Hydostatic Bearing Systems

Hydrostatic
Bearing
Systems
Wz
Wz
Bearing runner
Bearing pad
Bearing
recess
Restrictor
Recess pressure,
pr = 0
pr 0
Flow,
q=0
Supply pressure,
ps = 0
ps 0
Manifold
(b)
(a)
Wz
Wz
ho
q=0
p = pl
p = ps
p = pl
Figure 13.1 Formation of fluid in

hydrostatic bearing system. (a) Pump
off; (b) pressure build up; (c) pressure
times recess area equals normal
applied load; (d) bearing operating; (e)
increased load; (f) decreased load.
[From Rippel (1963)].
Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication
Hamrock, Schmid & Jacobson
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
(d)
(c)
Wz + $Wz
Wz $Wz
ho + $ho
ho $ho
p = pr + $pr
p = ps
(e)
p = pr
p = pr $pr
p = ps
(f)
Circular Step Pad & Pressure

wz
wz
ro
pr
ri
p=0
pr
h0
dr
r
p=0
q
Figure 13.2 Radial-flow hydrostatic

thrust bearing with circular step pad.

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Figure 13.3 Pressure distribution in

radial-flow hydrostatic thrust bearing.
1 (ri/ro)2
ab =
2 ln(ro/ri)
qb =
3 [1 (ri/ro)2]
Power coefficient:
Hb =
2 ln(ro/ri)
3 [1 (ri/ro)2]2
1.0
ro
.8
Hb
4
.6
ab
qb
.4
.2
1
0

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Recess
ri
Flow coefficient, qb; power coefficient, Hb
Flow coefficient:
Sill
.2
.4
.6
.8
Ratio of recess radius to bearing radius, ri/ro
Load coefficient, ab
Load coefficient:
Pad Coefficients
0
1.0
Figure 13.4 Chart for determining

bearing pad coefficients for circular step
thrust bearing. [From Rippel (1963)].
Annular Thrust Pad Bearing

Sills
Recess
r1
r2
r3
r4
Flow
Flow
Figure 13.5 Configurations of annular thrust pad bearing.

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Pad Coefficients
r1
40
r4
qb
Hb
ab
1
r42 r32
r22 r12
ab = ! 2 2"
2 r4 r1 ln(r4/r3) ln(r2/r1)
Flow coefficient:
!
"
1
1
qb =
+
6ab ln(r4/r3) ln(r2/r1)
Power coefficient:
32
1/2
24
1/4
1.2
16
.8
.4
Load coefficient:
3/4
qb
Hb =
ab
0

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
.2
.4
.6
(r3 - r2)/(r4 - r1)
.8
1.0
Figure 13.6 Chart for determining bearing pad

coefficients for annular thrust pad bearings. [From
Rippel (1963)].
Rectangular Hydrostatic Pad

B
l
L
pr
p=0
Figure 13.7 Rectangular hydrostatic pad.

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Pad Coefficients
Load coefficient:
b ! 2b!
= 1 +
B L BL
Flow coefficient:
!
"
1 Bb L!
qb =
+
6ab
!
b
Power coefficient:
qb
Hb =
ab

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
1.4
1.2
1.0
4
3
.4
.2
Hb
ab (numerical)
.8
.6
1
Ar
ab =
1+
2
As
"
ab
ab (eq. (14.20))
Hb
Hb
qb
qb
B/L = 2
B/L = 4
(b)
(a)
0
.2
.4
2b/B
.6
.8
1.0
.2
.4
2b/B
.6
.8
1.0
Figure 13.8 Pad coefficients. (a) Square

pad; (b) rectangular pad with B= 2L and b =
l.
Compensated Hydrostatic Bearings

wz
wz
Runner
Runner
h0
h0
dc
qc
pr
lc
Supply
manifold
Bearing
pad
Capillary
compensating
element
ps
From pump
Figure 13.9 Capillary-compensated

hydrostatic bearing. [From Rippel
(1963)].
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Orifice
dp
Supply
manifold
~
do
pr
Bearing
pad
ps
From pump
Figure 13.10 Orifice-compensated

hydrostatic bearing. [From Rippel
(1963)].
Flow-Valve Compensation
To bearing recess
Variable orifice for

controlling flow
set point
pr
Figure 13.10 Constant-flow-valve

compensation in hydrostatic bearing.

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
From
pump ps
Compensating Element
Ranking
Table 13.1: Ranking of compensating elementsa [From Rippel (1963).]
Consideration
Compensating element
Capillary
Orice
Constant- ow
valve
Initial cost
2
1
3
Cost to fabricate and install
2
3
1
Space required
2
1
3
Reliability
1
2
3
Useful life
1
2
3
Commercial availability
2
3
1
Tendency to clog
1
2
3
Serviceability
2
1
3
Adjustability
3
2
1
a Ranking of 1 denotes best or most desirable element for that
particular consideration.

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Load component along line of centers, wz
Speed vs. Load

Solution
Asymptotic
Complete
High-speed asymptote
Infinite
length
Finite length
Incompressible lowspeed asymptote
Relative surface velocity, ub
Figure 14.1 Effect of speed on load for self-acting, gas-lubricated

bearings. [From Ausman (1961).]
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Rectangular-Step Thrust Bearing

y
x
b
Feed
groove
Step
hs
Ridge
hr
ro
ri
N0(ls + lr + lg)
ub
ls
lr
lg
Figure 14.2 Rectangular-step thrust

bearing. [From Hamrock (1972).]
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Figure 14.3 Transformation of

rectangular slider bearing into circular
sector bearing.
.4
.3
Step location parameter, Yg
.2
Figure 14.4 Effect of dimensionless

bearing number on optimum step
parameters. (a) For maximum
dimensionless load-carrying capacity;
(b) for maximum dimensionless
stiffness. [From Hamrock (1972).]
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Yg
.5
Ha
L
.1
(a)
0
.6
.5
5
Yg
.4
.3
.2
Ha
L
.1
(b)
0
10-1
0
100
101
Dimensionless bearing number, ,a =
102
6H0ubb
pahr2
103
Film thickness ratio, Ha; length-to-width ratio, L
Optimum Step
Parameters
.6
Figure 14.5 Effect of dimensionless

bearing number on dimensionless loadcarrying capacity and dimensionless
stiffness. (a) For maximum
dimensionless load-carrying capacity;
(b) for maximum dimensionless
stiffness. [From Hamrock (1972).]
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
100
Kg
10-1
Dimensionless load-carrying capacity, W; dimensionless stiffness, Kg
Load-Carrying
Capacity &
Stiffness
Length-towidth
ratio,
L
Optimal
0.918
.915
10-2
Step location
parameter,
Yg
Optimal
0.555
.577
Film
thickness
ratio,
Ha
Optimal
1.693
1.470
(a)
10-3
4
Kg
100
10-1
10-2
(b)
10-3
10-1
100
101
102
103
Spiral-Groove Thrust Bearing

W
hr
hs
ri
ro
p = pa
rm
p = pa
r
ri
Qr
Qg
Ba
Figure 14.6 Spiral-groove thrust bearing. [From

Malanoski and Pan (1965).]
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
1.2
1.0
Dimensionless load, W!
Groove factor, Gf
1.3
1.1
.8
.6
.4
.2
(a)
0
.02
.04
.06
.08
Inverse of number of grooves, 1/N0
(b)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Dimensionless bearing number, ,s
1.5
Dimensionless stiffness
coefficient, K!
Spiral-Groove
Thrust Bearing
Characteristics
Radius
ratio,
Ar
0.7
.6
.5
.4
All
.5
(c)
20
,s
30
40
50
4
3
2
1
0
10
20
,s
30
(e)
40
50
Groove width
Groove Film thickness
ratio, Ya
angle, Ba,
ratio, Ha
deg
10
1.0
.8
.6
(d)
0
10
20
10
20
.6
,s
30
50
30
40
(f)
50
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
0
Stable
20
40
20
18
16
Unstable
10
30
4
3
2
.4
.2
,s
.8
Groove length
fraction, Rg

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Dimensionless flow, Qm
Figure 14.7 Charts for determining

characteristics of spiral-groove thrust
bearings. (a) Groove factor; (b) load; (c)
stiffness; (d) torque; (e) flow; (f) optimal
groove geometry; (g) groove length
factor. [From Reiger (1967).]
Dimensionless
torque, Tq
1.0
40
(g)
50
,s
Pressure Perturbation Solution

100
1.0
0.5
1.0
80
Altitude angle, F, deg
Attitude angle
Load
.8
2.0
3.0
5.0
!
!
60
.6
5.0
3.0
2.0
40
20
.4
.2
1.0
.5
.1
.3
.5
.7
1
1.5
2
Dimensionless bearing number, ,j
10
Load parameter, wz / (PparbE)
Width-todiameter
ratio,
Lj
0
!
Figure 15.1 Design chart for radially loaded, self-acting, gaslubricated journal bearings (isothermal first-order perturbation
solution.) [From Ausman (1959).]
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Linearized ph Solution
1.4
1.2
Experimental data (from
Sternlicht and Elwell, 1958)
} Computer solutions
Effect of dimensionless load on eccentricity ratio for finite-length, self-acting,

gas-lubricated journal bearing. Dimensionless bearing number Lj, 1.3; widthto-diameter ratio lj, 1.5. [From Ausman
(1961)]
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Dimensionless load, wr/pab2r
1.0
.8
.6
Linearized ph
.4
First-order perturbation
.2
.2
.4
.6
Eccentricity ratio, E
.8
1.0
Pivoted-Pad Bearings
Pivot
Pivot circle
hp,3
r+c
Xp
Q'
Shaft
Shaft
e'
O'
r + c'
hi
r
wc
Fp
hp
Ap
r
hp,1
Bp
wt
Bp
hp,2
h0
Pivot
Bearing
Pivoted partial
journal bearing
Figure 15.3 Geometry of individual

pivoted-pad bearing. [From Gunter et al.
(1964)]
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Figure 15.4 Geometry of pivoted-pad

journal bearing with three pads. [From
Gunter et al. (1964)]
Angle between
line of centers
and pad
leading edge,
Xp,
deg
Dimensionless load, Wr = wr/parb
.8
.7
Eccentricity
ratio, E
0.65
100
90 85.5
E = 0.70
80
70
E = 0.80
60
.6
.5
.4
.60
50
.55
40
.50
.45
.3
.2
30
20
0
(a)
0
.58
.60
10
.74
.76
Zp,
deg
0
1.4
1.3
E
0.65
.55
.50
.45
1.1
1.0
10
.9
E
0.60
.70
.80
.90
20
.8
.7
40
.6
50
.5
100
.3
.2
.58
80
90 85.5
60
70
(b)
.60
.8
.6
.5
.4
.62
.64
.66 .68
.70
.72
Dimensionless pivot location, Fp/Ap
.74

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
.76
.70
.80
.90
10
.7
E
0.45
.50
.55
.65
.3
.2 (c)
.58 .60
30
.4
E
0.60
.9
.62
.64
.66 .68
.70
.72
1.5
1.2
Pivoted-Pad Performance Parameters
E = 0.90
Optimum
pivot
location
.1
Dimensionless pivot film thickness, Hp = hp/c
Converging
fluid film
Dimensionless outlet film

thickness, H0 = h0/c
.9
Convergingdiverging
fluid film
Xp,
deg
20
30
40
50
80 70 60
90 85.5
.62
.64
.66
.68
.70
.72
.74
.76
Figure 15.5 Charts for determining load

coefficient, pivot film thickness, and
trailing-edge film thickness. Bearing
radius-to-length ratio r/b, 0.6061; angular extent of pad ap, 95.5; dimensionless bearing number Lj, 3.5. (a) Dimensionless load; (b) dimensionless pivot
film thickness. [From Gunter et al.
(1964)]
Herringbone-Groove Journal
Bearing
b1/2
Q
R
hr
Ba
hs
lr
ls
Figure 15.6 Configuration of concentric herringbone-groove

journal bearing.
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Parameters for Herringbone

Bearing
Width-todiameter
ratio,
Lj
1.0
28
26
1/4
1/2
1
2
.8
24
22
Groove angle, Ba, deg
Groove length ratio, Gg
.6
.4
.2
1.0
.8
20
18
34
32
30
28
.6
26
24
.4
.2
22
(c)
0
40
80
20
18
120
160
0
40
Dimensionless bearing number, Lj

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
(d)
80
120
160
Figure 15.7 Charts for determining

optimal herringbone-journal-bearing
groove parameters for maximum radial
load. Top plots are for grooved member
rotating; bottom plots are for smooth
member rotating. (a) Optimal film
thickness ratio; (b) optimal groove width
ratio. [From Hamrock and Fleming
(1971)]
Parameters for Herringbone

Bearing (cont.)
Width-todiameter ratio,
Lj
2.6
.4
2.4
.3
2.2
2.0
3.0
.2
.6
.5
2.8
2.6
.4
2.4
2.2
.3
2.0
1.8
0

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
.5
Groove width ratio, Ab
Film thickness ratio, Ha
2.8
Figure 15.7 Concluded. (c) Optimal

groove length ratio; (d) optimal groove
angle.
.6
1/4
1/2
1
2
(a)
40
80
.2
120
160
0
40
Dimensionless bearing number, Lj
(b)
80
120
160
Load-Carrying Capacity
16
12

maximum normal load-carrying capacity.
(a) grooved member rotating; (b)
smooth member rotating. [From
Hamrock and Fleming (1971)]
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Applied normal load, wz, N
Width-todiameter
ratio,
Lj
1/4
1/2
1
2
4
(a)
0
16
12
40
80
120
(b)
160
Stability of HerringboneGroove Bearings

20
Grooved
member
rotating
10
Unstable
8
6
4
Dimensionless stability parameter, M
1
.8
Stable
.6
.4
Smooth member rotating
.2

maximum stability of herringbonegroove bearings. [From Fleming and
Hamrock (1974).]
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Width-todiameter
ratio,
Lj
.1
.08
1/4
1/2
1
2
.06
.04
.02 1
4
6
8 10
20
40
60
80
Foil Bearing
u0
h0
Inlet
region
Central
region
Exit
region
O
r
x
hmin
Q
(a)
T
(b)
Figure 15.10 (a) Schematic illustration of a foil bearing; (b) free-body

diagram of a section of foil.
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Q
T
Pressure
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
2
Film thickness
1
0
0
-0.2
Dimensionless pressure, p/(T/r)
Dimensionless film thickness,

h/h0
Pressure in Foil Bearing
6 4 0 2 4 6
6 4 0 2 4 6
Exit
Inlet
Dimensionless
position,
X
region
region
Figure 15.11 Pressure distribution and film thickness in a foil

bearing. [From Bhushan (2002).]

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Lubrication of Rigid Cylinder

z
z
wza
Circular
ua
&
wxa
r
Parabolic
h0
(a)
wa
ub
fa
h
wz = wzb
fb
(b)
Figure 16.1 Lubrication of a rigid cylinder near a plane. (a) Coordinates

and surface velocities; (b) forces.
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Cavitation Fingers
uhm
2
Air
Air
Air
Figure 16.2 Cavitation fingers.

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Effect of Leakage
Ratio of radius
to central
film thickness,
Ah
Ratio of radius
to central
film thickness,
Ah
1.0
1.0
106
105
105
104
.8
(wx)finite
.6
Tangential load ratio,
(wz)infinite
Normal load ratio,
(wz)finite
103
(wx)infinite
.8
102
.4
.2
106
104
103
.6
.4
102
.2
.2
.4
.6
.8
1.0
Width-to-diameter ratio, Lj = b/2r
Figure 16.3 Side-leakage effect on

normal load component.
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
.2
.4
.6
.8
1.0
Width-to-diameter ratio, Lj = b/2r
Figure 16.4 Effect of leakage on

tangential load component.
Contact
Geometry
Solid a
ray
Solid a
rax
x
ua
u
Say
Sax
h0
h0
ub
Sby
Sbx
x
rbx
Solid b
rby
(a-1)
Figure 16.5 Contact geometry. (a) Two

rigid solids separated by a lubricant film:
(a-1) y=0 plane; (a-2) x=0 plane. (b)
Equivalent system of a rigid solid near a
plane separated by a lubricant film: (b-1)
y=0 plane; (b-2) x=0 plane. [From
Brewe et al. (1979)].
(a-2)
Rx
Ry
x
Sx
u
Sy
h0
h0
x
(b-1)

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Solid b
(b-2)
Boundary Conditions & Nodal

Structure
Y
(-XE, YE)
Pressure
(a)
(b)
(-XE, 0)
(0,0)
(c)
Dimensionless coordinate, X = x/Rx
Figure 16.6 Effect of boundary conditions. (a)

Solution using full Sommerfeld boundary
conditions; (b) solution using half Sommerfeld
boundary condition; (c) solution using Reynolds
boundary conditions. [From Brewe et al.
(1970)].
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
(-XE, -YE)
Figure 16.7 Variable nodal structure

used for numerical calculations. [From
Brewe et al. (1979)].
Reduced hydrodynamic
lift, L
Hydrodynamic Lift
Parabolic approximation
Full circular film
Kapitza's analysis (1955)
2.0
L(A) = P/2
1.5
10
15
20
25
Radius ratio, Ar = Ry/Rx
30
35
Figure 16.8 Effect of radius ratio on reduced hydrodynamic lift.

[From Brewe et al. (1979)].

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
40
Pressure for Two

Radius Ratios
Rolling
direction
Y
Cavitation
boundary
Inlet
X
Outlet
(a)
Figure 16.9 Three-dimensional representation of pressure distribution as

viewed from outlet region for two radius
ratios ar. (a) ar = 1.00; (b) ar = 36.54.
[From Brewe et al. (1979)].
Rolling
direction
Cavitation
boundary
Inlet
X
Outlet

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
(b)
Pressure Contours
(a)
(b)
(c)
Pressure contours for three radius ratios ar. (a) ar = 25.29; (b) ar = 8.30; (c)
ar = 1.00. [From Brewe et al. (1979)].
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Comparison of Fully Flooded

and Starved Contact
P
Rolling
direction
Inlet
Cavitation
boundary
Inlet
Rx
Outlet
Hin = 1.00
Figure 16.11 Threedimensional representation

of pressure distributions for
dimensionless minimum film
thickness Hmin of 1.0 x 10-4.
(a) Fully flooded condition;
(b) starved condition. [From
Brewe and Hamrock.
(1982)].
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
X
Hmin = 1 x 10-4
Outlet
(a)
P
Cavitation
boundary
Outlet
Inlet
Rx
Inlet
boundary
Hin = 0.001
Y
X
Hmin = 1 x 10-4
(b)
Comparison of Fully Flooded

and Starved Contact
Cavitation
boundary
Rolling
direction
Inlet
Inlet
Rx
Outlet
Hin = 1.00
X
Figure 16.11 Threedimensional representation of

pressure distributions for
dimensionless minimum film
thickness Hmin of 1.0 x 10-3. (a)
Fully flooded condition; (b)
starved condition. [From Brewe
and Hamrock. (1982)].
Hmin = 1 x 10-3
(a)
Cavitation
boundary
Outlet
Inlet
Inlet
boundary
Rx
X
Hin = 0.002
(b)

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Outlet
Hmin = 1 x 10-3
Pressure Contours - Starved

Cavitation
boundary
Cavitation
boundary
(a)
Inlet
meniscus
boundary
Inlet
meniscus
boundary
(b)
(c)
Cavitation
boundary
Figure 16.13 Isobaric contour plots for three fluid inlet levels for dimensionless
minimum film thickness Hmin of 1.0 x 10-4. (a) Fully flooded condition: dimensionless
fluid inlet level Hin, 1.00; dimensionless pressure, where dP/dX=0, Pm, 1.20 x 106;
dimensionless load-speed ratio W/U, 1153.6. (b) Starved condition; Hin, 0.004; Pm =
1.19 x 106; W/U = 862.6. (c) Starved condition: Hin =0.001; Pm = 1.13 x 106; W/U =
567.8. [From Brewe and Hamrock. (1982)].
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Film thickness reduction factor, Bs
Inlet Level Effect

5 x 10-5
1.0
-4
.9
10
5 x 10-4
.8
Critically
starved region
.7
10-3
Dimensionless
minimum
film thickness,
Hmin
.6
.5
.4
.2
.4
.6
.8
Dimensionless fluid inlet level, Hin
1.0
Figure 16.14 Effect of fluid inlet level on film thickness reduction factor in
flooded conjunctions. [From Brewe and Hamrock (1982)].
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Lubricant Flow
wa
r
ua
Inlet
Cavitated
region
Hin
Hmin
Pressure
Dimensionless coordinate, X = x/Rx

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Figure 16.15 Lubricant flow for a

rolling-sliding contact and corresponding
pressure buildup. [From Ghosh et al.
(1985)].
Effect of Velocity
Dynamic load ratio, Bf
2
Normal
approach
Normal
separation
0 -2
10
10-1
Dmensionless normal velocity parameter, |Bw|

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
100
Effect of dimensionless normal velocity

parameter on dynamic load ratio. Dimensionless central film thickness Hmin,
1.0 x 10-4; radius ratio ar, 1.0; dimensionless fluid inlet level Hin, 0.035.
[From Ghosh et al. (1985)].
Rolling
direction
Pressure
Distributions
Cavitation
boundary
X
X
Y
(a)
(c)
(b)
X
(d)
Figure 13.2 Radial-flow hydrostatic

thrust bearing with circular step pad.
X
(e)

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Pressure distribution in contact for various values of dimensionless normal velocity parameter bw. (a) bw = -1.0; (b) bw
= -0.5; (c) bw; (d) bw = 0.25; (e) bw =
0.75. Dimensionless central film thickness, Hmin, 1.0 x 10-4; radius ratio ar,
1.0; dimensionless fluid inlet level Hin,
0.0006. [From Ghosh et al. (1985)].
Performance Parameters
Normal
separation
(Bw = 0.75)
.42
2.8
Normal
separation
(BW = 0.75)
2.6
10-2
10-1
100
Dmensionless normal velocity parameter, |Bw|
Effect of dimensionless normal velocity

parameter on dynamic peak pressure
ratio. Dimensionless central film thickness Hmin, 1.0 x 10-4; radius ratio ar,
1.0; dimensionless fluid inlet level Hin,
0.035. [From Ghosh et al. (1985)].
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
.46
10-1
100
101
Radius ratio, Ar
Dynamic load ratio, Bt
Normal
approach
(Bw = -1.0)
Normal
approach
(BW = -1.0)
3.0
Dynamic load ratio, Bt
Dynamic peak pressure, Xs
.38
102
Figure 16.19 Effect of radius ratio on

dynamic load ratio. Dimensionless
central film thickness Hmin, 1.0 x 10-4;
dimensionless fluid inlet level Hin, 0.035.
[From Ghosh et al. (1985)].
Normal
approach
(BW = -1.0)
4.2
3.8
3.4
10-1
.22
Normal
separation
(BW = 0.75)
100
101
.20
.18
Dimensionless peak pressure

ratio, Xs
Dimensionless peak pressure

ratio, Xs
Peak Pressure vs. Radius Ratio
102
Radius ratio, Ar
Figure 16.20 Effect of radius ratio on dynamic peak pressure ratio.

Dimensionless central film thickness Hmin, 1.0 x 10-4; dimensionless fluid inlet
level Hin, 0.035. [From Ghosh et al. (1985)].
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Contact Geometry
wz
x
Solid a
ray
rax
y
x
rbx
rby
Solid b
Figure 17.1 Geometry of contacting

elastic solids. [From Hamrock and
Dowson (1981).]
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
y
wz
Radii of Curvature
Sphere
Cylinder
rax
(a)
rax = r
ray = r
ray
Barrel shape
rax
Concave shape
rax
ray
ray
ray
Thrust
rby
Conic frustum
rax
Ri
Radial inner
Radial outer
rby
rby
rbx
(b)
rbx
Thrust
rby
B
Ri
A B
(c)
rbx
Cylindrical inner
rby
Cylindrical outer
rby
rbx
rbx
rbx
Figure 17.2 Sign designations for radii of curvature of various machine

elements. (a) Rolling elements; (b) ball bearing races; (c) rolling bearing
races.
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Pressure Distribution
Dx
Pressure:
pm
p = pm
p
y
Dy
"
2x
1
Dx
#2
2y
Dy
Maximum pressure:
6wz
pm =
DxDy
Figure 17.3 Pressure distribution in

ellipsoidal contact.

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
"
#2$1/2
Ellipticity Parameter and

Elliptic Integrals
5
10
Elliptic integral
Elliptic integral
Ellipticity parameter k
e
12
16
Radius ratio, Ar
20
24
28
Ellipticity parameter, ke
Elliptic integrals,
and
32
Figure 17.4 Variation of ellipticity parameter and elliptic integrals of first and
second kinds as function of radius ratio. [From Hamrock and Brewe (1983).]
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Hertz Contact Summary

Contact dimensions:
! 2
"1/3
6k EwzR
Dy = 2
E !
!
"1/3
6EwzR
Dx = 2
kE !
Maximum elastic deformation:
!
$1/3
"
#
2
9
wz
m = F
2ER kE !
Effective elastic modulus:
2
E =
(1 2a)/Ea + (1 2b)/Eb
!

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Elliptic Integrals
Table 17.1: Comparison of numerically determined values with curve-t values
for geometrically dependent variables. [From Hamrock and Brewe (1983); Rx
= 1.0 cm]
Radius
ratio,
r
Ellipticity
k

k
Error
er ,
percent
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
100.00
1.00
1.16
1.31
1.45
1.58
2.07
2.50
2.89
3.25
3.58
3.90
4.20
4.49
5.79
6.92
7.94
8.87
9.74
10.56
11.33
12.07
13.45
14.74
15.95
17.09
18.18
1.00
1.15
1.29
1.42
1.55
2.01
2.41
2.78
3.12
3.45
3.75
4.05
4.33
5.60
6.73
7.76
8.71
9.61
10.46
11.28
12.06
13.52
14.94
16.27
17.54
18.76
0
.66
1.19
1.61
1.96
2.87
3.35
3.61
3.74
3.80
3.81
3.78
3.74
3.32
2.81
2.29
1.79
1.32
.87
.44
.03
-.72
-1.40
-2.03
-2.61
-3.15
Complete elliptic
integral of
rst kind
Error,
F
er ,
F
percent
1.57
1.57
0
1.68
1.69
-.50
1.78
1.80
-.70
1.87
1.89
-.75
1.95
1.96
-.73
2.18
2.19
-.44
2.35
2.36
-.11
2.49
2.48
.17
2.60
2.59
.40
2.69
2.68
.59
2.77
2.75
.75
2.85
2.82
.88
2.91
2.88
1.00
3.16
3.11
1.38
3.33
3.28
1.60
3.46
3.40
1.74
3.57
3.51
1.84
3.67
3.60
1.90
3.74
3.67
1.95
3.81
3.74
1.99
3.88
3.80
2.02
3.98
3.90
2.06
4.08
3.99
2.08
4.15
4.07
2.09
4.22
4.13
2.10
4.28
4.19
2.10

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Complete elliptic
integral of
second kind
Error,
E
er ,
E
percent
1.57
1.57
2
1.46
1.45
.52
1.39
1.38
.76
1.33
1.32
.87
1.29
1.28
.91
1.20
1.19
.83
1.15
1.14
.69
1.12
1.11
.57
1.10
1.09
.48
1.08
1.08
.40
1.07
1.07
.35
1.06
1.06
.30
1.05
1.05
.26
1.03
1.03
.15
1.02
1.02
.10
1.02
1.02
.07
1.01
1.01
.05
1.01
1.01
.04
1.01
1.01
.03
1.01
1.01
.02
1.01
1.01
.02
1.00
1.00
.01
1.00
1.00
.01
1.00
1.00
.01
1.00
1.00
0
1.00
1.00
0
Effect of Radius Ratio on

Subsurface Stress
Table 17.2: Eect of radius ratio on auxiliary parameter used in subsurface
stress calculations. [From Hamrock and Brewe (1983)]
Radius
ratio,
r
0.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.06
.07
.08
.09
.10
.20
.30
.40
.50
.60
.70
.80
.90
1.00
1.25
1.5
1.75

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Auxiliary parameter
Error,

t
t
er ,
percent
5.71
7.00
-22.47
4.42
4.86
-9.87
3.81
3.98
-4.49
3.43
3.48
-1.51
3.16
3.15
.35
2.96
2.91
1.58
2.80
2.73
2.42
2.67
2.59
3.01
2.56
2.47
3.43
2.47
2.38
3.72
1.96
1.88
3.90
1.73
1.68
2.86
1.59
1.56
1.79
1.50
1.48
.85
1.43
1.43
.05
1.38
1.39
-.62
1.34
1.35
-1.19
1.30
1.33
-1.66
1.28
1.30
-2.05
1.22
1.26
-2.78
1.19
1.23
-3.25
1.16
1.20
-3.54
Radius
ratio,
r
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
100.00
Auxiliary parameter
Error,

t
t
er ,
percent
1.14
1.18
-3.71
1.09
1.13
-3.78
1.06
1.10
-3.45
1.05
1.08
-3.03
1.04
1.07
-2.62
1.03
1.05
-2.24
1.03
1.05
-1.91
1.02
1.04
-1.61
1.02
1.03
-1.35
1.01
1.01
-.50
1.00
1.01
-.09
1.00
1.00
.12
1.00
1.00
.21
1.00
1.00
.26
1.00
1.00
.27
1.00
1.00
.27
1.00
1.00
.26
1.00
1.00
.24
1.00
1.00
.21
1.00
1.00
.19
1.00
1.00
.17
1.00
1.00
.15
Simplified Equations for Elliptic

Integrals
Table 17.3: Simplied Equations. [From Hamrock and Brewe (1983)].
y
y
Dy
2
x
Dy
2
x
Dx
Dx
1 r 100
2/
k = r
F = 2 + qa ln r
where qa = 2 1
E = 1 + qar
t = 1 + 0.16 csch

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2

k
2
0.01 r 1.0
2/
k = r
F = 2 qa ln r
where qa = 2 1
E = 1 + qa r
t = 1 + 0.16 csch

k
2
Conformity
Table 17.4: Practical applications for diering conformities [From Hamrock and
Brewe (1983); eective elastic modulus E 0 , 2.197 1011 Pa]
b
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 17.5 Three degrees of

conformity. (a) Wheel on rail; (b) ball on
plane; (c) ball-outer-race contact. [From
Hamrock and Brewe (1983).]
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Contact
parameters
wz , N
rax , m
ray , m
rbx , m
rb y, m
r
k

k
E
E
F
F
Dy , m
y
D
Dx , m
x, m
D
m , m
m , m
pm , GPa
pm , GPa
t
t
x0 , m
x
0 , m
z0 , m
z0 , m
0 , GPa
0 , GPa
Wheel on rail
Ball on plane
1.00 105
0.5019
1
1
0.300000
0.5977
0.7099
0.7206
1.3526
1.3412
1.8508
1.8645
0.010783
0.010807
0.015190
0.014996
106
108
1.166
1.178
1.4354
1.4346
0.008862
0.008745
0.005410
0.005350
0.162
0.164
222.411
0.006350
0.006350
1
1
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.5708
1.5708
1.5708
1.5708
0.000426
0.000426
0.000426
0.000426
7.13
7.13
2.34
2.34
1.2808
1.3070
0.000195
0.000197
0.000149
0.000145
0.501
0.494
Ball-outer-race
contact
222.4111
0.006350
0.006350
-0.038900
-0.006600
22.0905
7.3649
7.1738
1.0267
1.0258
3.3941
3.3375
0.001842
0.001810
0.000250
0.000252
3.56
3.57
0.922
0.930
1.0090
1.0089
0.000096
0.000097
0.000123
0.000124
0.229
0.232
Calculation of Elastic
Deformation
Table 18.1: Three ways of calculating elastic deformations. [From Houpert and Hamrock (1986); OK denoted Okamura
(1982); HJ denotes Hamrock and Jacobson (1984); HH denotes Houpert and Hamrock (1986).]
Nmax
Xmin
51
-1.0
51
-3.6
151
-1.0
151
-3.6
301
-1.0
301
-3.6
661
-3.6
a
51
-1.0
a Nonumiform
Xend
1.0
1.4
1.0
1.4
1.0
1.4
1.4
a 1.0
OK
1.9 103
4.9 103
6.3 104
1.6 103
3.1 104
7.8 104

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
m /H 1
HJ
2.7 103
1.1 102
5.1 104
2.0 103
1.8 104
7.1 104
2.2 106
"
HH
8.6 107
1.0 105
5.1 108
5.4 107
8.1 109
9.0 108
2.7 103
6.5 107
OK
9.4 103
3.4 102
4.0 103
1.2 102
2.2 103
6.0 103
Hm /Hm
HJ
5.5 103
1.6 102
1.4 103
4.4 103
5.6 104
1.8 103
2.6 104
HH
2.7 103
8.6 103
6.4 104
2.1 103
2.5 104
8.6 104
2.7 104
Load Components
'
wbz
Hr
Xr,min
1 2 3...
Hr,end = RmHr,m
Xr,end Xr,max
Nmax
-dh
Xr
'
wbx
wb'
z
wa'

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
w'
az
fb'
fa'
h
x
dx
Figure 18.1 Sketch to illustrate

calculations of Xr,end and N. [From
Houpert and Hamrock (1986).]
wb'
ua
Figure 18.2 Load components and

shear forces. [From Hamrock and
Jacobson (1984).]
Figure 18.3 Pressure profiles and film

shapes at iterations 0, 1, and 14 with
dimensionless speed, load, and material
parameters fixed at U = 1.0 x 10-11, W =
2.045 x 10-5, and G=5007. [From
Houpert and Hamrock (1986).]
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
0
1
14
1.25
Dimensionless pressure, Pr; dimensionless film shape, h/2hm
Profiles at Early
Iterations
Iteration
1.50
1.00
h/2hm
Pr
.75
.50
.25
0
1.50
1.25
h/2hm
1.00
Pr
.75
.50
.25
0
-3
-2
-1
0
1
Dimensionless x coordinate,
Xr = 2x/Dx
Pressure and Film Profiles

4 s 10-7
.8
.6
Film thickness, h, m
Dimensionless pressure, Pr = p/pH
1.0
Pv
.4
.2
Pv
Piv
0
-1.5
-1.0
Piv
Pv
-.5
.5
1.0
Xr = 2x/Dx
Figure 18.4 Dimensionless pressure

profiles for isoviscous and viscous
solutions. Compressibility effects were
considered. [From Hamrock et al.
(1988).]
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
1.5
hv
0
-1.5
hiv
-1.0
-.5
.5
1.0
1.5
Xr = 2x/Dx
Figure 18.5 Film thickness profiles for

isoviscous and viscous solutions.
Compressibility effects were considered.
[From Hamrock et al. (1988).]
Detail of Spike Location

100
Dimensionless pressure
gradient, dPr/dXr
Dimensionless
pressure, Pr = p/pH
.8
.6
.4
.2
(a)
-200
-300
(a)
.3
Dimensionless film
thickness, Hr - RmHr,m/R
Dimensionless film
thickness, Hr = 4hR/Dx2
-100
-400
5.50 s 10-2
5.25
5.00
4.75
(b)
4.50
.90
.92
.94
.96
.98
1.00
Xr = 2x/Dx
Figure 18.6 Pressure and film thickness

profiles in region 0.9 Xr 1.0. (a)
Dimensionless pressure; (b) dimensionless
film thickness. [From Hamrock et al. (1988).]
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
0
-.3
-.6
-.9
(b)
-1.2
.90
.92
.94
.96
.98
Xr = 2x/Dx
1.00
Figure 18.7 Pressure gradient and Hr rm Hr,m/r profiles in region 0.9 ! Xr !

1.0. [From Hamrock et al. (1988).]
Compressibility Effect
2.5
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
.5
-2
-1
Xr = 2x/Dx

and film thickness profiles for an
incompressible fluid. Viscous effects
were considered. [From Hamrock et al.
(1988).]
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
2.0
1.5
1.0
.5
-2
-1
Dimensionless x coordinate, Xr = 2x/Dx

and film thickness profiles for a
compressible fluid. Viscous effects were
considered. [From Hamrock et al.
(1988).]
Detail of Spike Location

Hr,ic and (Hr,m)ic
5.5
RmHr,m
R
5.0
Hr,c and
4.5
.90
(Hr,m)ic
Hr,ic
RmHr,m
R
6.0
Dimensionless film thickness, Hr;

dimensionless variable, RmHr,m/R
6.5 x 10-2
Hr,c
c
.92
.94
.96
.98
Xr = 2x/Dx
1.00
Figure 18.10 Dimensionless film thickness and rm Hr,m/r profiles for

compressible and incompressible fluids in region 0.9 ! Xr ! 1.0. Viscous
effects were considered. [From Hamrock et al. (1988).]

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Pressure as a Function of Load

1.00 x 10-2
Dimensionless
load,
W'
50 x 10-5
Dimensionless pressure, Pe = p/E'
.75
30
.50
13
6
4
.25
2.04
0
-.04
-.02
.02
.04
Dimensionless x coordinate, Xe = x / Rx
Figure 18.11 Variation of dimensionless pressure in elastohydrodynamically

lubricated conjunction for six dimensionless loads with dimensionless speed
and materials parameters held fixed at U=1.0 x 10-11 and G=5007. [From Pan
and Hamrock (1989).]
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Speed Effects
.5 x 10-2
Dimensionless
speed,
U
Figure 18.12 Variation of

dimensionless pressure in
elastohydrodynamically lubricated
conjunction for three dimensionless
speeds with dimensionless load and
materials parameters held fixed at W =
1.3 x 10-4 and G=5007. [From Pan and
Hamrock (1989).]
ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Dimensionless pressure, Pe = p/E'
.4
50 x 10-12
13
.3
.2
.1
0
-.04
-.02
.02
.04
Spike Amplitude
Table 18.2: Effect of dimensionless load, speed, and materials parameters on dimensionless pressure spike amplitude. [From
Pan and Hamrock (1989)]
Dimensionless
load
parameter,
Dimensionless
speed
parameter,
wz!
= !
E Rx
0.2045 104
0.4 104
0.6 104
1.3 104
3.0 104
5.0 104
1.3 104
1.3 104
1.3 104
1.3 104
1.3 104
1.3 104
1.3 104
2.6 104
1.3 104
0.8667 104
0 u
!
E Rx
1.0 1011
1.0 1011
1.0 1011
1.0 1011
1.0 1011
1.0 1011
0.1 1011
.25 1011
.5 1011
.75 1011
1.0 1011
3.0 1011
5.0 1011
2.0 1011
1.0 1011
0.6667 1011
W!
U =

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Dimensionless
materials
parameter
G = E !
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
2504
5007
7511
Dimensionless
pressure spike
amplitude
psk
E!
0.22781 102
0.27653 102
0.30755 102
0.33890 102
0.36150 102
0.44791 102
0.17489 102
0.20763 102
0.24706 102
0.28725 102
0.33890 102
0.42776 102
0.49218 102
0.33549 102
0.33890 102
0.30760 102
Pe,s =
Curve-fit
dimensionless
pressure spike
amplitude
psk
Pe,s = !
E
0.23218 102
0.26285 102
0.28332 102
0.32689 102
0.38159 102
0.41941 102
0.17354 102
0.22327 102
0.27016 102
0.30203 102
0.32689 102
0.44219 102
0.50889 102
0.34291 102
0.32689 102
0.31788 102
Error,
percent,"
!
Pe,s Pe,s
100
Pe,s
-1.9161
4.9473
7.8771
3.5431
-5.5564
6.3637
0.7707
-7.5346
-9.3501
-5.1445
3.5431
-3.3744
-3.3946
-2.2107
3.5431
-3.3421
Results
Load
Speed
Materials
Spike Location
Table 18.3: Effect of dimensionless load, speed, and materials parameters on dimensionless pressure spike location. [From
Pan and Hamrock (1989)]
Dimensionless
load
parameter,
Dimensionless
speed
parameter,
wz!
E ! Rx
0.2045 104
0.4 104
0.6 104
1.3 104
3.0 104
5.0 104
1.3 104
1.3 104
1.3 104
1.3 104
1.3 104
1.3 104
1.3 104
2.6 104
1.3 104
0.8667 104
0 u
!
E Rx
1.0 1011
1.0 1011
1.0 1011
1.0 1011
1.0 1011
1.0 1011
0.1 1011
.25 1011
.5 1011
.75 1011
1.0 1011
3.0 1011
5.0 1011
2.0 1011
1.0 1011
0.6667 1011
W! =
U =

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Dimensionless
materials
parameter
G = E !
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
2504
5007
7511
Dimensionless
pressure spike
location
xs
Rx
0.48561 102
0.82948 102
1.08220 102
1.70980 102
2.68600 102
3.49820 102
1.76520 102
1.74670 102
1.73000 102
1.71620 102
1.70980 102
1.65310 102
1.62860 102
2.42060 102
1.70980 102
1.38400 102
Xe,s =
Curve-fit
dimensionless
pressure spike
location
s
e,s = x
X
Rx
0.52467 102
0.78778 102
1.00722 102
1.60922 102
2.67116 102
3.64033 102
1.68895 102
1.65675 102
1.63281 102
1.61896 102
1.60922 102
1.57251 102
1.55574 102
2.28843 102
1.60922 102
1.30969 102
Error,
percent,
!
"
e,s
Xe,s X
100
Xe,s
-8.0429
5.0254
6.9284
5.8827
0.5524
-4.0630
4.3201
5.1495
5.6178
5.6655
5.8827
4.8747
4.4739
5.4601
5.8827
5.3689
Results
Load
Speed
Materials
Film Thickness
Table 18.4: Effect of dimensionless load, speed, and materials parameters on dimensionless film thickness. [From Pan and
Hamrock (1989)]
Dimensionless
load
parameter,
Dimensionless
speed
parameter,
wz!
E ! Rx
0.2045 104
0.4 104
0.6 104
1.3 104
3.0 104
5.0 104
1.3 104
1.3 104
1.3 104
1.3 104
1.3 104
1.3 104
1.3 104
2.6 104
1.3 104
0.8667 104
0 u
E ! Rx
1.0 1011
1.0 1011
1.0 1011
1.0 1011
1.0 1011
1.0 1011
0.1 1011
.25 1011
.5 1011
.75 1011
1.0 1011
3.0 1011
5.0 1011
2.0 1011
1.0 1011
0.6667 1011
W! =
U =

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Dimensionless
materials
parameter,
G = E !
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
2504
5007
7511
Dimensionless
minimum film
thickness
hmin
Rx
0.19894 104
0.18404 104
0.17558 104
0.15093 104
0.13185 104
0.14067 104
0.03152 104
0.06350 104
0.10472 104
0.13791 104
0.15093 104
0.34963 104
0.48807 104
0.16282 104
0.15093 104
0.16573 104
He,min =
Curve-fit
dimensionless
minimum film
thickness,
e,min = hmin
H
Rx
0.20030 104
0.18382 104
0.17452 104
0.15808 104
0.14203 104
0.13304 104
0.03198 104
0.06040 104
0.09771 104
0.12947 104
0.15808 104
0.33884 104
0.48301 104
0.15786 104
0.15808 104
0.15821 104
Error,
percent, "
!
e,min
He,min H
100
He,min
-0.6840
0.1189
0.6012
-4.7367
-7.7228
5.4221
-1.4585
4.8801
6.6896
6.1204
-4.7367
3.0857
1.0359
3.0462
-4.7367
4.5362
Results
Load
Speed
Materials
Variation in Film Shape

Dimensionless
load,
W'
50 x 10-5

dimensionless film shape in
elastohydrodynamically lubricated
conjunction for six dimensionless
loads with dimensionless speed
and materials parameters held
fixed at U=1.0 x 10-11 and G=5007.
[From Pan and Hamrock (1989).]
Dimensionless film thickness, He/14 = h/(14Rx)
.5 x 10-4
13
.3
2.04
.2
.1
0
-.04

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
30
.4
-.02
0
.02
.04
Central Film Thickness

Table 18.5: Effect of dimensionless load, speed, and materials parameters on dimensionless central film thickness. [From Pan
and Hamrock (1989)]
Dimensionless
load
parameter,
Dimensionless
speed
parameter,
wz!
E ! Rx
0.2045 104
0.4 104
0.6 104
1.3 104
3.0 104
5.0 104
1.3 104
1.3 104
1.3 104
1.3 104
1.3 104
1.3 104
1.3 104
2.6 104
1.3 104
0.8667 104
0 u
E ! Rx
1.0 1011
1.0 1011
1.0 1011
1.0 1011
1.0 1011
1.0 1011
0.1 1011
.25 1011
.5 1011
.75 1011
1.0 1011
3.0 1011
5.0 1011
2.0 1011
1.0 1011
0.6667 1011
W! =
U =

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Dimensionless
materials
parameter
G = E !
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
2504
5007
7511
Dimensionless
central
film thickness
hc
Rx
0.23436 104
0.21242 104
0.20003 104
0.16607 104
0.13997 104
0.14777 104
0.03508 104
0.06796 104
0.11135 104
0.14810 104
0.16607 104
0.38079 104
0.53012 104
0.18627 104
0.16607 104
0.17767 104
He,c =
Curve-fit
dimensionless
central
film thickness
e,c = hc
H
Rx
0.23490 104
0.21015 104
0.19647 104
0.17281 104
0.15041 104
0.13818 104
0.03512 104
0.06621 104
0.10697 104
0.14161 104
0.17281 104
0.36960 104
0.52632 104
0.17965 104
0.17281 104
0.16893 104
Error,
percent, "
!
e,c
He,c H
100
He,c
-0.2318
1.0679
1.7785
-4.0564
-7.4577
6.4897
-0.1153
2.5726
3.9368
4.3803
-4.0564
2.9395
0.7174
3.5561
-4.0564
4.9183
Results
Load
Speed
Materials
Film Shape for Different Speeds

dimensionless film shape for three
dimensionless speeds with
dimensionless load and materials
parameters fixed at W = 1.3 x 10-4 and
G=5007. [From Pan and Hamrock
(1989).]

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Dimensionless film thickness, He/4 = h/(4Rx)
1 x 10-4
Dimensionless
speed,
U
.8
50 x 10-12
.6
.4
.2
13
1
0
-.04
-.02
.02
.04
Location of Minimum Film

Thickness
Table 18.6: Effect of dimensionless load, speed, and materials parameters on dimensionless location of minimum film thickness.
[From Pan and Hamrock (1989)]
Dimensionless
load
parameter,
Dimensionless
speed
parameter,
wz!
= !
E Rx
0.2045 104
0.4 104
0.6 104
1.3 104
3.0 104
5.0 104
1.3 104
1.3 104
1.3 104
1.3 104
1.3 104
1.3 104
1.3 104
2.6 104
1.3 104
0.8667 104
0 u
E ! Rx
1.0 1011
1.0 1011
1.0 1011
1.0 1011
1.0 1011
1.0 1011
0.1 1011
.25 1011
.5 1011
.75 1011
1.0 1011
3.0 1011
5.0 1011
2.0 1011
1.0 1011
0.6667 1011
W!
Dimensionless
materials
parameter,
U =

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
G = E !
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
2504
5007
7511
Dimensionless
location of
minimum
xmin
Rx
0.60900 102
0.92850 102
1.11681 102
1.76850 102
2.72800 102
3.53610 102
1.79940 102
1.78670 102
1.77760 102
1.777030 102
1.76850 102
1.73760 102
1.72300 102
2.5139 102
1.76850 102
1.43360 102
Xe,min =
Curve-fit
dimensionless
location of
film thickness
min
e,min = x
X
Rx
0.62598 102
0.90398 102
1.12884 102
1.72427 102
2.72634 102
3.60682 102
1.76874 102
1.75091 102
1.73754 102
1.72976 102
1.72427 102
1.70344 102
1.69385 102
2.45687 102
1.72427 102
1.40172 102
Error,
percent, "
!
e,min
Xe,min X
100
Xe,min
2.7883
-2.6410
1.0774
-2.5011
-0.0609
2.0000
-1.7038
-2.0032
-2.2538
-2.2898
-2.5011
-1.9657
-1.6920
-2.2686
-2.5011
-2.2241
Results
Load
Speed
Materials
Center of Pressure
Table 18.7: Effect of dimensionless load, speed, and materials parameters on dimensionless center of pressure. [From Pan
and Hamrock (1989)]
Dimensionless
load
parameter,
Dimensionless
speed
parameter,
wz!
E ! Rx
0.2045 104
0.4 104
0.6 104
1.3 104
3.0 104
5.0 104
1.3 104
1.3 104
1.3 104
1.3 104
1.3 104
1.3 104
1.3 104
2.6 104
1.3 104
0.8667 104
0 u
E ! Rx
1.0 1011
1.0 1011
1.0 1011
1.0 1011
1.0 1011
1.0 1011
0.1 1011
.25 1011
.5 1011
.75 1011
1.0 1011
3.0 1011
5.0 1011
2.0 1011
1.0 1011
0.6667 1011
W! =
Dimensionless
materials
parameter,
U =

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
G = E !
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
2504
5007
7511
Dimensionless
center of
pressure
xcp
Rx
1.00670 105
0.57148 105
0.33977 105
1.4402 105
0.06233 105
0.04330 105
0.03231 105
0.05883 105
0.09300 105
0.12202 105
0.14402 105
0.29264 105
0.38774 105
0.14662 105
0.14402 105
0.15127 105
Xe,cp =
Curve-fit
dimensionless
center of
pressure
cp
e,cp = x
X
Rx
1.02309 105
0.51651 105
0.34169 105
0.15541 105
0.06628 105
0.03939 105
.003577 105
0.06417 105
0.09987 105
0.12935 105
0.15540 105
0.31324 105
0.43392 105
0.15295 105
0.15541 105
0.15686 105
Error,
percent,
!
"
e,cp
Xe,cp X
100
Xe,cp
-1.6284
9.6191
-0.5670
-7.9060
-6.3391
9.0425
-10.6959
-9.0826
-7.3812
-6.0051
-7.9060
-7.0380
-11.9105
-4.3162
-7.9060
-3.6961
Results
Load
Speed
Materials
Mass Flow Rate

Table 18.8: Effect of dimensionless load, speed, and materials parameters on dimensionless mass flow rate. [From Pan and
Hamrock (1989)]
Dimensionless
load
parameter,
Dimensionless
speed
parameter,
wz!
E ! Rx
0.2045 104
0.4 104
0.6 104
1.3 104
3.0 104
5.0 104
1.3 104
1.3 104
1.3 104
1.3 104
1.3 104
1.3 104
1.3 104
2.6 104
1.3 104
0.8667 104
0 u
E ! Rx
1.0 1011
1.0 1011
1.0 1011
1.0 1011
1.0 1011
1.0 1011
0.1 1011
.25 1011
.5 1011
.75 1011
1.0 1011
3.0 1011
5.0 1011
2.0 1011
1.0 1011
0.6667 1011
W! =
U =

ISBN No. 0-8247-5371-2
Dimensionless
materials
parameter,
Dimensionless
mass flow
rate
Curve-fit
dimensionless
mass flow
rate
G = E !
m Hm
m H
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
5007
2504
5007
7511
0.26694 104
0.24844 104
0.23767 104
0.20291 104
0.17557 104
0.18788 104
0.04288 104
0.08350 104
0.13607 104
0.18096 104
0.20291 104
0.46515 104
0.64744 104
0.22212 104
0.20291 104
0.21995 104
0.26760 102
0.24508 102
0.23241 102
0.21002 102
0.18823 102
0.17604 102
0.04268 104
0.08047 104
0.13000 104
0.17211 104
0.21002 104
0.44918 104
0.63965 104
0.21325 104
0.21002 104
0.20816 104
Error,
percent,
!
"
m
m Hm
H
100
m Hm
-0.2445
1.3511
2.2152
-3.5031
-7.2087
6.3004
-0.4590
3.1072
4.4608
4.8921
-3.5031
3.4323
1.2028
3.9954
-3.5031
5.3607
Results
Load
Speed
Materials

Hydostatic Bearing Systems

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Hydostatic Bearing Systems

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Hydrostatic

Figure 13.1 Formation of fluid in

Circular Step Pad & Pressure

Figure 13.2 Radial-flow hydrostatic

Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication

Figure 13.3 Pressure distribution in

Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication

Flow coefficient, qb; power coefficient, Hb

Figure 13.4 Chart for determining

Annular Thrust Pad Bearing

Figure 13.5 Configurations of annular thrust pad bearing.

Flow coefficient, qb; power coefficient, Hb

Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication

Figure 13.6 Chart for determining bearing pad

Rectangular Hydrostatic Pad

Figure 13.7 Rectangular hydrostatic pad.

Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication

Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication

Flow coefficient, qb; power coefficient, Hb

Figure 13.8 Pad coefficients. (a) Square

Compensated Hydrostatic Bearings

Figure 13.9 Capillary-compensated

Figure 13.10 Orifice-compensated

Variable orifice for

Figure 13.10 Constant-flow-valve

Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication

Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication

Load component along line of centers, wz

Speed vs. Load

Incompressible lowspeed asymptote

Relative surface velocity, ub

Figure 14.1 Effect of speed on load for self-acting, gas-lubricated

Rectangular-Step Thrust Bearing

Figure 14.2 Rectangular-step thrust

Figure 14.3 Transformation of

Step location parameter, Yg

Figure 14.4 Effect of dimensionless

Dimensionless bearing number, ,a =

Film thickness ratio, Ha; length-to-width ratio, L

Figure 14.5 Effect of dimensionless

Dimensionless load-carrying capacity, W; dimensionless stiffness, Kg

Spiral-Groove Thrust Bearing

Figure 14.6 Spiral-groove thrust bearing. [From

Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication

Figure 14.7 Charts for determining

Pressure Perturbation Solution

Load parameter, wz / (PparbE)

Effect of dimensionless load on eccentricity ratio for finite-length, self-acting,

Dimensionless load, wr/pab2r

Figure 15.3 Geometry of individual

Figure 15.4 Geometry of pivoted-pad

Dimensionless load, Wr = wr/parb

Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication

Pivoted-Pad Performance Parameters

Dimensionless pivot film thickness, Hp = hp/c

Dimensionless outlet film

Figure 15.5 Charts for determining load

Figure 15.6 Configuration of concentric herringbone-groove

Parameters for Herringbone

Groove length ratio, Gg

Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication

Figure 15.7 Charts for determining

Parameters for Herringbone