I sincerely acknowledge the courtesy extended to me by my teacher

Ms.Surbhi Lata for helping me to prepare this presentation and having

faith in me do this.
Also I would like to acknowledge my parents and my close friends who
supported me to this project for motivating me and showing their trust
that I could successfully complete up this project.

-PRASHANT CHAWLA

Turning is method of reducing diameter with respect its length.A large

variety of components used in engineering practice is found to have conical
shapes, or if flat, having a gradual reduction in its width or thickness along
their length. Such components are known as tapered. For conical pieces , the
difference between the diameters of their ends is known as taper and for flat
pieces the difference between their widths or thickness of their ends is known
as taper.Parts may have external or internal taper according to the
requirements.It is mainly performed on the work held between centers of in
lathe chuck.
The common methods of expressing the taper are:1) Taper per foot (difference in inches of end diameters per foot length of the
job)
2)Taper per inch ( difference in inches of end diameters per inch length of the
job)
3) Taper 1 in x.

Important relations related to taper turning.

TOTAL TAPER= D-d
TAPER=(D-d)/L {taper per unit length}
Tan(a)=(D-d)2L
Where D and d are large and smaller diameters of the ends of the job.

1.Tail stock set-over method

2.By swiveling the compound rest
3.Using a the taper turning attachment
4.Using a form or broad nose tool.

The main principle in turning taper on the job by tail stock set-over method is
by rotating the work in certain direction and tool is fed.The tip or cutting
edge if the tool should move at an inclination to the centre line(axis) of the
job. The angle of inclination should be equal to alpha(a).This is accomplished
by shifting the centre line of the work at angle alpha(a) from the original
position and move the tool parallel to the axis of spindle.

For this, the nut of the clamping bolt of tail stock is loosened. Then, by
means of set screws, provided on both the front and rear sides of the tail
stock, the dead centre is shifted from the original position by a predetermined
of set over which may calculated by the following formula.

x=L*(D-d)/2l or x= (total length*total taper)/2*taper length.

D= large dia,d=small dia,L =total length of work,l=length of tapered
portion,x=set over required.

Steep and short external tapers can be turned in a lathe by swiveling the
compound rest,on the carriage through an angle alpha(a) which is equal to
half of the total included angle of the taper.The compound rest carries a
swivel plate under it.It is screwed to the cross slide by means of bolt and nut.
For swiveling the compound rest the swivel plate is unscrewed and then
rotated,along with the compound rest, through the required angle.

The graduations on swivel plate help is setting the compound rest at the
desired inclination. Tool is then fed by the hand by rotating the compound
rest hand screw.
Required angle is calculated by the formula tan(a)=(D-d)/2L

Its a very suitable method of taper turning which provides very wide range
of tapers.As the attachment travels along with saddle,it is possible to turn the
taper anywhere along the length of the job.All taper attachments , though
vary in design with different manufacturers, have a common principle of
working.
In operation, first the cross slide is disconnected from the saddle so that it is
free to move along its ways. A graduated scale is provided on the bracket
which is calibrated in degrees. The half taper angle is calculated and the
guide plate is set at this angle. In other words we can say that the guide plate
is so set that its centre line makes an angle alpha(a) with the centre line of
the bracket.Thus,when the longitudinal feed is given to the saddle, guide
block will slide along the centre line of the guide plate.As the block is
connected to the cross slide it will guide the tool to travel parallel to its own
line of movement, that is at an angle alpha(a) to the axis of the job.This will
result in the desired taper on the job.

Tan(a)=D-d/2L
Advantages are that its setting is very easy,accuarate tapers, alignment is not
disturbed, high surface finish and is suitable for both external and internal
tapers.

Very short tapers can easily be turned with a form or broad nose tool in
which the cutting edge of the tool is ground to contained the half taper angle
alpha(a).However ,it should be noted that the use of such a tool cause a lot of
chatter and vibrations because the full cutting edge of the tool is involved in
cutting. It is advisable, therefore, to confine the use of this method for turning
very short tapers, say up to a maximum of 20 mm length. However with very
heavy and rigid types of lathes this limit may go up as well.

BOOKS:1) B.S. RAGHUWANSHI

2) HAZRA CHOWDHARY
WEBSITES:1) WIKIPEDIA.ORG
2) GOOGLE IMAGES