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epithelial
connective
muscle
neural
A. Epithelial:
forms glands
controls permeability: everything that enters the body must pass through epithelial
lining
produce secretions
acting as a barrier
absorbing substances
only the basal layer attaches the deepest layer to the basement membrane
pseudostratified: all cells attached to basement membrane but not all cells extend to
apical surface
-pseudo: false
appear to be two layers because some cells are tall and extend to free surface;
others are shorter and dont extend to free surface
2. shape:
columnar: column (tall and thin, similar to a column) taller hexagonal shaped cells;
taller than they are wide
structure:
function:
location:
stratified cuboidal
structure:
function:
location:
stratified columnar
structure:
function:
location:
Fig. 4.4: Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium and Transitional Epithelium
pseudostratified columnar
structure:
function:
location:
transitional
structure:
function:
location:
Intercellular communications:
cells of epithelium are specialist at intercellular connections;
important so cells can "stick" together physically, work in unison and communicate with each
other
Types of Communication junctions:
1.
Adhesions: cells have structures that hold the to one another or to the basement
membrane
formed by plasma membranes of adjacent cells that join one another in a jigsaw fashion
to make a tight seal
form a ring near the free surface of simple epithelial cells that completely surround each
cell and binds adjacent cells together to prevent the passage of materials between cells.
desmosomes: disc-shaped structures with esp. adhesive glycoproteins that bind cells to
one another and intermediate filaments that extend into the cytoplasm of the cells
point of adhesion between cells; each contains a dense plate at the point of adhesion and a
cementing extracellular material between the cells.
2. Communication:
fast communication
Glands: tissues that secrete something secretory organ from which secretions may be
released into the blood, into a cavity or onto a surface.
-can be as simple as a few cells or complex as an entire organ
1. Classification: according to distribution of secretion
produce hormones:
substance secreted by endocrine tissues into the blood that acts on a target
tissue to produce a specific response.
storing compounds
transporting
protecting
specialized cells: will give the different types of connective tissues identity
-cyte: maintain it
chondro: cartilage
osteo: bone
undifferentiated mesenchymal cells: type of adult stem cell that persist in connective
tissue;
mast cells: commonly lie beneath membranes in loose connective tissue and along small
blood vessel organs;
defense cells
2.
fluid
dense
provides cushioning
2 examples:
skeletal:
cardiac:
structure: striated
location: heart
smooth:
function: involuntary
location: hollow organs such as stomach and intestines, and iris of eye
neurons: conductive cells; functional unit of nervous tissue (conducts electrical impulses)
Mucous membrane
lines cavities and canals that open to and communicate with the outside of the body
2.
Serous membrane
thin sheet composed of epithelial and connective tissues; it lines the cavities that do not
open to the outside of the body or contain glands but do secrete serous fluid.
line cavities that do not open to exterior and covers organs in cavities
two components: parietal (lines the cavity) and visceral (covers the organ)
protects organs from friction, holds them in place, and acts as a selectively permeable
barrier to prevent large amounts of fluid from accumulating w/in serous cavities
3.
Cutaneous Membrane
skin
4. Synovial membrane:
provides lubrication
Inflammation
functions:
mobilizes the bodys defenses
isolates and destroys microorganisms and other injurious agents
removes foreign materials and damaged cells so that tissue repair can proceed