Data Rate:

It varies from few bits/sec to several giga bits/sec depending on the

application.
*For the sensor n/ws:
-few bits/sec to about 1Kbits/sec
-higher data rates are required for the central nodes which
collect the information from a large number of nodes and forward it for
further processing & data rates upto 10Mbits/sec is required.
*For speech communication:
-Usually requires from 5bits/sec to 64bits/sec
-for cellular systems =>10 Kbps
-For cordless systems =>32 Kbps
*For elementary data service=>10 Kbps to 100 Kbps
*For communication b/w computer peripherals =>1 Mbps
* For high speed data services =>0.5 Mbps to 100Mbps
*For personal area network =>100 Mbps
Range and number of users;
-Range is the distance b/w one transmitter & receiver
-Coverage area can be made independent of range, by combining
large number of BSs into 1 big n/w
-The various ranges are

*Body area network (BAN) covers t he communication b/w

different devices attached to one body & range is of order of 1m
*Personal area n/w (PAN) range upto 10m
* wireless local area n/w (WLAN)-100m
*Cellular systems
*Microcells cover cells with 500m radius
*Macrocells cover a radius of 10 or even 30km
*Satellite systems
*Provide larger cell sizes, covering whole countries &
even continents
Mobility:
Wireless systems differ in the amount of mobility that they allow
for their users. Within this requirement of mobility, different grades
exist.
*Fixed devices:
*These are placed only once and after that communication happens
from that fixed location
*These techniques are used to avoid the laying of cables
*Propagation channels can change with time either due to people
walking or due to changes in either due to people walking or due to
changes in environment(rearranging of machinery, furniture etc)
NOMADIC DEVICES:

*these are placed at a certain location for a limited duration of time

and then moved to a different location.
*eg:laptops
*these devices are fixed at different fixed places during different
times.
*ie in laptop example ,people do not use their laptops while
walking around.
LOW MOBILITY:
*communication devices operated at pedestrianspeeds.
*eg:cordless phones&cell phones by walking human user.
*hand over is a rare event.
HIGH MOBILITY:
*describes speed ranges from 30 km/hr to 150 km/hr.
*eg:cell phone user in a moving car.
EXTREMELY HIGE MOBILITY:
*speed ranges from300KM/HR TO 1000 KM/HR.
eg:high speed trains and planes.
*hand overs are more frequent.
ENERGY CONSUMPTION:
*critical aspect of wireless to operate.
*most wireless devices use
*one way batteries.

*recharable batteries.
*power mains energy.
ONE WAY BATTERIES:
*sensor n/w nodes use one way batteries which offer higer energy.
RECHARGABLE BATTERIES:
*nomadic and mobile devices like laptops ,cell phones and
cordless phones usually operate with rechargable batteries.
*min requirements of cell phones are
#talk time >2 hours.
#stand by time >48 hours.
POWER MAINS:
*bss and other fixed devices can be connected to power mains.
SPECTRUM USAGE:
*spectrum can be assigned on an exclusive basis or on a shared
basis.
1.)spectrum dedicated to service and operator.
*a certain part of em spectum is assigned on an exclusive basis to a
service provider.
*n/w operators lease the spectum on an exclusive basis and due to
this the operator has ctrl over the spectum and can plan the use of
different parts of spectrum in differen geographical regions in order to
minimize interference.
SPECTRUM ALLOWLING MULTIPLE OPERATORS:

#here spectrum can be used only fora certain service but not
assigned to a specific operator .
FREE SPECTRUM
#it is assigned for different servicesas well as different operators .
#eg:ISM band at 2.45GHZ allowed operate microwave ovens wifi
lans bluetooth etc.
Direction of transmission:
*Simplex systems-> send information only on one direction.
->Eg: Broadcast systems, pagers
*Semi Duplex-> can transmit information in both direction but only one
at a time either transmit or receiver
->Eg:Walkie-talkie
*Full duplex -> Allows simultaneously transmission in both directions
*Asymmetric duplex systems-> For data transmission, the data rate in
one direction is higher than the other direction
Service quality:
*Speech quality for speech services
*File transfer speed for data services
=>Speech quality-> measured by mean opinion score(MOS) which
represents the average of a large number of human judgements about the
quality of received speech
*Other important factors in service quality are
*Availability of service

-Blocked calls, Dropped calls for cellular communication

*Admissible delay(latency) of the communication