"Bygg" tables Table A24:36a

Ief.fielf := 1840 mm
Ific :=

2 Ief.fielf + Ief.support
3
4

5 qs2 L1

Ief.support := 1840 mm
Ific = 1840 mm

Ms.Edr
RB

qs2 Ms.Ed L1
y :=

384 E Ific
qs1 16 E Ific

y = 33 mm

Ms.Edm

ls

L1
y

= 212

Ok !

SkinIns.mcd

Example 1. Insulated building

79

6. Actions on diaphragm due to wind

6.1 Wind on long side

beam depth

hb = 0.5 m
column height hp = 7.5 m

Whole roof functions as one diaphragm.

bdiaph := broof

Max action on diaphragm for case

with hinged columns incl inclination
(Factor 0.85 when wind on both walls)

hp

Qs := 0.85 Q cpe.p + cpe.s qp

+ hb + qs2 broof
2

kN
Qs = 4.97
m

Roof diaphragm between lines A and B is treated as a simply supported deep beam on supports
(wind trusses) in lines 1 and 10. Shear forces V assumed to be taken by sheets and moment M
by edge beams (capping beams) in lines A and B.
Lroof
Support force at end
Rg := Qs
Rg = 139.3 kN
2
Qs Lroof

Normal force in edge beam

Nk :=

Maximum shear flow

Vmax :=

Nk = 78 kN

8 bdiaph

Qs Lroof crafter

Vmax = 4.87

2 bdiaph

kN
m

6.2 Wind on end

Wind is assumed to be resisted by a part diaphragm of width = 2/3 of building width.
Rk

V
Nk
2

broof

Qsg

V
2broof /3

lroof

Design diaphragm action

(No factor 0.85 when wind on end only)

ht
1 hp
Qsg := Q cpe.p + cpi qp
+ hb +
2 2
2

Support force in long sides due to

action on windward and leeward sides

Rk := 0.85

Normal force in end rafter (eq. 6.11)

(internal suction taken by the sheet)
Shear flow at long sides

cpe.p + cpe.s

Qsg

broof

cpe.p + cpi
2
cpe.p
Ngg := 0.19
Q b
cpe.p + cpi sg roof
cpe.p
3 1
kN
Vg :=
Qsg
Vmax = 4.875
2 2 cpe.p + cpi
m

Tilting forces due to action on end columns ignored. Tilting

forces along building due to action on columns in long
sides taken by edge beam and wind trusses in long sides.

kN
Qsg = 5.832
m

Rk = 62 kN
Ngg = 19.4 kN
Vg = 3.06

kN

Vg < Vmax

SkinIns.mcd

Example 1. Insulated building

80

7. Design of sheeting
7.1 Section forces
In combination with the design wind action, necessary section forces due to combination value
of transverse action of snow and self weight are calculated. Design values in proportion.
qs2

Moment at support

Ms :=

Moment in span

Mf :=

qs1
qs2

Ms.Edm

M
qs1 f.Ed
qs2
Rs :=
R
qs1 B
qs2
R :=
R
qs1 A

Reaction at support

Reaction at end support

kN m

Ms = 3.728

Mf = 3.065
Rs = 5.984
R = 2.187

kN m
m

kN
m
kN
m

7.2 Single plate panel

1

Shear flow is highest at end.

Vmax = 4.87 kN m

Local buckling of web

Vw.Rd = 27.6 kN m

Mf

Mf.Rd = 10.04 kN

Mf.Rd

= 0.482 < 1.3

Vw.Rd

Vf.Rd = 86.4 kN m

Mf.Rd = 10.04 kN

Vg.Rd :=

Vmax

Local buckling of flange

Global buckling

0.8

VgR
crafter

Mf
Mf.Rd

Vmax
Vf.Rd
1

Vg.Rd = 14 kN m

Shear stress in sheeting (EN 1993-1-3, 10.3.4 (5))

Vmax
:=
= 7.7 MPa
t

> Vmax = 4.87 kN m

<

Check = "OK!"
1

> Vmax = 4.87 kN m

= 0.301 < 1.1

Check = "OK!"

> Vmax = 4.87 kN m

0.25

fyb

= 88 MPa

M1

Check = "OK!"

Check = "OK!"

7.3 End support at end of building

7.31 Web crippling
Adjustment of support resistance with respect
to width of support.

Vmax

0.5 +

Rv

Rv

0.02

lsn

R.Rd := 0.5 Rw.Rd

0.5 +
1

R = 2.187 kN m

Rv := RvV Vmax

0.02

lsn := 220 mm
ls = 100 mm

R.Rd = 18.8 kN m

ls
t

RvV = 1.22
1

Rv = 5.95 kN m

Check = "OK!"

SkinIns.mcd

Example 1. Insulated building

R
R.Rd

7.32 Distorsion of profile at end

Rv

< 1.05

= 0.433

R.Rd

>

Vr.Rd = 4.90 kN m

81

Check = "OK!"
1

Vmax = 4.87 kN m

Check = "OK!"

7.4 Intermediate support

7.41 Local buckling of web
and web cripplng

0.8

Rs
Rw.Rd

Vmax

= 0.352 < 1.1

Vw.Rd

Check = "OK!"
1

Rw.Rd = 27.3 kN m

Vmax
7.42 Local buckling of web due to Ms
+
= 0.53
shear force and moment
Ms.Rd
Vw.Rd

< 1.3

Check = "OK!"

7.5 Normal force due to wind on end

Wind action on the end is transferred to the roof diaphragm via the tops of columns and produces a normal force in
the sheeting. The magnitude of this normal force is governed by the lateral rigidity of the end rafter.
6

End rafter is an HEA220 with second

moment of area Iy in direction of minor axis

Iy := 19.55 10 mm

Sheet is fixed to end rafter with two screws

in each trough, i.e. mean spacing of
screws is

nsk := 2

cs :=

F11

v :=

k2 d
Modulus of foundation k and factor are

k :=

bd
nsk

mm

1000 N

v = 0.133 mm

mm

F11

k = 63.6

v cs

:=

cs = 118.5 mm

d := 6.3 mm and F11 := 1 kN

Shear deformationen in screw connection for k2 := 1.5

See 3.42

4 E Iy
k

0.25

N
mm

= 1.403 m

Force at top of column, for column spacing

cgp = 5 m

Maximum deflection

wmax :=

and maximum normal force in sheet

Nt.max := k wmax

Nt.max = 20.455 kN m

Maximum force in screws

Fx := k wmax cs

Fx = 2.424 kN

Qy := Qsg cgp

Qy
2 k

Qy = 29.2 kN
wmax = 0.322 mm
1

SkinIns.mcd

Example 1. Insulated building

Check for instability is made at a section

0.25 crafter from end rafter. Force assumed
dispersed 1:1 to this section.

Nt :=

Force is however smaller than the

distributed action on end rafter

Qsg = 5.832 kN m

82

Qy

Nt = 8.332 kN m

0.5 crafter
1

Nt := if Nt < Qsg , Qsg , Nt

)
1

Nt = 8.332 kN m
Normal force capacity for the span

crafter = 7 m

Effective area of cross section

Aeff := 0.60

Radius of gyration and slenderness

parameter

ieff :=

Reduction factor for instability

:= 0.5 1 + 0.34 c 0.2 + c

Buckling curve b

mm

mm

Ific
Aeff

:=

Nt
Nc.Rd
Mf
Mf.Rd

fyb
E

ieff = 55.38 mm

c = 1.643
= 2.094

Nt
Nc.Rd

Mf.Rd

= 0.295

1 + 0.5 1

Mf

0.8

Nc.Rd := fyb Aeff

Normal force, moment and diaphragm

action StBK-N5

ieff

Check for normal force and moment

StBK-N5

crafter

c :=

Nc.Rd = 61.88 kN m

M1

Mf

= 0.498 < 1,0

+
Nc.Rd
Mf.Rd

Nt

Vmax
Vw.Rd

Nt
Nc.Rd

= 0.617

Vmax
Vf.Rd

= 0.408

< 1,3

< 1,1

SkinIns.mcd

Example 1. Insulated building

83

8. Attachments
Sheets are fixed to building structure and edge beams with 6.3 thread forming screws and in side overlaps 4.8
aluminium blind rivets. Design values for fasteners are taken e.g. from appendix with tables

8.1 Design of rivets in side overlaps

Side overlaps are fastened with 4.8 mm aluminium blind rivets.
Resistance to shear force with respect
to sheet tearing failure for t = 0.636mm

Fb.Rd.riv = 1.35 kN

With respect to shear failure of rivet

Fv.Rd.riv = 0.88 kN

Shear failure of rivet thus gives lower resistance. To meet EN 1993-1-3, 10.3.4 (6) the resistance of the
fastener is reduced with 25%
Fv.Rd.riv
Fv.Rd.riv
FRd.riv := if
> Fb.Rd.riv , Fb.Rd.riv ,
FRd.riv = 0.704 kN
1.25
1.25

where V is shear force in sheet. Maximum spacing 500 mm. For sake of simplicity, it is assumed that
distances between rafters are equal in every bay.
Half the number of panels

nf := 4

Shear force and rivet spacing

due to wind on long side

i := 1 .. nf

In panels 2 & 3, wind on end

k := 1 .. 2

(nf + 1 i)

c :=

FRd.riv FRd.riv
,
k
Vg
V
k

(i

c := if c > 500 mm , 500 mm , c

i

V m
i

i =

0
140

cn := 180 mm
280

500

FRd.riv

nf

c := if Vg > V ,

Vg = 3.062 kN m

Rivet spacing is rounded (manually) to

V := Vmax
i

kN

c
=

mm

4.87

144

3.66

193

2.44

289

1.22

500

8.2 Connection to edge beam

Sheet thickness of edge beam is 2.0 mm and its ultimate stress 420 MPa. Design value for shear force is
t1
For t1 := 2 mm
= 3.145 > 2,5
Fh.Rd := Fb.Rd.screw
Fh.Rd = 2.83 kN
t
Required spacing is

ck :=

Fh.Rd

ck = 581 mm

Vmax

Choose

ck := 500 mm

8.3 Connection of end fitting to sheet

End fitting of sheet thickness 1.0 mm fixed with 4.8 rivets to crests of roof sheets.
Design value for shear force

Fv.Rd := FRd.riv
fr t1 := 2 mm

t1
t

Fv.Rd = 0.704 kN
= 3.145

> 2,5

SkinIns.mcd

Example 1. Insulated building

Required spacing is

c :=

84

Fv.Rd

c = 289 mm

0.5 Vmax

8.4 Splicing of edge beam and fixing of edge beam to structure

Number of screws in splices designed
for normal force

Nk = 78 kN

Fb.Rd := 7.12 kN
Required number of screws increased by 25 %
Nk
to allow for eccentricities in the connection
nk := 1.25
due to the sheets being fixed to the bottom
Fb.Rd
flange of the edge beam.

nk = 14

Number of screws in connection of edge beam into wind truss in wall is increased by 25% since shear strength of
screw governs.
Screw 6.3 and sheet thickness 2.0 mm give

Fv.Rd := 7.84 kN

Rk = 62 kN

Required number of screws is

Rk
nv :=
1.25 Fv.Rd

nv = 6

8.5 Connection of roof sheeting to end rafter

Connection to end rafter is designed for wind on both the end and the long side, since wind on the end produces
large local shear forces at the tops of columns. The most highly stressed screw is that in the side overlap in the
vicinity of the top of the column.
Flange thickness of end rafter HEA220 is

tfl := 11 mm and its ultimate stress is 420 MPa.

For sheet of t = 0.636 mm with four 6.3 screws in each trough, design values for screws are as follows
Sheet tearing failure

Fb.Rd := Fb.Rd.screw

Fb.Rd = 2.83 kN

Pull-over failure, table 8.4 last column

Fp.Rd := 2.10 kN

Fp.Rd = 2.1 kN

Shear failure of screw

Fv.Rd := Fv.Rd.screw

Fv.Rd = 7.84 kN

Less of pull-out from parent material

and tensile strengt

Ft.Rd := Ft.Rd.screw

Ft.Rd = 9.41 kN

Number of screws in trough

nsk = 2

8.51 Wind on long side

Shear force transmitted to rafter

Fa2 := cs V
1

V = 4.875 kN m
1

Fa2 = 0.578 kN

Shear force due to force from top

of column determined as follows
For wind on long side, there is suction
on end with a factor
and point load from column top is
therefore corrected by factor

cpe.e := 0.8
cpe.e
cpe.p

= 1.143

cpe.p = 0.7

SkinIns.mcd

Example 1. Insulated building

Force at top of column

P :=

cpe.e
cpe.p

85

Qy

P = 33.33 kN

Fc
Fa
Fb
cpe.e

Maximum force in screw due to P

Fb1 :=

Shear force in side overlap

Vmax
Fb3 := cn
1 nsk

Pull-out force due to wind suction

Fc1 := cs 0.5 crafter Q cpe.roof qp G.inf gperm

where

cpe.p

Fx

Fb1 = 2.77 kN
cn = 140 mm

Resulting forces:

Fv :=

Pull-out force

Fc2 = 0.653 kN

)2

Fv = 3.165 kN

Ft := Fc1 + Fc2

1.4 Fb.Rd
Fv

Check, failure of screw

cs = 118.5 mm

where Pc2V = 134 mm

Fa2 + Fb1 + Fb3

Fv

Check, failure of sheet

Fc1 = 0.281 kN

2
Fc2 := Pc2V Vmax
nsk
2

G.inf = 0.89 qp = 0.9 kN m

cpe.roof = 0.7

Pull-out force due to sheet torsion:

See figure on in 7.31 above.
Shear force

Fb3 = 0.341 kN

Fv.Rd

Ft = 0.934 kN

Ft
Fp.Rd

Ft

= 1.244

= 0.503

Ft.Rd

> 1,0

Check = "Not Ok !"

< 1,0

Check = "OK !"

Use 4 screws in the three troughs

nearest the column tops, 2 in the rest

8.52 Wind on end

Vg
Fa2 := cs
2

Shear force transmitted to

end fitting at end of building
Shear force due to force from
column top

Vg = 3.062 kN m

Fa2 = 0.181 kN

Fb1 := Fx

Fb1 = 2.424 kN

Shear force in side overlap at

wind column nearest corner

2 cgp 1

Fb3 := cn Vg 1

1
broof nsk

Pull-out force due to wind suction

Fc1 := cs 0.5 crafter Q cpe.roof qp G.inf gperm

where

G.inf = 0.89

cpe.roof = 0.7
2
Fc2 := Pc2V Vg
nsk

Resulting forces:

Fv :=

Pull-out force

Fa2 + Fb1 + Fb3

Ft := Fc1 + Fc2

Fc1 = 0.281 kN
2

qp = 0.9 kN m

Fc2 := 0 kN

)2

Fb3 = 0.129 kN

Pull-out force due to sheet torsion

Shear force

cn = 140 mm

Fc2 = 0 kN
Fv = 2.559 kN
Ft = 0.281 kN

SkinIns.mcd

Example 1. Insulated building

Fv

Check, failure of sheet

1.4 Fv.Rd

Ft

86

> 1,0

= 0.263

Ft.Rd

Check = "OK !"

Use 4 screws in the three troughs

nearest the column tops, as above!
Forces shall be transferred to end
rafter via the end fitting

Fa2 := cs Vg

Let us suppose
Fh.Rd := 2.74 kN

Fv :=
Fv

1.4 Fb.Rd
Fv

Check, failure of screw

Fa2 + Fb1 + Fb3

Ft := Fc1 + Fc2

Fv = 2.578 kN
Ft = 0.281 kN

Fg.Rd := 3.45 kN
Check, failure of sheet

Fa2 = 0.363 kN

Fv.Rd

Ft

Fp.Rd

Ft
Ft.Rd

= 0.785

= 0.359

< 1,0

Check = "OK !"

< 1,0

Check = "OK !"

8.6 Connection of sheeting to rafters

Connection to rafters is designed for wind on the long side, since shear forces are highest in this case. The most
highly stressed screw is that in the side overlap on the rafter with end overlap.
Flange thickness, sheet thickness and yield stress of rafter

tfl := 6 mm

Two screws in each trough

d := 6.3 mm

Sheet tearing failure

Fb.Rd := Fb.Rd.screw

Fb.Rd = 2.83 kN

Pull-over failure

Fp.Rd := 2.10 kN

Fp.Rd = 2.1 kN

Shear failure of screw

Fv.Rd := Fv.Rd.screw

Fv.Rd = 7.84 kN

Pull-out from parent material

Ft.Rd := Ft.Rd.screw

Ft.Rd = 9.41 kN

Spacing of screws

cs2 := bd

cs2 = 237 mm

Shear force between sheets and

shear force transferred to rafter

Fa2.1 := cs2 V V
1
2

t = 0.636 mm

fyk := 275 MPa

Fa2 := cs2 V
2

Fa2.1 = 0.289 kN

To be on the safe side, whole shear force

between sheets is considered in the check

Fa2 = 0.867 kN

Shear force in side overlap

Fb3 := cn V
2 2

Pull-out force due to wind suction

crafter.m := crafter + crafter2 0.5

cn = 180 mm

Fc1 := cs2 crafter.m Q cpe.roof qp G.inf gperm

Resulting forces

Shear force
Pull-out force

Check, failure of sheet

Fv :=

Fa2 + Fb3

1.4 Fb.Rd

Fc1 = 0.964 kN
Fv = 1.088 kN

Ft := Fc1
Fv

Fb3 = 0.658 kN

Ft = 0.964 kN
+

Ft
Fp.Rd

= 0.734

< 1,0

Check = "OK !"

SkinIns.mcd

Example 1. Insulated building

87

Deformations
Sheets directly on rafters
Quantities in the formula for
a = 25 m

c1.1

pr = 0.078

a := broof

b := crafter

bo

hw

bd

b = 7m
Deformation at ends of sheets

Quantities in the formula for c1.2

= 0.287

bd

a bd

c1.1 :=

1 := 1

bw 180

:= atan

= 0.473

hw

1 4 K1

E t

2.5 2

2 := 1

pr

c1.1 = 0.107

hw

bd

Quantities in the formula for c2.1

sp := 0.35 mm kN

Displacement in connection between

sheets and edge beams

c2.1 :=

Quantities in the formula for c2.2

ss := 0.25 mm kN

E t b

b
ns :=
cn
3

Displacement in connectiom between

sheet and shear connector

c2.3 :=

Quantities in the formula for c3

3 := 1

Compare with diagram in Fig. 3.26

sp := 0.35 mm kN

nsh = 35

1 := 1

np := 2

c2.2 = 0.026

pr

c2.3 = 0

A := 3000 mm

Compare with flexural deformation alone

y :=

mm
kN

c3 = 0.0103

c := c1.1 + c1.2 + c2.1 + c2.2 + c2.3 + c3

:=

c = 0.160

crafter mm2

broof t kN

c Qs crafter

5 Qs Lroof
384 E I

kN

n crafter 3

cdiag := 0.45

mm

nsc := 100

n nsc

4.8 E A broof

kN

a
nsh :=
3 bd

pr

ssc := 0 mm kN
4 ( n + 1) ssc

mm

c2.1 = 6.636 10

2 ns sp + 1 np ss

kN

3 mm

pr

mm
kN

mm
kN

cdiag = 0.176

Deflection

mm

p := bd

ns = 25

Total shear flexibility

c1.2 = 0.011

3 := 1

2 ss sp nsh 1

n := 9

c3 :=

pr

Quantities in the formula for c2.3

Axial strain in edge beams

2 a sp p 3

c2.2 :=

K1 = 0.209

:= 0.3

c1.2 :=

Displacement in the connection

in side overlap

= 25.115

Shear deformation in sheets

pr :=

2.5

2 a 2 ( 1 + ) 1 + 2

cn = 280 mm

4 := 1

Lroof

= 50.29 mm

broof
I := 2 A
2

= 1114

y = 3.24 mm

mm
kN

kN

SkinIns.mcd

Example 1. Insulated building

88

10 Holes
In the roof diaphragm there are two holes in all bays except one, even in the panels next to the ends. They increase
shear flow and reduce the capacity to resist transverse action.
Hole width

bh := 1200 mm

Hole length

lh := 2000 mm

Shear flow in section through hole

V0 :=

Vmax = 4.875 kN m

Vmax broof

V0 = 5.393 kN m

broof 2 bh

>

Vr.Rd = 4.9 kN m

Check = "End reinforcement needed !"

Provide reinforcement of extra sheet on both sides of hole and trimmer joists at right angles to these. The width of
the extra sheet is slightly greater than half the width of the hole, and since the self weight of the window is no greater
than the self weight of the roof itself, the extra sheet can take over the load which the strips of sheet through the hole
cannot resist. Load is transferred laterally through trimmer joists on each side of the hole.

Axial force in trimmer joist

Fb := V0 0.5 broof 2 bh 0.33

Angle 80x80x8

AL := 1230 mm
3

c :=

WL := 12.6 10 mm

) (

qs1 0.5 crafter bh 2 bh

2 4

hh

M :=

Fb
AL

c = 16 MPa

Negligible

Double sheet

>hh / 2

Flexure

Fb = 20.109 kN

b :=

M
WL

b = 139 MPa

SkinNonIns.mcd

Example 2. Uninsulated building

89

Example 2. Uninsulated building with sheets on purlins

Contents
7.5 Maximum shear stress
8. Attachments
8.1 Design of rivets in side overlaps
8.2 Connection of roof sheeting to shear connectors
along end of building
8.3 Connection of roof sheeting to resist tensile
forces due to action on end
8.4 Connection of roof sheeting to shear connectors
along other rafters
8.5 Connection of sheet at corners and in edge zones
8.51 Corner zone
8.52 Edge zone
9. Effect of temperature difference
9.1 Connection of roof sheeting to shear connecors
along the end of the building
9.2 Single plate panel
9.21 Temperature difference
9.22 Combination of actions wind + (1/3) temperature
9.23 Maximum shear stress
10. Support brackets for purlins
11. Design of purlins
12. Deformations

0.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Conditions
Dimensions and classes
Loads and actions
Sheets and fasteners
SI units
Design of sheets for transverse action due
to snow, wind suction and self weight
5.1 Check of profile for support conditions over five
bays
6. Actions on diaphragm due to wind
6.1 Wind on long sides
6.2 Wind on end
7. Design of sheeting
7.1 Section forces
7.2 Single plate panel
7.3 End support
7.31 Web crippling
7.32 Distorsion of profile at end
7.4 Intermediate support
7.41 Local buckling of web and web crippling
7.42 Local buckling of web due to shear force and
moment

0. Conditions
An uninsulated industrial building with normal leakage paths shall be designed for diaphragm action due to wind
action and the effect of temperature difference between the building structure and the sheets. Diaphragm forces
are transferred to the foundation via wind trusses. All columns are pinjointed at the foundation.
11

cpurlin

B
1:10

hp

broof

C
crafter

broof

lroof

1. Dimensions and classes

Roof width
Roof length

Column height,long side hp := 7.0 m

1
Roof slope
slope :=
10
Ridge height

Partial factor for resistance

broof := 36 m
Lroof := 72 m

M1 := 1.0

Construction Class I (EN 1993-1-3)

(depth of roof truss at
column top negligible)

Beam spacing

ht := hp + 0.5 broof slope

crafter := 7.2 m

Purlin spacing

cpurlin := 2 m

ht = 8.8 m

Reliability class RC2

(EN 1990, consequence class CC2,
medium consequence for loss of human
life)

d := 0.91

(See 2.11)

SkinNonIns.mcd

Example 2. Uninsulated building

90

2. Loads and actions

Wind Peak velocity pressure
Shape factors, wind

kN
qp := 1.02
2
m

Roof, suction

cpe.roof := 0.7

Wall, pressure

cpe.p := 0.7

Wall, suction

cpe.s := 0.3

Internal suction

cpi := 0.3

Edge zone

cp.edge := 1.8

Snow load on roof 1 := 0.8

ledge := if 0.25 Lroof < 0.5 ht , 0.25 Lroof , 0.5 ht

bedge = 1.76 m

ledge = 4.4 m

Characteristic value of wind suction

qroof = 0.714 kN m

Characteristic value of wind suction in edge zone

3

qedge := cp.edge qp

qedge = 1.836 10

3. Sheets and fasteners

T := 40o C

Inclination of columns
from vertical

:= 0.005

Partial factor, snow load and

wind action (main variable)

Q := 1.5

unfavourable G := 0.98 1.35

favourable
G.inf := 0.98 1.0

where := 0.85 is a reduction factor for

permanent action, see 2.12

MPa

Sheeting := "TRP22"
bd := 90 mm
bw := 10.5 mm

sw

bu

Temperature difference

Partial factor,
self weight

qroof := cpe.roof qp

bw

bo

Resistances of sheeting for transverse action

and diaphragm action are given by the
producer of the profiled sheeting.
Resistance of fasteners are given in chapter 8.

Rivets in side
overlaps
aluminium
tnom := 0.65 mm

Screws,
stainless steel
t1 2.5 t
tnom = 0.65 mm

s := 1 sk

scomb = 0.72 kN m

cp.corn := 2.6

sk := 1.5 kN m

Combination value 0 := 0.6 scomb := 1 0 sk

bedge := if 0.1 broof < 0.2 ht , 0.1 broof , 0.2 ht

Corner

Snow load, on the ground

driv := 4.8 mm
Fv.Rd.riv := 0.88 kN
Fb.Rd.riv := 1.19 kN

dscrew := 6.3 mm
Fv.Rd.screw := 6.8 kN

sw :=

bw + hw

sw = 24.4 mm

Self weight
Width of support

hw := 22 mm
bo := 25 mm
bu := 44 mm
t := 0.587 mm
fyb := 350 MPa
2

qgrav := 0.07 kN m
ls := 50 mm

Transverse action
Moment capacity span

Mf.Rd := 1.59 kN

Moment capacity, support

Ms.Rd := 1.61 kN

Capacity of support

Rw.Rd := 49.9 kN m

Diaphragm action
1

Shear buckling of web

Vw.Rd := 166 kN m

Fb.Rd.screw := 2.61 kN

Shear buckling of flange

Vf.Rd := 113 kN m

Ft.Rd.screw := 8.16 kN

Global buckling

VgR := 66 kN m

SkinNonIns.mcd

Example 2. Uninsulated building

Shear connectors
end

91

Diaphragm action, continued

lskpl := 1.8 m

tskpl := 2 mm

hZ := 202 mm

fy.skpl := 350 MPa

rafters, 2

lskpl2 := 0.85 m tskpl2 := 2 mm

hZ2 := hZ
fy.skpl2 := fy.skpl

Distorsion of profile at corner

Vr.Rd := 31 kN m

Support reaction factor for

end support

RvV := 0.51

Tensile force factor for

fastener at end support

Pc2V := 21 mm

rafters, 3

lskpl3 := 0.85 m tskpl3 := 2 mm

hZ3 := hZ
fy.skpl3 := fy.skpl

4. SI units

kN 1000 N

MPa 10 Pa

5. Design of sheeting for transverse action due to snow,

wind suction and self weight
Try single sheet t = 0.65, with possible exception of outermost portion of outer bay where double sheet
t = 0.65 is used
2
Self weight, sheet
qgrav = 0.07 kN m
Design value of snow and
self weight

qE1 := Q d sk + G d qgrav

Snow and self weight in

serviceability limit state

qE2 := scomb + qgrav

Design value of upward wind and

self weight in edge zone

qE3 := Q d qedge G.inf d qgrav

qE1 = 2.132 kN m

qE2 = 0.79 kN m

5.1 Check of profile for support conditions

over five bays

qE3 = 2.44 kN m

Support moment reduced with

respect to width of support
Sheeting = "TRP22"

Span

lp := cpurlin cpurlin = 2 m

Snow, span

Mf.Sd := 0.0779 qE1 cpurlin

Snow, support next to

outermost one

R1 := 1.132 qE1 cpurlin

R1 = 4.826 kN m

Interaction

ls
2
Ms.Sd := 0.1053 qE1 cpurlin R1
4

Ms.Sd
Ms.Rd

Over centre of support

ls
2
Ms.Sd := 0.1053 qE1 cpurlin R1
8

Ms.Sd = 0.868 kN

Serviceability limit
state, deflection in
outer bay

Ief.flt := 60 mm
y := 0.644

qE2 cpurlin
100 E Ifik

Width of support
2

Ief.std := 51 mm
4

y = 6.8 mm

ls := 50 mm
Mf.Sd

Mf.Sd = 0.664 kN

Mf.Rd

Ifik :=

R1
Rw.Rd

Rw.Rd

= 0.097

= 0.617 <1.25

2 Ief.flt + Ief.std
3

R1

= 0.418

Ms.Sd
Ms.Rd

= 0.539

Ifik = 57 mm
cpurlin
y

= 294

SkinNonIns.mcd

Example 2. Uninsulated building

92

qE3 Ms.Sd

= 0.618
qE1 Ms.Rd

Wind suction in edge zone, in proportion

6. Diaphragm forces due to wind action

6.1 Wind on long sides
Qs

Nk
V

cpurlin

broof /2

A
Rg

B
crafter

lroof

11

Roof diaphragm is divided into two at the ridge, line B. Each part functions separately and shares the
action due to wind on the long side
bdiaph := 0.5 broof

bdiaph = 18 m

Maximum action on a part diaphragm, for case with hinged columns:

column height

hp
QE := 0.5 0.85 cpe.p + cpe.s Q d qp
+ qE2 broof
2

(Factor 0.85 when wind

on two walls simultanously)

hp = 7 m
kN
QE = 2.213
m

Roof diaphragm between lines A and B regarded as simply supported deep beam on supports
(wind trusses) in lines 1 and 11. Shear forces V assumed to be resisted by sheets and moment
M by the two outermost purlins in lines A and B.
Lroof
Support force at end of building
Rg := QE
Rg = 79.7 kN
2
QE Lroof

Normal force in purlin

Nk := 0.58

Maximum shear flow

Vmax := 1.15

Nk = 46.2 kN

8 bdiaph

Lroof crafter

2
bdiaph 2
QE

Vmax = 4.58

kN
m

SkinNonIns.mcd

Example 2. Uninsulated building

93

6.2 Wind on the end

Wind is assumed to be resisted by two partial diaphragms in each end. The width of the partial
diaphragms is 2/3 of the width of the building. (Index g for gable, end)
Rk

V
Nk
2

broof

Qsg

hb := 0 m

V
2broof /3

Design diaphragm action

(No factor 0.85 for wind on one end only)

lroof

ht
1 hp
QEg := Q d cpe.p + cpi qp
+ hb +
2 2
2

cpe.p + cpe.s

Support force in long sides due to action

on only windward and leeward sides

Rk := 0.85

Normal force in end rafter (eq. 6.11)

(internal suction taken by sheeting)

Ngg := 0.19

Shear flow along long sides

Vg :=

cpe.p + cpi
cpe.p
cpe.p + cpi

QEg

broof

Rk = 84.1 kN

QEg broof

cpe.p
3 1

Q
2 2 cpe.p + cpi Eg

Vmax = 4.581

kN
QEg = 5.5
m

Ngg = 26.3 kN
kN
m

Vg = 2.89

kN

Vg < Vmax
Tilting forces due to action on end columns are ignored.
Tilting forces along building due to action on columns in
long sides resisted by edge beams and wind trusses in
long sides.

SkinNonIns.mcd

Example 2. Uninsulated building

94

7. Design of sheeting
7.1 Section forces
In combination with design wind action, necessary section forces due to usual transverse action of snow and self
weight are calculated. Formulae for beam continuous over 5 bays, are used. Support moment is reduced with
respect to width of support
Reaction at support

Rs := 1.132 qE2 cpurlin

Rs = 1.789
2

Moment at support

Ms := 0.1053 qE2 cpurlin

Moment in span

Mf := 0.0779 qE2 cpurlin

Reaction at end support

R := 0.3947 qE2 cpurlin

Rs ls

kN

Ms = 0.322

Mf = 0.246
R = 0.624

m
kN m
m
kN m
m
kN
m

7.2 Single plate panel

Shear flow is concentrated at the end at the points in the centre of the diaphragm whose movement is restrained.

i.e.

lskpl = 1.8 m

0.5 lskpl = 0.9 m

0.5 broof = 18m

For a check on local buckling,

the shear flow is

Vlb :=

0.5 broof
lskpl

Vmax

Vlb = 45.81

kN
m

lskpl

Total width of diaphragm

1:3

Assume that the fixed length on

each side of the beam centre

Global buckling is checked at a section situated at half the purlin spacing

outside the attachment at the end. It is assumed that diaphragm force is
distributed over the width of the sheeting in the proportion 3:1. See the figure.
Check according to StBK-N5 [5]
Design diaphragm force

Vgl :=

lskpl + 2 3 0.5 cpurlin

Vmax

Local buckling of web

>

Vw.Rd = 166 kN m
Mf

Mf = 0.246 kN

Mf.Rd

Mf.Rd = 1.59 kN

Vlb

>

Vf.Rd = 113 kN m

Mf = 0.246 kN

0.8

Mf.Rd = 1.59 kN
Vg.Rd :=

Mf
Mf.Rd

VgR
cpurlin

Vlb
Vf.Rd

Vlb = 45.814 kN m

Check = "OK!"
1

Vlb = 45.814 kN m

< 1.1

= 0.529

Vgl = 10.57 kN m

< 1.3

= 0.431

Vw.Rd

Local buckling of flange

Global buckling:

0.5 broof

Vg.Rd = 16.5 kN m

>

Check = "OK!"
1

Vgl = 10.6 kN m

Check = "OK!"

SkinNonIns.mcd

Example 2. Uninsulated building

95

7.3 End support

7.31 Web crippling

Vmax
Rv

Rv

Rv = 2.34 kN m

R.Rd := 0.5 Rw.Rd

R.Rd = 25 kN m

Check = "OK!"

< 1.05

Check = "OK!"

R
R.Rd

7.32 Distorsion of profile

at end

Rv := RvV Vmax

Rv

= 0.119

R.Rd

Vr.Rd = 31 kN m

>

Vmax = 4.581

kN
m

Check = "OK!"

7.4 Intermediate support

7.41 Local buckling of web and
web crippling
0.8

Rw.Rd = 49.9 kN m
Rs

Rw.Rd

Vlb
Vw.Rd

= 0.305

< 1.1

Check = "OK!"

7.42 Local buckling of web due to shear force and moment

Ms
Ms.Rd

Vlb
Vw.Rd

= 0.476

< 1.3

Check = "OK!"

7.5 Maximum shear stress

According to EN 1993-1-3 paragraph 10.3.4 (5) the shear stress due to diaphragm action shall not exceed
0.25 fyb /M1

:=

Vlb
t

= 78 MPa

<

0.25

fyb

M1

= 87.5 MPa

Check = "OK!"

SkinNonIns.mcd

Example 2. Uninsulated building

96

8. Attachments
8.1 Design of rivets in side overlaps (seams)
Side overlaps are fixed with 4.8 mm aluminium blind rivets.
t = 0.587 mm

Resistance to shear force with

respect to sheet tearing failure

Fb.Rd.riv = 1.19 kN

With respect to shear failure of rivet,

Fv.Rd.riv = 0.88 kN

Shear failure of rivet thus gives lower

Fv.Rd.riv
Fv.Rd.riv
resistance. To meet EN 1993-1-3,
FRd.riv := if
> Fb.Rd.riv , Fb.Rd.riv ,
10.3.4 (6) the resistance of the
1.25
1.25
fastener is reduced with 25%

FRd.riv = 0.704 kN

Maximum spacing is 500 mm. The critical actions is wind load on the long side, except in the panel next to the
outermost one (i = 3 och 4) where wind load on the end may govern.
V := Vgl
1
Wind on end:

V := Vgl
2

V := Vmax
3

k := 4 .. 7

k := 3 .. 4

FRd.riv FRd.riv

c := if Vg > V ,
,
k
k
Vg
V

k
i =
1

( 7.5 k)
i := 1 .. 7

4.5

c :=

FRd.riv

(i

c := if c > 500 mm , 500 mm , c

i

V m
i

Panel

kN

c
=

mm

1st side overlap

2nd side overlap
others

5
6

3
4

2.55

277

1.53

461

0.51

500

(Division into 1st and 2nd side overlap

to enable insertion of double sheet at
the outside. See below)

V := Vmax
k

10.57

67

10.57

67

4.58

154

3.56

198

8.2 Connection of roof sheeting to shear connector along the end

The shear connector is a
and depth

lskpl = 1.8 m

long Z profile of thickness

tskpl = 2 mm

hZ := 202 mm

According to the table in chapter 8, 6.3 thread forming

screws for double sheet of t = 0.65 mm, have
Strength with respect to sheet tearing failure

Fb.Rd := 2 Fb.Rd.screw

Fb.Rd = 5.22 kN

No of screws required

Rgg
ng := 1.2
Fb.Rd

ng = 16

Rgg := Rg QE 0.5 crafter

In the above formula, the factor 1.2 has been inserted to allow for the fact that the shear
connector must also resist the combination wind + (1/3) temperature.
The effect of temperature will be checked later.
lskpl
Screws are placed in a row at centres
= 109 mm
ng

Rgg = 71.7 kN

SkinNonIns.mcd

Example 2. Uninsulated building

97

It has been assumed above that pull-out forces due to wind suction on the roof do not act on the
screws in the shear connector. Forces due to wind suction are assumed to be transferred to the
end rafter via the purlins.
Rgg
Shear stress in the web of the Z section is
= 19.9 MPa
lskpl tskpl
According to EN 1993-1-3, the design value of shear stress with respect to buckling is
k := 5.34

w := 0.346

VRd := 0.67

fy.skpl = 350 MPa

hZ
tskpl

fy.skpl

w = 1.427

fy.skpl lskpl tskpl

E 210000 MPa

>

VRd = 415 kN

Rg = 79.7 kN

Check = "OK !"

8.3 Connection of roof sheeting to resist tensile forces due to action on the end
It is assumed that the force Ngg = 26.3 kN is resisted by the two rafters situated approximately
2 broof
= 24 m from the end.
3
The shear connector is a
and depth

lskpl2 = 0.85 m

long Z section of thickness

tskpl2 = 2 mm

hZ2 = 202 mm

According to the table in chapter 8, 6.3 thread forming screws for t = 0.65 mm and
tskpl2 = 2.0mm have the following strength with respect to sheet tearing for a single sheet
Fb.Rd.screw = 2.61 kN
Number of screws required

n :=
1
1

In the above formula, the factor

1

1
3

0.157

0.5 Ngg
Fb.Rd.screw

has been inserted to allow for the fact that the shear

0.157

3
connector must also resist the combination of actions wind + (1/3) temperature. It has been
taken into consideration that temperature alone stresses the screw to 15.7 %. See 9.1
The screws are placed in a row at centres

lskpl2
n

= 160 mm

n= 5

SkinNonIns.mcd

Example 2. Uninsulated building

98

8.4 Connection of roof sheeting to shear connectors along other rafters

The length of the shear connector is determined by local and global buckling of the sheets next
to the connector. As before, global buckling is checked at a point situated half the purlin
spacing outside the connection. The diaphragm force transferred from the shear connector is
assumed to be dispersed over the width of the sheeting in the proportion 3:1.
An

lskpl3 = 0.85 m long Z section of thickness

and depth

tskpl3 = 2 mm

hZ3 = 202 mm is used as shear connector.

The shear connector shall transfer the diaphragm force crafter QE = 15.94 kN
This force represents a local shear flow, in the
sheets next to the shear connector, of

QE
Vlo := 1.15 crafter
lskpl3

At half the purlin spacing outside the

shear connector, shear flow is reduced to

Vred :=

The existing shear flow in the sheeting, which

in the bay next to the outermost one
is superimposed on this shear flow

Vg := V

Vlo = 21.56

Vlo lskpl3

kN
m

Vred = 2.675

lskpl3 + 2 3 0.5 cpurlin

Vg = 3.563

kN
m

kN
m

Local buckling of the web is not the design criterion

Global buckling: Design diaphragm force

V := Vred + Vg

Shear strength

Vg.Rd :=

V = 6.239

VgR
cpurlin

kN
m
1

Vg.Rd = 16.5 kN m

Check = "OK !"

The design value of shear force in the shear connector is taken from the table in chapter 8.
For 6.3

thread forming screw,

t = 0.587 mm and

No of screws required

n :=

tskpl3 = 2.0 mm
1

crafter QE

1 lskpl3 Fb.Rd.screw
1
3 1.6 m

The screws are placed in a row at centres

Fb.Rd.screw = 2.61 kN
n= 7

lskpl3
n

= 115 mm

8.5 Connection of sheets in corners and edge zones

In an uninsulated building, the sheeting diaphragm is also the external cladding. The attachments must be
checked for local wind suction in edge zones and corners.
Width of edge zone
Length of corner zone

bedge = 1760 mm
ledge = 4400 mm

Wind coefficient in edge zone

cp.edge = 1.8

Wind coefficient in corner zone

cp.corn = 2.6

NOTE: The corner zone is in a region where the shear flow is very small. See Fig. 6.2, 6.5 and 6.6. The
tensile force in the screws therefore governs on its own. Forces due to diaphragm action can be ignored.
This does not apply to the edge zone along the long side.

SkinNonIns.mcd

Example 2. Uninsulated building

8.51 Corner zone

99

For a 6.3 mm screw in each trough, the

tensile force in a screw along the edge
beam is approximately

Ft.Ed := Q d cp.corn qp G.inf d qgrav 0.5 cpurlin bd

Pull-out from parent material

Fo.Rd := 2.75 kN for sheet thickness t1 = 2 mm and fu = 420 MPa

Pull-through and pull-over failure

Fp.Rd := 2.49 kN for sheet thickness 0.65 mm and washer 14 mm

Tensile, shear and sheet tearing falure

Ft.Rd := 8.16 kN

For explanation of the factor 0.714, see

comment at the end of 8.52 below

Ft.Ed < 0.714 Fp.Rd

Ft.Ed = 0.32 kN

Fv.Rd := 6.8 kN

Fb.Rd := 2.61 kN

and Ft.Rd > Fb.Rd

Check = "OK !"

8.52 Edge zone

For one screw in each trough over the width bedge = 1760 mm, the tensile force in the screws along the purlins
is approximately

Ft.Sd := Q d cp.edge qp G.inf d qgrav 0.5cpurlin bd

Ft.Sd = 0.22 kN

where

qp = 1.02 kN m

Shear force transferred to purlin

cs = 90 mm = the pitch

cs := bd

cp.edge = 1.8
1

Fa2 := cs Vmax

Vmax = 4.581 kN m

Fa2 = 0.412 kN

qgrav = 0.07 kN m

Fc
Fa
Fb

Fb1 := 0 kN
Shear force in side overlap

Fb3 := c Vmax
3

Pull-out force due to wind suction

Fc1 := Ft.Sd

Pull-out force due to sheet torsion

Fc2 := Pc2V Vmax

Resulting forces:

Shear force

Fv :=

Pull-out force

Ft := Fc1 + Fc2

Check for failure of sheet

Check for failure of screw

Fb3 = 0.704 kN
Fc1 = 0.22 kN

where

1.4 Fb.Rd

Fv.Rd

Fa2 + Fb1 + Fb3

Fv

Fv

c = 154 mm

Fp.Rd

Fo.Rd

Fc2 = 0.096 kN
Fv = 0.816 kN
Ft = 0.316 kN

Ft

Ft

Pc2V = 21 mm

= 0.35 < 1 / 1.4

Check = "OK !"

< 1 / 1.4

Check = "OK !"

= 0.235

Comment:
According to EN 1993-1-3 paragraph 10.3.4 (6) an additional safety of 40% shall be used for sheet-to-purlin fasteners
under combined shear and wind uplift. Therefore the fasteners shall be stressed not more than 1 / 1.4 = 0.714.

SkinNonIns.mcd

Example 2. Uninsulated building

100

9. Effect of temperature
9.1 Connection of roof sheeting to shear connectors along the end
Temperature difference T = 40 degrees C, StBK-N5 [5] 32:822, causes displacement
lskpl
at the edge of the shear connector.
vtemp :=
0.000012 T
vtemp = 0.432 mm
2
If it is assumed on the safe side that the sheeting is not deformed by the temperature action, the
shear force in the outermost fastener can be calculated according to StBK-N5 [5] 33:152 for

d := 6.3 mm

t = 0.587 mm

tskpl = 2 mm

tskpl
t

t 1000 N
Ftemp := vtemp k2 d

2
mm
mm

= 3.407

k2 := 1.5

(expression (6.3) in chapter 6)

Ftemp = 3.128 kN

If deformation of the sheeting and shear connector is considered and the effect of temperature is reduced
2

because the shear connector heats up, we have for Askpl := 140 mm , see chapter 6 expression (6.8)
2
v
3 temp
Ftemp :=
Ftemp = 0.863 kN
ng lskpl
1
1
1
+

+
ng = 16
2 3 2 E 0.1 lskpl t
Askpl

k d t 1000 N
2
2
mm
mm
lskpl
= 109 mm
ng
According to the table in chapter 8, the design value of strength with respect to sheet tearing
failure of the double sheet is
Ftemp
Fb.Rd := 2 Fb.Rd.screw
Fb.Rd = 5.22 kN
= 16.5 %
Check = "OK !"
Fb.Rd
According to StBK-N5 [5] 32:823, a check shall be made for the combination of actions wind +
(1/3) temperature. The number of screws in the connection was previously estimated at ng = 16 .
The shear force in the outermost screw is
Fv :=

Rgg
ng

Ftemp
3

where

Rgg = 71.7 kN

Fv = 4.638 kN < Fb.Rd = 5.22 kN

Check = "OK !"

9.2 Single plate panel

9.21 Temperature difference
Temperature difference give rise to the following shear flow in the sheets near the outermost fastener in the shear
connector
Vtemp :=

Ftemp ng
lskpl

where Ftemp = 0.863 kN

lskpl = 1.8 m

ng = 16

Vtemp = 7.9

Shear flow in the fixed flange varies linearly from the maximum value to 0 over the distance 0.5 lskpl = 0.9 m

kN
m

SkinNonIns.mcd

Example 2. Uninsulated building

101

The design value of shear flow in the web and flange immediately outside the shear connector is
slightly reduced owing to the dispersion effect. This reduction can be estimated by using a
dispersion angle of 1:3 and by taking a shear flow in the triangular distribution which
corresponds to this angle.

sw

For the profile TRP22, width of web is sw, profile crest bo, profile trough bu and the horizontal
projection of the web bw

bu

sw = 24.4 mm
bw = 10.5 mm

bw

Shear flow at centre of web is

Shear flow at centre of crest is

bo = 25 mm
bu = 44 mm

bo

bu bw
3
+
2
2

Vw := 1
V

0.5 lskpl temp

Vw = 7.2

bo

bu

3
+ bw +
2
2

Vo := 1
V

temp
0.5 lskpl

Local buckling of web

Vw.Rd = 166

Local buckling of flange

Vf.Rd = 113

kN
m

kN
m

Vo = 6.7

kN

>> Vw = 7.2

kN
m

Check = "OK !"

m
kN

>> Vo = 6.7

kN

Check = "OK !"

No check is necessary for global buckling

9.22 Combination of actions wind + (1/3) temperature

Shear flow at centre of web is

Vw
Vw := Vlb +
3

kN

Vw = 48.2

Vw.Rd = 166

kN
m

Vw < Vw.Rd
Shear flow at centre of crest

Vo
Vo := Vlb +
3
Vlb = 45.8

Vo = 48.1

kN
m

Vf.Rd = 113
Vo < Vf.Rd

kN
m

Check = "OK !"

kN
m
Check = "OK !"

9.23 Maximum shear stress

According to EN 1993-1-3 paragraph 10.3.4 (5) the shear stress due to diaphragm action shall not exceed
0.25 fyb /M1

:=

Vo
t

= 81.9 MPa about the same as

0.25

fyb

M1

= 87.5 MPa

Check = "OK !"

SkinNonIns.mcd

Example 2. Uninsulated building

102

10. Support brackets for purlins

The support bracket is a flat of Steel S235, thickness tuppl length huppl
fy := 235 MPa
tuppl := 5 mm

huppl := 200 mm
buppl := 120 mm
broof

Distance of outermost purlin from centre of rotation is

lr := 0.5

This corresponds to a bracket end deflection of

:= lr 0.000012 T

lr = 9 m

= 4.32 mm
where T = 40
3

The deflection is caused by the following

force at the top of the bracket

P := 3E

Flexural stress at root section of steel flat

:=

buppl tuppl
12

P = 0.425 kN

huppl

P huppl 6

= 170 MPa

buppl tuppl
fy

Design value of flexural stress

M1

= 235 MPa >

Check = "OK !"

11. Design of purlins

Not set out in this example.

12. Deformations
Sheets on purlins. Diaphragm considered as
two separate interacting diaphragms

b :=

broof
2

a := crafter

a = 7.2 m
b = 18 m

Quantities in the formula for c1.1

broof
np :=
+1
2 cpurlin
nb := 2
4 := 1 + 0.3 nb

No of purlins (edge + internal purlins)

Sheet lengths within diaphragm and 4

np

No of purlins per sheet length and 1

nl :=
+1
nb

(The term 1 refers to the 1value

n

np = 10

4 = 1.6

1 := 1

nl = 6

nl

1 = 0.6

for No of purlins nl. It is in a vector

which is not written down)
Constant K1
(obtained from tables elsewhere)
Deformation at ends of sheets

bo
bd

hw

= 0.278

c1.1 :=

a bd

bd

= 0.244

2.5

1 4 K1

E t

2.5 2

bw 180

:= atan

hw

= 25.5

K1 = 0.13

3 mm

c1.1 = 3.842 10

kN

SkinNonIns.mcd

Quantities in the formula for c1.2

Example 2. Uninsulated building

2 := 2
n

2 = 0.36

:= 0.3

hw

bd

2 a 2 ( 1 + ) 1 + 2
Shear deformation in sheeting

c1.2 :=

103

3 mm

c1.2 = 4.522 10

E t b

kN

Quantities in formula for c2.1

Displacement of sheet/purlin fasteners,
spacing of sheet/purlin fasteners, and 3
Displacement in connection
between sheets and purlin

sp := 0.35 mm kN

No of fasteners in side overlap ns,

No of sheet/purlin fasteners per
sheet width nf and the factor 1
Displacement in connection
in side overlap
Quantitites in formula for c2.3
No of part diaphragms n within
whole roof length, displacement ssc
and No of sheet/shear connector
fasteners nsc
Displacement in connection between
sheet and shear connector

Axial strain in edge beams

3 = 0.49

c2.1. := 6.86x104

ss := 0.25 mm kN
b
ns :=
c

a
nsh :=
10 bd

ns = 117

nsh = 8

c = 154 mm
3

1 := 1
n

nf := 4

2 ss sp nsh 1

c2.2 :=

1 = 1.25

c2.2 = 0.0144

2 ns sp + 1 np ss

mm
kN

n := 10
ssc := 0.15 mm kN

nsc := 12

4 ( n + 1) ssc

c2.3 :=

c2.3 = 5.5 10

n nsc

Quantities in formula for c3

Factor 3 and area of cross
section A of edge beam

3 := 3
n

p := bd

2 a sp p 3

c2.1 :=

Quantities in the formula for c2.2

Displacement of fastener in overlap ss,
No of sheet widths per part diaphragm nsh,

3 = 0.49

(see above)

A := 1600 mm

2 3

c3 :=

n a 3

c3 = 0.035

4.8 E A b

Total shear flexibility

c := c1.1 + c1.2 + c2.1 + c2.2 + c2.3 + c3

See the diagram in Fig. 3.26

cdiag := 0.08

Deflection

:=

crafter
0.5 broof t

Compare with only flexural deformation y :=

c QE crafter

5 QE Lroof
384 E I

mm

c = 0.064

mm
kN

mm
kN

cdiag = 0.055

kN
Lroof

= 12.74 mm

= 5653

broof
I := A
2

3 mm

y = 7.11 mm

mm
kN

kN

SkinCalc.mcd

Example 3. Interaction diaphragm-frames

104

Example 3. Interaction between diaphragm and frames

The calculation follows "Simplified analysis" according to "Bygg" K24:4 Diaphragm action [9]. Subscripts for
frames and diaphragm to be according to the figure.
km=0
k0=0
k
No of bays

n := 6

Flexibility of diaphragms

i := 1 .. n

Flexibility of frames

k := 0.3

Flexibility of ends (rigid)

k := 10

c
1

c := 0.1
i

10

k := 10

10

2
1

3
2

Distribution factors to right

f := 0

h := 1 f

h := 1 f
i

Distribution factors to left

Numerical values

i+ 1

i+ 1

1 f

i+ 1

c
1+

i 1

1 g

0.1

0.3

0.568

0.432

0.75

0.25

0.1

0.3

0.573

0.427

0.632

0.368

0.1

0.3

0.588

0.412

0.588

0.412

0.1

0.3

0.632

0.368

0.573

0.427

0.1

0.3

0.75

0.25

0.568

0.432

0.1

k
j := 1 .. n 1

pv :=
j, j

1
pv
j, j

1
ph
j, j

pv
=
j, j

j =

j 1

1
1+

j 1

g =

i 1

k =

h =

c =

mr :=
j, j

Actions

f =

g :=

i := 0 .. n
i =

Transfer factors

f :=

i := 1 .. n

1+
q := 1 g

q := 1 g

g := 0

i := n 1 .. 0

+c

k
ph :=
j, j

mr
j, j
mv :=
j, j
pv
j, j

q =

j+ 1 j+ 1

+c

j+ 1

mr
j, j
mh :=
j, j
ph
j, j

ph
=
j, j

mr
=
j, j

mv
=
j, j

mh
=
j, j

0.333

0.76

0.188

-0.564

0.247

0.583

0.746

0.247

-0.423

0.331

0.702

0.702

0.26

-0.37

0.37

0.746

0.583

0.247

-0.331

0.423

0.76

0.333

0.188

-0.247

0.564

H := 100
j

H := 0
n

SkinCalc.mcd

Example 3. Interaction diaphragm-frames

105

Calculation of actions on frames and shear forces on part diaphragms.

(For action on frame 1 there is no diaphragm to the left, and this case is therefore calculated separately)

Result1 :=

for j 1
V
V
Q

j, j

mh H
j, j j

j 1 , j
j, j

Result :=

mv H
j, j j

mr H
j, j j

for i 1 .. n j
V
Q

j+ i , j
j+ i , j

f
h

j i , j

j, j

mh H
j, j j

j 1 , j
j, j

mv H
j, j j

mr H
j, j j

for i 1 .. n j
V

j+ i

j+ i

j+ i 1 , j

j+ i , j

j+ i 1 , j

for i 1 .. j
Q

for j 2 .. n 1

j+ i , j

f
h

j+ i

j+ i

j+ i 1 , j
j+ i 1 , j

for i 2 .. j
V

j i

j i , j

augment( Q , V )

j i , j

if i 1
V

j i+ 1

j i+ 1 , j

for i 1 .. j
Q

j i , j

j i

j i , j

augment( Q , V )
Q := augment( submatrix( Result1 , 0 , n , 1 , 1) , submatrix( Result , 0 , n , 2 , n 1) )
V := augment( submatrix( Result1 , 0 , n , 3 , 3) , submatrix( Result , 0 , n , n + 2 , 2 n 1) )
Forces Q on frames and shear force V in part diaphragms for each action H

56.445

18.815
10.568
Q = 5.844

3.068
1.315
3.945

31.705 17.532 9.205

3.945

10.568 5.844

3.068

1.315

24.659 13.636 7.159

3.068

13.636 25.974 13.636 5.844

7.159 13.636 24.659 10.568

3.068 5.844 10.568 18.815
9.205 17.532 31.705 56.445

56.445

24.74
14.172
V = 8.328

5.26
3.945
0

31.705 17.532 9.205

3.945

42.273 23.377 12.273

5.26

33.068
19.432
12.273
9.205

37.013 33.068 14.172

23.377 42.273 24.74

17.532 31.705 56.445

37.013 19.432 8.328

Summate for all actions and calculate forces F which act on the diaphragm

Force on frames
j := 0 .. n
R :=
i

T i
(
Q )

118.831

39.61
59.091
R = 64.935

59.091
39.61
118.831

118.831

Diaphragm
58.442 Force on
forces
17.532 diaphragm
i
T
(V ) S = 17.532 F j := (H j R j)
S :=
i
58.442
118.831
0

118.831

60.39
40.909
F = 35.065

40.909
60.39
118.831

SkinCalc.mcd

Example 3. Interaction diaphragm-frames

106

i := 1 .. n 1
150

Equal actions on frames 1 - 5

100
100

Rj
Fi

50

0
0

j, i

action on frames and ends

action on diaphragms

Concentrated action on frame 2

1
R := Q
i := 0 .. 6
H := 0
1

31.705

10.568
24.659
R = 13.636

7.159
3.068
9.205

n := 3 .. 5 H := 0
n

31.705

10.568
75.341
F = 13.636

7.159
3.068
9.205

k0=0

km=0

k
c
1

0
F := H R
j

2
1

3
2

4
3

5
4

6
5

H
j

100
100

Rj

50

Fi

50

4
j, i

action on frames and ends

action on diaphragm

SkinIncl.mcd

Example 4. Sloping roof

107

Example 4. Diaphragm action in building with steep roof

Contents
0.
1.
2.
3.
4.

Conditions
Dimensions and classes
Loads and actions
Sheets and fasteners
SI units

5. Design of sheets for transverse action due

to snow, wind suction and self weight
5.1 Check of profile for support conditions over
three bays

6. Diaphragm forces due to wind action

6.1 Wind on long side
Subdivision into partial actions
Action on diaphragm of width equal to whole width
of roof
Flexibility of roof trusses
Shear flexibility
Distribution between diaphragm and roof trusses
6.2 Wind on the end of the building
7. Vertical load
Checking of sheet, design of fasteners and calculation
of shear flexibility are not included in this example

0. Conditions
An insulated sports hall with normal leakage paths shall be designed for diaphragm action due to wind action
and checked for diaphragm forces due to vertical loads. The horizontal diaphragm forces are transferred to the
foundation via wind trusses. All columns are hinged at top and bottom. The roof trusses consist of laminated
wood rafters, with a hinge at the ridge and tie beams of reinforcing bars.

broof

13

hp

ht

C
crafter

Lroof

cgp
broof

1. Dimensions and classes

Width of roof
Length of roof

Partial factor for resistance

broof := 22 m
Lroof := 48 m

Construction Class I (EN 1993-1-3)

Column height,long side hp := 5 m

Roof slope

:= 15

Ridge height
Rafter spacing

ht := hp + 0.5 broof slope

crafter := 4 m

Columns at ends

cgp := 5.5 m

180

slope := tan( )
ht = 7.947 m

Reliability class RC3

(EN 1990, consequence class CC3, high
consequence for loss of human life)

d := 1.00

(See 2.11)

Comment: As d := 1.00 then it is not

included in the expressions for the actions

SkinIncl.mcd

Example 4. Sloping roof

108

2. Loads and actions

Wind load

Snow load, on the ground

sk := 3.0 kN m

Snow load on roof 1 := 0.8

s := 1 sk

Peak velocity pressure

s = 2.4 kN m

Shape factors, wind

Combination value 0 := 0.6 scomb := 1 0 sk scomb = 1.44 kN m

Partial factor, snow load and wind action

(leading variable)
Partial factor, self weight

Q := 1.5

unfavourable

G := 0.89 1.35

favourable

G.inf := 0.89 1.0

bu

hw

3. Sheets and fasteners

bw

bd

bo

Roof, mean suction

cpe.roof := 0.4

Wall, pressure

cpe.p := 0.7

Wall, suction

cpe.s := 0.3

Internal suction

cpi := 0.3

Characteristic value of wind suction

where the reduction factor for permanent

action is := 0.89 see 2.12

Inclination from vertical of columns , factor

kN
qp := 0.5
2
m

qroof := cpe.roof qp

qroof = 0.2 kN m

:= 0.005

Sheet := "TRP110"
bd := 237 mm
bo := 68 mm
bw := 0.5 bd bo bu

sw :=

bw + hw

hw := 112 mm
bu := 64 mm
fyb := 350 MPa
t := 0.636 mm
2

Self weight, roof

qgrav := 0.40 kN m

Width of support

ls := 200 mm

Transverse action
Side overlaps
self drilling screws
carbon steel

dsid := 4.8 mm
tnom := 0.7 mm

Moment capacity, span

Mf.Rd := 10.04 kN

Moment capacity, support

Ms.Rd := 10.56 kN

Capacity of support for ls = 100

Rw.Rd := 27.3 kN m

Shear resistance
table 8.9

Fv.Rd.sid := 0.88 kN

Diaphragm action

Bearing resistance
table 8.10

Fb.Rd.sid := 1.35 kN

Shear buckling of web

Vw.Rd := 27.6 kN m

Shear buckling of flange

Vf.Rd := 86.4 kN m

Global buckling

VgR := 684 kN m

Distorsion of corrugation
of profile end
Support reaction factor for
end support
Tensile force factor for
fastener at end support

Vr.Rd := 4.90 kN m

Screws to rafters

dscrew := 6.5 mm

Carbon steel in wood

Shear resistance
table 8.3
Bearing resistance
table 8.5
Tensile resistance
table 8.2

Fv.Rd.screw := 7.84 kN
Fb.Rd.screw := 2.83 kN
Ft.Rd.screw := 9.41 kN

RvV := 1.22
Pc2V := 134 mm

SkinIncl.mcd

Example 4. Sloping roof

4. SI units

109

kN 1000 N

MPa 10 Pa

5. Design of sheets for transverse action due to snow, wind suction and
self weight
Nominal sheet thickness t = 0.70

t = 0.636 mm

Self weight, roof

qgrav = 0.4 kN m

qs1 := Q sk cos( ) + G qgrav cos( )

qs1 = 4.663 kN m

qs2 := scomb cos( ) + G qgrav cos( )

qs2 = 1.808 kN m

Design value of snow and self

weight on inclined area

Usual snow and self weight

5.1 Check of profile for support conditions over three bays

Spans

crafter = 4.00 m

Snow, support B

Ms.Sd := 0.100 qs1 L1

L1 := crafter
2

Sheet = "TRP110"
Ms.Sd = 7.46 kN
0.5 +

Strength of support
for

ls = 200 mm

Rw.Rd := Rw.Rd
0.5 +

qs1 L1

Ms.Sd

Outermost
support A

RA :=

Support B

RB := 1.1 qs1 L1

RA

0.02 ls
t

0.02 100 mm
t

0.5 Rw.Rd
1

RB = 20.516 kN m

Snow, span, max

Mf.Sd :=

Support B, moment

ls
Ms.Sdm := Ms.Sd RB
8

Ms.Sdm = 6.948 kN

Interaction

ls
Ms.Sdr := Ms.Sd RB
4

RB
Ms.Sdr
+
= 1.177

Ms.Rd Rw.Rd

Mf.Sd = 5.968 kN

2 qs1

Ief.field := 1840 mm

Ific :=

2 Ief.field + Ief.supp
3
4

5 qs2 L1

Ief.supp := 1840 mm

Ific = 1840 mm

Rw.Rd
Mf.Sd
Mf.Rd

Self weight is greater than action due to wind suction

= 0.594

Ms.Rd 1.1

= 0.598
< 1,25

Ms.Sd
Ms.Sdm
Ms.Sdr
RB
ls

y = 8.1 mm

= 0.413

= 0.568

Ms.Sdm

qs2 Ms.Sd L1
y :=

384 E Ific
qs1 16 E Ific
Wind suction

RB

RB ls
4

Serviceability limit
state

RA

RA = 7.46 kN m

L1

Rw.Rd = 36.12 kN m

SkinIncl.mcd

Example 4. Sloping roof

110

6. Diaphragm forces due to wind action

6.1 Wind on long side
Partial combinations of actions

The effects of actions are divided into four as shown in the figure.

a) Restrained ridge. Produces only compressive and tensile forces in roof truss components.
b) H produces diaphragm forces in the roof regarded as a diaphragm of width equal to the width of the whole roof.
Equal action H in each line
c) V is that proportion of the vertical clamping force Ht Hs sin( ) which is resisted by the roof trusses

d) The proportion of the vertical clamping force which is resisted by diaphragm action in the two halves of the roof.
The action is different in each line, greatest at the ends.

H=Ht+Hs
Hs

V=(Ht-Hs)sin

H=Ht+Hs

(1 - )V
2 sin

Ht

a) Action on frames
with restrained ridge

c) Action on frames
( different for each frame)

b) Action on diaphragm
with width of whole roof

d) Action on diaphragms with

width of half roof

Action on diaphragm of width equal to width of whole roof

Total action from column tops
for hinged colums. See (2:31f)
in [14]
Corresponds to a uniformly
distributed load

hp
H := 0.85 Q cpe.p + cpe.s qp crafter + qs2 broof crafter
2

H = 7.17 kN

H
Qs :=
crafter

kN
Qs = 1.793
m

Width of diaphragm

bdiaph := broof

Roof diaphragm between lines A and C functions as a simply supported flat beam on supports
(wind trusses) in lines 1 and 13. Shear forces V are assumed to be resisted by the sheeting and
the moment M by the edge beams in lines A and C. There is no force on ridge beam in line B.
Support force at end

Ra.g := Qs

Lroof

Qs Lroof

Normal force in edge beams

Na.k :=

Maximum shear flow

Va.max :=

Ra.g = 43 kN

2
2

8 bdiaph

Qs Lroof crafter

Na.k = 23.5 kN

2 bdiaph

Va.max = 1.79

kN
m

Flexibility of roof truss

Distribution of vertical forces V = Ht Hs sin( ) between roof trusses and the two part diaphragms is governed by
the flexibility k of roof trusses for a vertical load at the ridge and by the shear flexibility c of the diaphragms.

The roof truss consists of two hinged laminated wood rafters and a tie beam.

SkinIncl.mcd

Example 4. Sloping roof

Deformation of rafters ignored. The

tie beam consists of two bars of
diameter
Force in tie beam for

V := 1 kN

Fdb :=

Lowering of the ridge and

flexibility k (dimensionless
for following calculation)

Adb := d 2
4
1

2 tan ( )

Adb = 628 mm

Fdb 0.5 broof

:=

Extension of half tie beam

2
btak

Fdb = 1.866 kN

E Adb

y :=

V=1

d := 20 mm
V

111

k0 :=

tan( )

y kN

V mm

k0 = 0.581

kp := k0 sin( )

In the plane of the diaphragm,

flexibility decreases

kp = 0.15

Shear flexibility
Shear flexibility c is calculated in the same way as in Exemple 2. Since there are no end fittings, flexibility is
greater in the panels nearest to the ends.
Number of panels

n := 12

Flexibility of diaphragms

i := 1 .. n

c := 0.105

Flexibility of panels nearest to the ends

c := 0.337

c := c

Flexibility of roof trusses

k := kp
i

Flexibility of ends (assumed rigid)

k := 10

10

k := 10

10

Distribution between diaphragm and roof trusses

The calculation follows "Simplified analysis" according to "Bygg" K24:4 Diaphragm action [9]. Subscripts for
roof trusses and diaphragm selected according to the figure.
km=0
k0=0
k

c
1
0

2
1

2
H

Distribution factor to right

f := 0
h := 1 f
i

Distribution factor to left

h := 1 f

q := 1 g
i

j := 1 .. n 1

j 1

j 1

+c

i+ 1

k
c

1+

pv :=
j, j

k
+

i+ 1

1 f

i+ 1

g :=

n-1

f :=

i := 1 .. n

k
Transfer factor

1+
q := 1 g

g := 0

i := n 1 .. 0

k
ph :=
j, j

k
+

i 1

j+ 1 j+ 1

1 g

+c

j+ 1

i 1

SkinIncl.mcd

Example 4. Sloping roof

mr :=
j, j

Unit loads

1
1+

1
pv
j, j

H0 := 1
j

ph
j, j

112

mr
j, j
mv :=
j, j
pv
j, j

mr
j, j
mh :=
j, j
ph
j, j

H0 := 0
n

Calculation of action on frames and shear force on part diaphragms. When frame 1 is acted upon, there is no
diaphragm to the left, and this case is therefore calculated separately.
Result1 :=

for j 1
V
V
Q

j, j

for j 2 .. n 1

mh H0
j, j
j

j 1 , j
j, j

Result :=

mv H0
j, j
j

mr H0
j, j
j

for i 1 .. n j
V
Q

j+ i , j
j+ i , j

f
h

j i , j

mh H0
j, j
j

j 1 , j
j, j

mv H0
j, j
j

mr H0
j, j
j

for i 1 .. n j
V

j+ i

j+ i

j+ i 1 , j

j+ i 1 , j

for i 1 .. j
Q

j, j

j+ i , j
j+ i , j

f
h

j+ i

j+ i

j+ i 1 , j
j+ i 1 , j

for i 2 .. j

j i

j i , j

augment( Q , V )

j i , j

if i 1
V

j i+ 1

j i+ 1 , j

for i 1 .. j
Q

j i , j

j i

j i , j

augment( Q , V )
Q := augment( submatrix( Result1 , 0 , n , 1 , 1) , submatrix( Result , 0 , n , 2 , n 1) )
V := augment( submatrix( Result1 , 0 , n , 3 , 3) , submatrix( Result , 0 , n , n + 2 , 2 n 1) )
Forces Q on roof trusses and shear force V in part diaphragms for each
action H

i := 0 .. n

Summate for all actions and calculate forces F which act on the diaphragm
Force on roof trusses

T i
R :=
Q
i
R =

( )

i := 1 .. n 1

Diaphragm forces

T i
S :=
V
i
S =

( )

Force on diaphragm
F := H0 R F =
j
j
j
j

0.357

-0.357

-0.357

0.801

-0.158

0.199

0.912

-0.070

0.088

0.961

-0.031

0.039

0.982

-0.013

0.018

0.991

-0.003

0.009

0.993

0.003

0.007

0.991

0.013

0.009

0.982

0.031

0.018

0.961

0.070

0.039

0.912

0.158

0.088

0.801

0.357

0.199

0.357

0.000

-0.357

j := 0 .. n

SkinIncl.mcd

Example 4. Sloping roof

113

Rj
Fi

0.5

10
j, i

action on roof trusses and ends

action on diaphragm
It is seen from the diagram that the roof trusses take most of the vertical load, but that the diaphragm takes over the
load on the roof trusses nearest to the ends. If the diaphragms nearest the ends had the same shear flexibility as
the others, e.g. if the sheets had end fittings, the frames nearest the ends would have been further relieved of load to
ca 0.543 instead of R1 = 0.795.
For the prevailing actions H = 7.17 kN

hp

V := 0.85 Q cpe.p cpe.s qp crafter sin( )

2

the force in the plane of the right (left)

roof diaphragm, for wind from the right, is

Ph :=

The support reaction is

Rh := 0.5

Shear force in the diaphragm

Vh := Vh Ph
i
i 1
i

2 cos( )

Ph

2 sin( )

Vv

1 .10

2 .10

3 .10

10
i

action on roof and ends

action on diaphragm

2 cos( )

Pv

Rv := 0.5

2 sin( )

Vv := Rv
0

Pv

Vh m
i

Vv m
i

bs kN

1.83

1.75

3.965

3.458

1.48

1.45

3.824

3.599

1.15

1.13

3.762

3.661

0.82

0.81

3.735

3.689

0.49

0.49

kN

Vh

Vv := Vv
Pv
i
i 1
i
i

4
1 .10

Pv :=

Vh := Rh
0

Ph

2 .10

V = 0.66 kN

kN

bs kN

3.723

3.7

0.16

0.16

3.72

3.703

-0.16

-0.16

3.723

3.7

-0.49

-0.49

3.735

3.689

-0.82

-0.81

3.762

3.661

-1.15

-1.13

3.824

3.599

-1.48

-1.45

3.965

3.458

-1.83

-1.75

It is seen from the table and diagram that there is very little difference
between the shear forces in the two halves of the roof, i.e. the roof largely
functions as one wide diaphragm.

SkinIncl.mcd

Example 4. Sloping roof

It should be pointed out that the calculation assumes

that the self weight is so large that the ridge does not
lift and that the tie beam remains in tension. In this case
the vertical load on the ridge, due to self weight less
wind suction, is greater than the wind action on the
walls.

114

Vegt := G.inf qgrav Q qroof

Vegt = 2.5 kN

>>

broof
2

crafter

V = 0.66 kN

6.2 Wind on the end of the building

It is assumed that wind is resisted by a part diaphragm of width
equal to 2/3 of the width of the building.

V
Nk
2

broof

Qsg

Fridge

Fridge

Rk

7b roof
0,66

V
2broof /3

The figure shows action on the end

rafter and reaction forces on the
diaphragm over the width 0,667broof

lroof

Design diaphragm action

Qsg := Q cpe.p + cpi qp

ht + hp
2 2

broof

kN
Qsg = 2.428
m

Support force in long sides

Rk := Qsg

Normal force in end rafter

Ngg := 0.19 Qsg broof

Ngg = 10.1 kN

Maximum shear flow

Vg :=

3 1
Q
2 2 sg

Vg = 1.82 kN m

This shear flow is slightly greater

than shear flow due to wind on the
long side

2 Vh cos( )
0

broof

Fridge :=

= 1.833 kN m

Roof trusses at distance 2btak/3

from the end are acted upon by a vertical load at the ridge. This is shared by
two roof trusses and the force is added
to the action of usual snow load. In this
case, however, the force is much
smaller than Vsn as shown below

Rk = 26.7 kN

Qsg

broof ht hp

2
2

2 0.667 broof

7. Vertical load

Compare Va.max = 1.79 kN m

Fridge = 1.341 kN

i := 1 .. n 1

Design value of snow and self weight

on a horizontal plane

qs := Q sk +

The rafters transfer load to ridge and

tops of columns. At the ridge,

Vsnow := qs

G qgrav
cos( )

broof
2

crafter

qs = 4.998 kN m

Vsnow = 219.9 kN

SkinIncl.mcd

Example 4. Sloping roof

Vsnow

Force on a roof diaphragm in its plane

Fs :=

Support reaction is

Rs := 0.5

Shear force in diaphragm

Vs := Vs
Fs
i
i 1
i
Vs 2 cos( )

2 sin( )

Sf :=

i =

In the inner lines the roof load is carried

by the roof trusses. Next to the ends the
roof diaphragms carry a certain amount,
so much that the diaphragm forces in
the panels next to the ends are greater
than the diaphragm force due to wind
action on the walls.
Due to wind on the long sides:
= 19.7 kN

Compare that due to snow:

Vs = 151.7 kN
0

i := 0 .. n 1

Vridge := Vsnow 1 F
i
i

Rs = 151.7 kN

broof

Vs

Va.max

Vs := Rs
0

Force on the frames at the ridge is

broof

Fs

Shear flow

115

j := 1 .. n 1

kN

Fs

kN

Vridge

Sf m
i

kN

kN

151.7

13.32

298.4

67.2

84.5

5.9

176.2

29.7

37.5

2.61

200.5

13.0

16.7

1.14

211.2

5.4

7.6

0.47

215.9

1.4

3.9

0.13

217.9

-1.4

2.9

-0.13

218.4

-5.4

3.9

-0.47

217.9

-13.0

7.6

-1.14

215.9

-29.7

16.7

-2.61

211.2

10

-67.2

37.5

-5.9

200.5

11

-151.7

84.5

-13.32

176.2

3 .10

2 .10

Vridge 1 .105
j
Vs
i

0
5

1 .10

2 .10

action on roof trusses

shear force in a diaphragm

6
j, i

Design of sheets and attachments

Design performed in the same way as for roof of shallow slope. See Examples 1 and 2

10

12