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  • Electric Charges and Fields

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    Akshay97
    72 просмотров5 страниц
    An electric field is generated by electric charge and time-varying magnetic fields. At each point in space, the electric field describes the electric force that would be experienced by a motionless test particle of unit positive charge. The concept of an electric field was introduced by Michael Faraday..... The electric field is a vector field. The field vector at a given point is defined as the force vector per unit charge that would be exerted on a stationary test charge at that point. An electric field is generated by electric charge (also called source charge), as well as by a time-varying magnetic field. The electric charge (source charge) can be a single charge or a group of discrete charges or any continuous distribution of charge. Electric fields contain electrical energy with energy density proportional to the square of the field magnitude. The electric field is to charge as gravitational acceleration is to mass. The SI units of the field are newtons per coulomb (N⋅C−1) or, equivalently, volts per metre (V⋅m−1), which in terms of SI base units are kg⋅m⋅s−3⋅A−1. An electric field that changes with time, such as due to the motion of charged particles producing the field, influences the local magnetic field. That is: the electric and magnetic fields are not separate phenomena; what one observer perceives as an electric field, another observer in a different frame of reference perceives as a mixture of electric and magnetic fields. For this reason, one speaks of "electromagnetism" or "electromagnetic fields". In quantum electrodynamics, disturbances in the electromagnetic fields are called photons...

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    An electric field is generated by electric charge and time-varying magnetic fields. At each point in space, the electric field describes the electric force that would be experienced by a motionless test particle of unit positive charge. The concept of an electric field was introduced by Michael Faraday..... The electric field is a vector field. The field vector at a given point is defined as the force vector per unit charge that would be exerted on a stationary test charge at that point. An electric field is generated by electric charge (also called source charge), as well as by a time-varying magnetic field. The electric charge (source charge) can be a single charge or a group of discrete charges or any continuous distribution of charge. Electric fields contain electrical energy with energy density proportional to the square of the field magnitude. The electric field is to charge as gravitational acceleration is to mass. The SI units of the field are newtons per coulomb (N⋅C−1) or, equivalently, volts per metre (V⋅m−1), which in terms of SI base units are kg⋅m⋅s−3⋅A−1. An electric field that changes with time, such as due to the motion of charged particles producing the field, influences the local magnetic field. That is: the electric and magnetic fields are not separate phenomena; what one observer perceives as an electric field, another observer in a different frame of reference perceives as a mixture of electric and magnetic fields. For this reason, one speaks of "electromagnetism" or "electromagnetic fields". In quantum electrodynamics, disturbances in the electromagnetic fields are called photons...

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    72 просмотров5 страниц

    Electric Charges and Fields

    Загружено:

    Akshay97
    An electric field is generated by electric charge and time-varying magnetic fields. At each point in space, the electric field describes the electric force that would be experienced by a motionless test particle of unit positive charge. The concept of an electric field was introduced by Michael Faraday..... The electric field is a vector field. The field vector at a given point is defined as the force vector per unit charge that would be exerted on a stationary test charge at that point. An electric field is generated by electric charge (also called source charge), as well as by a time-varying magnetic field. The electric charge (source charge) can be a single charge or a group of discrete charges or any continuous distribution of charge. Electric fields contain electrical energy with energy density proportional to the square of the field magnitude. The electric field is to charge as gravitational acceleration is to mass. The SI units of the field are newtons per coulomb (N⋅C−1) or, equivalently, volts per metre (V⋅m−1), which in terms of SI base units are kg⋅m⋅s−3⋅A−1. An electric field that changes with time, such as due to the motion of charged particles producing the field, influences the local magnetic field. That is: the electric and magnetic fields are not separate phenomena; what one observer perceives as an electric field, another observer in a different frame of reference perceives as a mixture of electric and magnetic fields. For this reason, one speaks of "electromagnetism" or "electromagnetic fields". In quantum electrodynamics, disturbances in the electromagnetic fields are called photons...

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    PHYSICS ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS

    Electric Charges and Fields


    Top Formulae
    Formula
    Quantisation of charge

    Description
    Q = total charge (coulomb)

    Q ne

    e = charge on one electron (coulomb)


    n = number of electrons

    The force between two charges q1


    and q2 at a distance r from each
    other
    1 q1q2

    F
    r
    40 r2

    F = force (newton)

    Superposition principle

    F = net force on the system (newton)

    F F1 F2 F3 ......

    q1 and q2 = charges (coulomb)


    r = distance between charges (metre)

    F1,F2 and F3 = different forces working on


    the system (newton)

    Electric field strength E at a point r


    distance away from a point charge
    q
    1 q

    E
    r
    40 r2
    Electrostatic force F on a charge q
    inside the electric field E
    F= q E

    E = electric field strength (volt/metre)


    r = distance from a point charge (metre)
    q = point charge (coulomb)

    E = electric field strength (volt/metre)


    F = electrostatic force (newton)
    q = point charge (coulomb)

    Dipole moment p q 2a

    p = dipole moment (coulomb metre)


    q = one of the charges (coulomb)
    2a = separation between two charges (metre)

    Dipole field intensity on the axial


    line of the dipole
    2pr
    E1
    40 (r2 a2 )2

    E1 = electric field strength (volt/metre)


    p = dipole moment (coulomb metre)
    2a = separation between two charges (metre)
    r = distance of the point from the centre of the
    dipole (metre)

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    PHYSICS ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS


    Dipole field intensity on the
    equatorial line of the dipole

    E2

    p
    40 (r a2 )3 / 2
    2

    E2 = electric field strength (volt/metre)


    p = dipole moment (coulomb metre)
    2a = separation between two charges (metre)

    Torque on dipole inside the electric


    field is p E

    r = distance of the point from the centre of the


    dipole (metre)
    E = electric field strength (volt/metre)
    p = dipole moment (coulomb metre)

    = torque (newton metre)


    E = electric field strength (volt/metre)
    S S
    n = area element (metre2)

    Flux E.S

    = flux (weber)

    = electric flux through a closed surface


    (weber)

    Gausss law:

    q
    0

    S = area of closed surface (metre2)

    Application of Gausss law:

    q = total charge enclosed by S (coulomb)


    = linear charge density (coulomb/metre)

    Electric field due to a thin infinitely


    long straight wire of uniform linear
    charge density

    r = perpendicular distance of the point from


    the wire (metre)

    n
    20 r

    E = electric field intensity (volt/metre)

    Electric field due to an infinite thin


    plane sheet of uniform surface
    charge density

    E
    n
    20

    E = electric field intensity (volt/metre)

    n = unit vector normal to the plane

    Electric field due to a thin spherical


    shell uniform surface charge
    density

    1 q

    E
    r
    40 r2
    E =0

    n = radial unit vector


    = surface charge density (coulomb/metre2)

    (r R )

    (r R )

    = surface charge density (coulomb/metre2)


    E = electric field intensity (volt/metre)
    r = distance of the point from the
    centre of the shell
    R = radius of the shell
    q = total charge on the shell

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    PHYSICS ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS


    Top Concepts

    Like charges repel and unlike charges attract.

    Conductors allow movement of electric charge

    Quantisation of electric charge means that total charge (q) of a body is always an integral multiple of a
    basic quantum of charge (e), i.e. q = ne, where n = 0, 1, 2, 3.

    Additivity of electric charges: Total charge of a system is the algebraic sum of all individual charges in
    the system.

    Conservation of electric charges: Total charge of an isolated system remains unchanged with time.

    Superposition principle: The forces with which two charges attract or repel each other are not affected
    by the presence of a third (or more) additional charge(s).

    The electric field E at a point due to a charge configuration is the force on a small positive test charge
    q placed at the point divided by a magnitude |q|/ 4 0 r2; it is radially outwards from q, if q is positive,
    and radially inwards, if q is negative.

    E at a point varies inversely as the square of its distance from charge Q. The plot of E v/s r will appear
    like the figure given below.

    Coulombs law: The mutual electrostatic force between two point charges q1 and q2 is proportional to
    the product q1q2 and inversely proportional to the square of the distance r21 separating them.
    k q1q2

    r21
    F21 (force on q2 due to q1)
    2
    r21

    through

    r21 is a unit vector in the direction from q1 to q2 and k =


    where

    them,

    while

    insulators do

    not.

    1
    is the constant of proportionality.
    0

    An electric field line is a curve drawn in such a way that the tangent at each point on the curve gives
    the direction of electric field at that point.

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    PHYSICS ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS

    Important properties of field lines are


    (i) Field lines are continuous curves without any breaks.
    (ii) Two field lines cannot cross each other.

    (iii) Electrostatic field lines start at positive charges and end at negative charges. They cannot form
    closed loops.

    The electric flux d E.dS is a dot product, and hence, it is scalar.

    is positive for all values of

    2.

    is negative for all values of

    .
    2

    Gausss law: The flux of the electric field through any closed surface S is 1/0 times the total charge
    enclosed by S.
    q
    E.dS
    0

    The electric field outside the charged shell is as though the total charge is concentrated at the centre.
    The same result is true for a solid sphere of uniform volume charge density.
    The electric field is zero at all points inside a charged shell.
    Graphical plot of E versus R inside the spherical shell:

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