Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
By
Sheng Shumin
English department
School of Foreign Studies
Nanjing University
April 2006
Acknowledgments
I wish to express my sincere thanks to Professor Chen Xinren for his guidance
and encouragements as well as his patience for modifying my thesis. I would also like
to thank all of my roommates, 6 English majors of Nanjing University, for their active
participation in this study. Last but not least, my thanks go to my best friend Shen Yu
for her valuable advice and all of my friends for their support when I was struggling
in the middle of writing the thesis.
Abstract
Rhetorical devices are frequently used in newspaper headlines as an effective
way to impress the reader. According to previous researchers, compared with the use
of rhetoric in English headlines, rhetoric in Chinese headlines is more flexible and its
frequency is higher, too (Guo Ke, 1995). To testify Guos result, this study analyzes
the data collected from two newspapers: Peoples Daily and USA TODAY. 395
headlines are collected and studied according to their types. The study turns out
different results from Guos. The major findings of this study are summarized as
follows:
First, figures of speech appear more frequently in English headlines than in
Chinese ones, which contradicts with Guos conclusion. Meanwhile, the comparison
between rhetoric in different columns shows that rhetorical devices are least adopted
in headlines of international and national news. Besides, of all the rhetorical devices
used in headlines, metaphor is most frequently applied.
The study is significant
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
Abstract
Table of Contents
List of Tables
ii
iii
iv
vi
Introduction
1
Part One Literature Review
1.1 Overview
1.2 Problems with previous studies
Part Two Methodology
2.1 Research questions
2.2 Subjects
2.3 Data Collection and Data Analysis
Part Three Results and Discussion
3.1 Comparison across columns
3.2 Comparison across languages
3.3 Comparison across types of rhetoric
Part Four Conclusion
References
1
1
2
3
3
3
4
5
5
6
7
10
12
List of Tables
Table 1.1 Information about Peoples Daily and USA TODAY
Table 3.1 Frequency of rhetoric in Chinese headlines
Table 3.2 Frequency of rhetoric in English headlines
Table 3.3 Frequency of rhetoric used in Chinese and English headlines
Table 3.4 Data of rhetoric used in different columns in Chinese headlines
Table 3.5 Data of rhetoric used in different columns in English headlines
Introduction
Rhetorical devices are frequently used in newspaper headlines as an effective
way to attract and impress the reader. According to previous researchers, compared
with the usage of rhetoric in English headlines, rhetoric in Chinese headlines is more
flexible and the frequency is higher, too (Guo Ke, 1995). Guo came to this conclusion
mainly according to his own observation and experience. He proved his view with
sporadic examples. To testify Guos claim, this study looks into the data collected
from two newspapers: Peoples Daily and USA TODAY. A total of 395 headlines are
collected and studied according to their types. Another purpose of this study is to
analyze the use of rhetorical devices in headlines.
for to vivify the content. Furthermore, by adopting the use of rhetoric, the news on
economy can be easier for all readers to understand. For instance, the headline
Souring profits found in search ads is more humorous and impressive than saying
Google and Yahoo benefit from higher prices as search agencies. Since those kinds
of headlines are more attractive to readers, which is significant for news on economy,
it is natural that almost two thirds of English headlines of economic news apply
rhetoric.
3.2 Comparison across languages
Table 3.3 shows the frequency of rhetoric used in Chinese and English headlines.
It is obvious that rhetoric is more frequently applied in English headlines than in
Chinese ones. Besides, there are more rhetorical devices used in English headlines
than in Chinese ones. Therefore, the generalization made by Guo (1995) that the
frequency of rhetoric in Chinese headlines is higher than that in English ones is not
accurate. To explain the differences of rhetoric showed in Table 3, it is necessary to
take into account the features of the two languages. Although in Chinese the types of
rhetoric are no fewer than those in English, many of them rarely appear in news
headlines, such as palindrome, antithesis, etc.
Table 3.3 Frequency of rhetoric used in Chinese and English headlines
Languages
Items
Frequency of
Rhetorical
Percentage
rhetoric
devices
Chinese
179
69
10
38.6%
English
216
119
14
55.1%
Besides, the newspapers where the data are collected should be taken into
consideration. Since USA TODAY is funded by both subscription and retail in the
street, it faces much more competition than Peoples Daily which is subscribed by
every department of governments. Thus, being impressive and attractive is more
important and necessary for USA TODAY, while being accurate and timely is the
primary task for Peoples Daily. Headlines are the eyes of news. The main appeal of
rhetoric in headlines lies in attracting readers attention, vivifying the news, and
generalizing the content. As a result, when facing fierce competition, journalists for
USA TODAY may turn to the force of rhetoric. On the contrary, Peoples Daily, being
the official newspaper of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China,
may rely on the official support for its circulation.
3.3 Comparison across types of rhetoric
From the data in Table 3.4, which draws a clear map of how Chinese rhetoric
varies according to different types in different columns, it is obvious that metaphor,
quotation, and personification are the most popular rhetorical devices. First, humanbeings tend to relate abstract concepts to concrete ones, which is metaphorical. As a
result, metaphor is usually unconsciously adopted by people in daily life, as
commonly used everywhere. For instance, in the headline
the phrase originally means to draw the theater curtain before the
performance begins. Here it means the opening of the public match. People are used
to relating opening a match or meeting to drawing the theater curtain, so that this
metaphor has become a fixed description.
Table 3.4 Data of rhetoric used in different columns in Chinese headlines
Columns
Devices
of Rhetoric
International
&
National News
Economy
Culture
&
Education
Sports
Total
Metaphor
8.1%
15.9%
21.4%
27.3%
10.1%
Personification
2.7%
4.5%
3.6%
9.1%
4.5%
Quotation
4.1%
2.3%
14.3%
3.0%
5.0%
Antithesis
2.7%
3.6%
1.7%
Contrast
2.7%
6.8%
3.6%
3.0%
3.9%
Allusion
1.4%
9.1%
3.6%
2.8%
Pun
1.4%
0.6%
Metonymy
2.7%
2.3%
3.0%
2.2%
Rhetorical
repetition
2.3%
0.6%
Rhetorical
question
4.5%
1.1%
Besides, there are many quotations in Chinese headlines. Direct quoting from
giants or key figures can be both concise and veracious, which just fits the prime
requirement for headlines. Especially in Column International and National News,
national leaders words are usually directly quoted as headlines, such as the headline
. In this way, the main
points can be remarked with few words and clear meaning.
The data from Table 3.5 clarify how frequently different types of rhetoric are
used in English headlines in every column. For the same reason that has been
discussed above, metaphor is most frequently adopted in English headlines just as in
Chinese ones. However, in the column Economy, personification is widely used,
even more frequently used than metaphor. Many headlines on economy personify
titles by regarding a company or group as a person, such as in McDonalds to pour
Fair Trade coffee. Besides, to make the statistics not so boring, headlines on economy
usually personify the rise or drop of figures, such as Average U.S. gasoline price
tumbles to $2.48 a gallon. Therefore, headlines on economy make the most use of
rhetoric, and the rhetorical devices used in economic headlines are the most of all
columns.
Table 3.5 Data of rhetoric used in different columns in English headlines
Columns
Devices
of Rhetoric
International
&
National News
Economy
Life
Sports
Total
Metaphor
16.7%
18.9%
23.8%
29.4%
23.6%
Personification
11.1%
20.8%
4.8%
4.7%
9.7%
Quotation
2.8%
3.8%
2.4%
3.5%
3.2%
Onomatopoeia
1.9%
0.5%
Contrast
5.6%
3.8%
8.2%
5.1%
Allusion
1.9%
2.4%
3.5%
2.3%
Pun
1.9%
2.4%
2.4%
1.9%
Metonymy
2.8%
3.8%
2.4%
1.2%
1.9%
Paradox
5.7%
4.8%
2.3%
Rhetorical
question
2.4%
0.5%
Rhetorical
repetition
1.9%
0.5%
Simile
1.9%
0.5%
Hypallage
1.9%
1.2%
0.9%
Hyperbole
4.8%
2.4%
1.9%
statistic proof, this study may help the later researchers to draw a more reliable
conclusion.
However, there still remains much to be improved and studied in this thesis.
Because the data in this study were collected from only two newspapers, the
conclusion may not be final. Besides, since there are differences between rhetoric
devices in Chinese and English, the statistic analysis cannot bear out a full conclusion.
There may be other limitations, yet to be solved by later researchers.
References
[1] Guo, Ke. (1995). Comparison between Chinese and English news titles. Foreign
Languages, Vol.98, No.4.
[2] Guo, Xiangju. (1996). Discussion on features of English news titles. Journal of
Hebei Normal University, Vol.19, No.1.
[3] Huang Ren. (1999). English Rhetoric-An Introduction. Shanghai: Shanghai
Foreign Language Education Press.
[4] Li Guonan. (1999). Contrastive Studies of Figure of Speech in English and
Chinese, Fujian: Fujian Peoples Press.
[5] TurnerG. W. (1975). Journalism. The English Journal, Vol.64, No.1, 67-68.
[6] Wu Ping. (2001). A Comparative Study of English & Chinese Rhetorical Devices.