Health Studies

2300A
Systemic and Functional
Anatomy
Lecture 4: The Integumentary
System and Bone Tissue

Cells

Cell Shapes and Arrangement of Layers

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Connective Tissues

Chapter 5: Integumentary System

Integumentary system
Cutaneous membrane (Skin)
Consists of two major layers:
Epidermis
Dermis

Subcutaneous (subQ) layer (also called hypodermis)

Skin and subcutaneous layer form the integument

Functions of the Integumentary System

Regulates body temperature
Stores blood
Protects body from external environment
Detects cutaneous sensations
Excretes and absorbs substances
Synthesizes vitamin D

Components of the Integumentary System

Structure of the Skin

The epidermis has a number of important
characteristics:
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
contains four major types of cells:
Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Intraepidermal macrophage or Langerhans
Tactile epithelial

Keratinocytes make up about 90% of these

cells

Epidermal Cells Types

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Epidermal Cells Types

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Epidermal Cells Types

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Components of the Integumentary System

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Components of the Integumentary System

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Components of the Integumentary System

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Layers of the Epidermis

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Dermis
The dermis has several important
characteristics:
Composed of connective tissue containing collagen

and elastic fibers

Two layers of dermis are
Papillary region
Reticular region

Lines of cleavage or tension lines

Epidermal ridges
Fingerprints
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Tension Lines

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Structural Basis of Skin Color

Variations in skin color arise from variations in
the amounts of three pigments: melanin,
carotene, and hemoglobin
Melanin
Amount of melanin causes the skins color to
vary from pale yellow to red to tan to black
Number of melanocytes are about the same in
all people
Freckles are accumulation of patches of
melanin
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Structural Basis of Skin Color

Liver spots
Moles
Albinism
Vitiligo
Carotene
A benign localized overgrowth of melanocytes
is a nevus or mole

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Normal Mole and Malignant

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Hair

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Hair

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Hair

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Hair
Stages of Hair Growth
Growth stage
Regression stage
Resting stage

Types of Hairs
Lanugo, vellus hairs, and terminal hairs
Color of hair is determined primarily by the amount

and type of melanin

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Skin Glands
Sebaceous (oil) glands have several important
characteristics:
typically connected to hair follicles

Sebum
prevents dehydration of hair and skin, and inhibits

growth of certain bacteria

Sudoriferous (sweat) glands

eccrine and apocrine sweat glands

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Histology of Skin Glands

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Nails

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Nails

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Nails

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Blood Supply of the Integumentary System

The epidermis is avascular
The dermis receives blood from:
Branches of arteries supplying skeletal muscles
Arteries that supply the skin directly, including:

cutaneous plexus and papillary plexus

Venous plexuses drain blood from the dermis into

larger subcutaneous veins.

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Burns

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Aging and the Integumentary System

Wrinkles
Decrease skins immune responsiveness
Dehydration and cracking of the skin
Decreased sweat production
Decreased numbers of functional melanocytes
resulting in gray hair
Increased susceptibility to pathological
conditions
Growth of hair and nails decreases; nails may
also become more brittle with age.
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Ignore section 5.6,

including figure 5.8.

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The Bone and the Skeletal System

Support
Protection
Assistance in movement
Mineral storage and release
Blood cell production
Triglyceride storage

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Types of Bones

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Types of Cells in Bone Tissue

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Anatomy of a Long Bone

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Anatomy of a Long Bone

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Anatomy of a Long Bone

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Blood Supply of a Long Bone

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Bone Surface Markings: Fissure

Depressions and openings
Fissure - Narrow slit between parts of a bone
Foramen - Openings for vessels, nerves or ligaments
Fossa - Shallow depression
Sulcus - Furrow along a bone to accommodate V/N/T
Meatus - Tubelike opening

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Bone Surface Markings

Processes that form joints
Condyle
Facet
Head

Processes that form attachment points for

connective tissues
Crest
Epicondyle
Line
Spinous process
Trochanter
Tubercle
Tuberosity
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Histology of Compact Bone

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Histology of Bone

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Histology of Spongy Bone

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Bone Growth

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Bone Growth in Thickness

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Bone Growth in Thickness

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Bone Growth in Thickness

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Bone Growth in Thickness

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Bone Growth in Thickness

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Osteoporosis

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Common Types of Bone Fractures

Open (compound) fracture

Comminuted fracture
Greenstick fracture
Impacted fracture
Potts fracture
Colles fracture
Stress fracture

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Common Types of Bone Fractures

Open (compound) fracture

Comminuted fracture
Greenstick fracture
Impacted fracture
Potts fracture
Colles fracture
Stress fracture

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Common Types of Bone Fractures

Open (compound) fracture

Comminuted fracture
Greenstick fracture
Impacted fracture
Potts fracture
Colles fracture
Stress fracture

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Common Types of Bone Fractures

Open (compound) fracture

Comminuted fracture
Greenstick fracture
Impacted fracture
Potts fracture
Colles fracture
Stress fracture

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Common Types of Bone Fractures

Open (compound) fracture

Comminuted fracture
Greenstick fracture
Impacted fracture
Potts fracture
Colles fracture
Stress fracture

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Common Types of Bone Fractures

Open (compound) fracture

Comminuted fracture
Greenstick fracture
Impacted fracture
Potts fracture
Colles fracture
Stress fracture

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Steps in Repair of Bone Fracture

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The Effects of Aging on Bone Tissue

There are two principal effects of aging on bone
tissue
Loss of bone mass results from the loss of calcium and

other minerals from bone extracellular matrix

(demineralization)
Brittleness occurs as the production of collagen fibers
(which give bone tissue its tensile strength) slows

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Factors Affecting Bone Growth and Repair

Availability of minerals, particularly calcium and

phosphorus
Availability of vitamins (A, C, D, K, B12)
Availability of specific hormones (insulin, insulin-like
growth factors (IGFs), and the thyroid hormones)

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Ignore section 6.7,

p149 - 152.

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Unless otherwise indicated, all

images and tables are adapted from
the instructor textbook resources for
Principles of Human Anatomy by
Gerard J. Tortora copyright 2014
John Wiley & Sons Inc. These
resources are made available for
student use only.

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