Академический Документы
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OF
GIS
David P. Lusch,
Ph.D
November, 1999
FUNDAMENTALS OF GIS
OVERVIEW OF GIS
G I S
1999 David P. Lusch, PhD q Center For Remote Sensing & GIS q Michigan State University
FUNDAMENTALS OF GIS
G I S Capabilities:
q
TREND ANALYSIS
"Show me where the census blocks are that have
experienced more than a 50% population change
between 1980 and 1990."
PATTERNS ANALYSIS
"Calculate the fragmentation index for all the forest
patches in the municipio."
MODELLING
"Which route for the new highway has the lowest cost in
terms of losses of housing, prime farmland, and wetlands,
while minimizing the needs for cutting and filling."
1999 David P. Lusch, PhD q Center For Remote Sensing & GIS q Michigan State University
FUNDAMENTALS OF GIS
1999 David P. Lusch, PhD q Center For Remote Sensing & GIS q Michigan State University
FUNDAMENTALS OF GIS
DATA TYPES
VECTOR
RASTER
Point = 1 cell
1999 David P. Lusch, PhD q Center For Remote Sensing & GIS q Michigan State University
FUNDAMENTALS OF GIS
Vector
Raster
1999 David P. Lusch, PhD q Center For Remote Sensing & GIS q Michigan State University
FUNDAMENTALS OF GIS
VECTOR STRUCTURE
Advantages
q
RASTER STRUCTURE
Advantages
q
1999 David P. Lusch, PhD q Center For Remote Sensing & GIS q Michigan State University
FUNDAMENTALS OF GIS
TOPOLOGY
Geometrical relationships between spatial objects (Points, Lines, and
Areas), such as adjacency, that are not altered by distortion, as long as the
surface is not torn
Arc
ID
Right
Poly
From
Node
To
Node
List
of arcs
Polygon
ID
Number
of arcs
-1,-2,3
2,-7,5,0,-6
-3,-5,4
Left
Poly
1999 David P. Lusch, PhD q Center For Remote Sensing & GIS q Michigan State University
FUNDAMENTALS OF GIS
Name
N/A
Fir Lake
ID
Species
N/A
High
Size
...
Forest Types
Jack Pine
Spruce
Sapling
Jack Pine
Sapling
Type
N/A
Lakes
...
ID
Quality
Pole
Depth
Soils
...
Type
Drainage
Fair
Poor
Good
Rock
...
Related Table
"Type" is
KEY FIELD
1999 David P. Lusch, PhD q Center For Remote Sensing & GIS q Michigan State University
FUNDAMENTALS OF GIS
ENTITY RELATIONSHIPS
Point - Point
Is nearest to ...
Interacts with ...
Point - Line
Is on ...
Is nearest to ...
Point - Area
Is within ...
Is adjacent to ...
Line - Line
Intersects ...
Is upstream of ...
Line - Area
Crosses ...
Is contained within ...
Is nearest to ...
Area - Area
Is adjacent to ...
Overlaps ...
Is enclosed by ...
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1999 David P. Lusch, PhD q Center For Remote Sensing & GIS q Michigan State University
FUNDAMENTALS OF GIS
1999 David P. Lusch, PhD q Center For Remote Sensing & GIS q Michigan State University
11
FUNDAMENTALS OF GIS
Format conversions
Geometric transformations
Projection conversions
Conflation
Edge matching
Editing of graphic elements
Line coordinate thinning
q
Output functions
Map annotation
Text labels
Texture patterns and line styles
Graphic symbols
Plotting
Printing (laser printers, color inkjet printers, etc.)
12
1999 David P. Lusch, PhD q Center For Remote Sensing & GIS q Michigan State University
FUNDAMENTALS OF GIS
Spatial
SPATIALAnalyses
ANALYSES
Basic Functional Classes
Reclassifying Maps
Overlaying Maps
Characterizing Neighborhoods
1999 David P. Lusch, PhD q Center For Remote Sensing & GIS q Michigan State University
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FUNDAMENTALS OF GIS
Raster Only
14
1999 David P. Lusch, PhD q Center For Remote Sensing & GIS q Michigan State University
FUNDAMENTALS OF GIS
SPATIAL ANALYSES
Basic Functional Classes
q
Reclassifying Maps
Overlaying Maps
Characterizing Neighborhoods
1999 David P. Lusch, PhD q Center For Remote Sensing & GIS q Michigan State University
15
FUNDAMENTALS OF GIS
Vector Only
16
1999 David P. Lusch, PhD q Center For Remote Sensing & GIS q Michigan State University
FUNDAMENTALS OF GIS
1999 David P. Lusch, PhD q Center For Remote Sensing & GIS q Michigan State University
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FUNDAMENTALS OF GIS
18
1999 David P. Lusch, PhD q Center For Remote Sensing & GIS q Michigan State University
FUNDAMENTALS OF GIS
1999 David P. Lusch, PhD q Center For Remote Sensing & GIS q Michigan State University
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FUNDAMENTALS OF GIS
SPATIAL ANALYSES
Basic Functional Classes
q
Reclassifying Maps
Overlaying Maps
Characterizing Neighborhoods
Raster Only
20
1999 David P. Lusch, PhD q Center For Remote Sensing & GIS q Michigan State University
FUNDAMENTALS OF GIS
1999 David P. Lusch, PhD q Center For Remote Sensing & GIS q Michigan State University
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FUNDAMENTALS OF GIS
Raster Only
Raster Only
22
1999 David P. Lusch, PhD q Center For Remote Sensing & GIS q Michigan State University
FUNDAMENTALS OF GIS
1999 David P. Lusch, PhD q Center For Remote Sensing & GIS q Michigan State University
23
FUNDAMENTALS OF GIS
Land Use
Base cost
Base cost x 4
New plant
location
Base cost x 5
Base cost x 1000
Friction Surface
(reclassed from the
Land Use map)
Existing
powerline
24
1999 David P. Lusch, PhD q Center For Remote Sensing & GIS q Michigan State University
FUNDAMENTALS OF GIS
Cost Surface
(Proximity x Friction)
Least-Cost
Pathway
1999 David P. Lusch, PhD q Center For Remote Sensing & GIS q Michigan State University
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FUNDAMENTALS OF GIS
1999 David P. Lusch, PhD q Center For Remote Sensing & GIS q Michigan State University
FUNDAMENTALS OF GIS
1999 David P. Lusch, PhD q Center For Remote Sensing & GIS q Michigan State University
27
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FUNDAMENTALS OF GIS
1999 David P. Lusch, PhD q Center For Remote Sensing & GIS q Michigan State University
FUNDAMENTALS OF GIS
1999 David P. Lusch, PhD q Center For Remote Sensing & GIS q Michigan State University
29
FUNDAMENTALS OF GIS
SPATIAL ANALYSES
Basic Functional Classes
30
Reclassifying Maps
Overlaying Maps
Characterizing Neighborhoods
Raster Only
1999 David P. Lusch, PhD q Center For Remote Sensing & GIS q Michigan State University
FUNDAMENTALS OF GIS
WINDOW OPERATIONS
Raster Only
Slope
Slope Aspect
Maximum, Minimum
Mean, Median, Mode
Standard Deviation
Majority, Minority
Total Count
Diversity
Large number of Spatial Pattern
or Texture Indexes
1999 David P. Lusch, PhD q Center For Remote Sensing & GIS q Michigan State University
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FUNDAMENTALS OF GIS
1999 David P. Lusch, PhD q Center For Remote Sensing & GIS q Michigan State University
FUNDAMENTALS OF GIS
Dominance = Hmax - H
where H = Diversity; Hmax = maximum diversity = ln(n); n = number of different classes present;
ln = natural logarithm
from: Turner, M.G. 1989. Landscape Ecology: The Effect of Pattern on Process, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 20, 171-197.
1999 David P. Lusch, PhD q Center For Remote Sensing & GIS q Michigan State University
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FUNDAMENTALS OF GIS
Diversity
Dominance Index
34
Relative Richness
1999 David P. Lusch, PhD q Center For Remote Sensing & GIS q Michigan State University