Microbioz India, November 2014, Microbiology Magazines

Volume: 09
Issue: November 2014
WORLD DIABETES DAY SPECIAL
MICROBIOZ INDIA
MICROBIOZ
INDIA
HEALTHY
DS
And
Gut Microbiota
Healthy Foods Influence the Growth of Healthy Gut Microflora
Gut Microflora
Gut Microbiomes
and brain
Vs obesity and
diabetes
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Current open
positions
Diabetes-the
less spoken!
List of Winners of
October 2014 Issue
An Interview with
Dr.salvatore rubino, Italy
This month in
microbiology
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MICROBIOZ INDIA
Diabetes Special Issue..
Microbioz India, Celebrate November

as Diabetes Awareness Month.
Living Healthy With

Diabetes
Intake of balanced healthy
diet, Regular Exercise, Reducing
High Weight, Regular Routine
Medical Checkups, Help us to
cope up with Diabetes.
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Avoiding Junk Foods
Contents
Take Healthy & Balanced Foods.

Start Living With Diabetes!!!
Gut Microflora Vs Obesity & Diabetes
Gut Microbiota Vs Brain
Cover History of this issue, mainly focus on
Very Interesting part, Explains how our Gut

Microflora control Brain and make
Gut Microflora & Diabetes
18
22
Diabetes-The Lesss Spoken!!

A featured article submitted by
Dr.Riyaz Sheriff, features Diabetes,
Paronychia
24
This Month In Microbiology

This Section has a collection of different
Interesting research news information,
28
An Interview with Dr. Salvatore Rubino, Italy

Under Microbioz India, Scientist Meet, in this
month our team performs an Interview with
Dr.Salvatore Rubino, Microbiology Professor,
University of Sassari, and Italy.
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From worldwide sources.
Microbioz India, Cross word Game
41
37
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Communication
Microbioz India announces the list of

winners of October editions, apart from
these this section has Microbioz India,
November 2014 Cross word Game.
*All the images in this Magazine are not cover by Microbioz India, and are collected from other sources, Google Images; respective informations given in references, these images are only for information purposes.
Editors Desk
D
th
ear Readers, welcomes you all again with 9 Volume of Microbioz India,
MICROBIOZ INDIA
MOBIAPP
Download Today.
Magazines, First of all I would like to thanks to all those readers and followers for
appreciating feed backs and Best wishes for Microbioz India, Dear readers no doubt its
all of your love and bless who help us to make Microbioz India best Magazine for you
and our team work hard in collecting fantastic and help full information from different
MICROBIOZ INDIA
sources around the world, apart from these we also attach selected articles for
publication in this Magazines,
Leaderships
Microbioz India, November 2014 issue is Diabetes special edition, because in

November 2014 Microbioz India Team Celebrates World diabetes day through our
November issue of Magazines and through different social networks channels,
Kumaar Jeetendra
Editor-In-Chief
Even after publication of Magazines we put our whole efforts in regularly awareness
Neeharika Mishra
President
life, through this Magazine.
Ankita Khare
Asst. Editor
The Cover history of this issue entitled Healthy Foods and Gut Microflora as name
Shubh Srivastava
Technical Advisor
Ankur Lamba
Art Director
about disease prevention and control; we also promote best healthy diet in your daily
indicates we discuss about different healthy foods which we should intake to boost the
growth of healthy Microflora in our Gut. Apart from this covers, we also discuss about
different valuable Gut Microflora and their contribution to affect obesity and diabetes,
and few other body parts/system.
International Outreaches...
Our intestines digest the food we eat to provide the body with essential nutrients as
Afolabi Samuel
Nigeria Outreach
Scolastica Bello
Nigeria Outreach
Taylor Francis
Ireland Outreach
Jenny & Pavol
Canada Outreach
well as removing waste material and toxins. Maintaining a healthy digestive system
depends on keeping a balance among the billions of bacteria that live there. Scientific
evidence is accumulating that upsetting the intestinal flora, as the gut bacteria are
called, can lead to health problems such as indigestion, lowered immunity and
susceptibility to diarrhea. Stress, a poor diet, taking antibiotics or just tiredness may all
upset the natural balance in the gut. The beneficial gut flora plays a crucial role in our
immune system, by keeping the body's immunity active and up to its job. Around 83%
of our immunity is located in the gut wall. Nearly all disease can be traced back to a
damaged or an abnormal gut flora. The gut flora keeps two arms in the immune
system in balance and encourages the immune system to respond appropriately to
Asma Begam
Bangladesh Outreach
Vaishnvi R.
New Castle, U.K.
'bad' microbes.
As a special Diabetes issue, Magazines also have a valuable and most interesting
articles on Diabetes, submitted by Dr. Riyazz Sheriff (MD Microbiology),Diabetologist,
How to reach us...
from Chennai ,India, As we did in our earlier issues of Magazines in this issue we
perform a short Interview with Dr. Salvatore Rubino, Magazines also prepared with
several recent news information about Microbiology research, Current Scholarships
Positions, and finally how we can forget to announce the list of our dearest readers
who solve Microbioz India, puzzle games regularly.
631/63, Mulayam Nagar, Luck now, U.P.India,-226012

microbiozindia@gmail.com,www.microbiozindia.com
www.microbiozjournals.com
Kumaar Jeetendra
Editor-In-Chief
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Cover History...
HEALTHY
F
And
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DS
Gut Microbiota
Healthy Foods Influence the Growth of Healthy Gut Microflora
The goal of healthy eating is to develop a diet

that you can maintain for life, not just a few
weeks or months, or until you've hit your ideal
weight. For most of us, that means eating less
than we do now. More specifically, it means
eating far less of the unhealthy stuff (refined
sugar, saturated fat, for example) and replacing
it with the healthy (such as fresh fruit and
vegetables). But it doesn't mean eliminating the
foods you love..
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Cover History
eople often think of healthy eating as an all or nothing proposition, but a key foundation for any healthy diet is
moderation. But what is moderation? In essence, it means eating only as much food as your body needs. You should
feel satisfied at the end of a meal, but not stuffed. Moderation is also about balance. Despite what certain fad diets
would have you believe, we all need a balance of carbohydrates, protein, fat, fiber, vitamins, and minerals to sustain a
healthy body.
The goal of healthy eating is to develop a diet that you can maintain for life, not just a few weeks or months, or until you've hit
your ideal weight. For most of us, that means eating less than we do now. More specifically, it means eating far less of the
unhealthy stuff (refined sugar, saturated fat, for example) and replacing it with the healthy (such as fresh fruit and vegetables).
But it doesn't mean eliminating the foods you love. Eating bacon for breakfast once a week, for example, could be considered
moderation if you follow it with a healthy lunch and dinnerbut not if you follow it with a box of donuts and a sausage pizza. If you
eat 100 calories of chocolate one afternoon, balance it out by deducting 100 calories from your evening meal. If you're still hungry,
fill up with an extra serving of fresh vegetables.
A healthy food is one that helps maintain or improve overall health. A healthy diet provides the body with essential nutrition: fluid,
adequate essential amino acids from protein, essential fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and adequate calories. The requirements for
a healthy diet can be met from a variety of plant-based and animal-based foods. A healthy diet supports energy needs and
provides for human nutrition without exposure to toxicity or excessive weight gain from consuming excessive amounts. Where lack
of calories is not an issue, a properly balanced diet (in addition to exercise) is also thought to be important for lowering health
risks, such as obesity, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension and cancer.
Poor nutrition is a chronic problem linked to poverty, poor nutrition understanding and practices, and deficient sanitation and food
security. Malnutrition globally provides many challenges to individuals and societies. Lack of proper nutrition contributes to worse
class performance, lower test scores, and eventually less successful students and a less productive and competitive economy.
Malnutrition and its consequences are immense contributors to deaths and disabilities worldwide. Promoting good nutrition helps
children grow, promotes human development and advances economic growth and eradication of poverty.
The human body contains chemical compounds, such as water, carbohydrates (sugar, starch, and fiber), amino acids (in proteins),
fatty acids (in lipids), and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). These compounds in turn consist of elements such as carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, iron, zinc, magnesium, manganese, and so on. All of these chemical compounds and
elements occur in various forms and combinations (e.g. hormones, vitamins, phospholipids, and hydroxyapatite), both in the
human body and in the organisms that humans eat.
Studies of nutritional status must take into account the state of the body before and after experiments, as well as the chemical
composition of the whole diet and of all material excreted and eliminated from the body (in urine and feces). Comparing the food
to the waste can help determine the specific compounds and elements absorbed and metabolized in the body. The effects of
nutrients may only be discernible over an extended period, during which all food and waste must be analyzed. The number of
variables involved in such experiments is high, making nutritional studies time-consuming and expensive, which explains why the
science of human nutrition is still slowly evolving.
LIST OF HEALTHY FOODS FOR DAILY LIFE

While the old adage "you are what you eat" is only partially true -- you are also what your genetics predisposes you to be -- what
we put into our bodies clearly does have an impact on our health and overall well-being. And while some diets may promise a
magic bullet to healthier aging, there are a few basic food rules that we really shouldn't stray from.
Eating healthy is easier than it sounds. Arm yourself with knowledge and you're halfway there. If you think of eating healthy not as
a sacrifice, but more as an opportunity for self-improvement, you're almost at the finish line. Our daily food intakes highly promote
our body and different physiological systems and also help us to make a stronger immune system, to live disease free life. Here
are list of food materials, best for your health and fight for you against different health problems.
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Green Vegetables
Best Protien Sources
Dairy Products
Best Fat Sources
Fruits & Health
Green Vegetables
Vegetable nutrition has been widely drawn the attention of fitness conscious as well as food scientists alike for their proven health
benefits. Majority of day-to-day used vegetables are very low in calories and saturated fats. Just for example; Celery holds just 16
calories per 100 g. Again here is the long list of vegetables whose calorie is less than 20 per 100 g such as bottle gourd, bitter
melon, cabbage, Chinese cabbage, bok-choy, eggplant, endive, spinach, summer squash, Swiss chard; etc. Scientific studies have
shown that low-calorie but nutrient-rich foods help the human body stay fit and disease free.
Eat at least 5-7 servings of fresh vegetables every day. Federal dietary guidelines now recommends at least 9 servings of
vegetable and fruits per day. Seasonal vegetables should be encouraged. Bring variety in the choice of vegetable and color in your
everyday diet. Yellow and orange color vegetables are rich in Vitamin-A, , carotenes, zea-xanthins and crypto-xanthins, where
as dark-green vegetables are a very good source of minerals and phenolic, flavonoid as well as anthocyanin anti-oxidants.
"Greens are the No. 1 food you can eat regularly to help improve your health," says Jill Nussinow, MS, RD, a culinary educator in
Northern California and the author of The Veggie Queen. That's because leafy vegetables are brimming with fiber along with
vitamins, minerals, and plant-based substances that may help protect you from heart disease, diabetes, and perhaps even cancer.
Few Healthier Vegetables are:
Kale
Known as one of the healthiest vegetables on the planet. This nutrition powerhouse offers everything you want in a leafy green,
and takes a first-place ranking. Its an excellent source of vitamins A, C, and K, has a good amount of calcium for a vegetable,
and also supplies folate and potassium.
Collard Greens
Are similar in nutrition to kale & cabbage and have
become indispensable of healthcare industry. But they
have a heartier and chewier texture and a stronger
cabbage-like taste.
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Turnip Greens
If you buy turnips with the tops on, you get two vegetables in one. Turnip leaves are another Southern favorite are considered a
delicacy.
Swiss chard
With red stems, stalks, and veins on its leaves, has a beet-like taste and soft texture thats perfect for sauteeing.
Spinach
Is one of the most nutritious foods available, as it is low in
calories and high in vitamins, spinach is one of the most
nutrient-dense foods in existence.
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Mustard Green
Similar nutrition profile to turnip greens and collards, mustard greens have scalloped edges and come in red and green varieties.
Broccoli
Is a veritable goldmine of nutrition. It is rich in vitamin C and is also a good source of vitamin A, potassium, and folate.
Rapini
Although rapini looks a lot like broccoli its actually a member of the turnip family. Until recently, rapini was an uncommon sight
in most US produce sections, but is now becoming increasingly popular.
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Cabbage
Although paler in color than other leafy greens, this cruciferous vegetable is a great source of cancer-fighting compounds and
vitamin C.
Watercress
Watercress is a member of the cabbage family along with other greens such as mustard greens, kale, and turnip greens.
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Proper Intake of Green Vegetables

Helps in reducing Weight & Blood Sugar
Control
Best Protein Sources

Proteins are known as the building blocks of life: In the body, they break down into amino acids that promote cell growth and
repair. Protein is a macro nutrient necessary for the proper growth and function of the human body. Protein is an essential nutrient,
responsible for multiple functions in your body, including building tissue, cells and muscle. Everyone needs protein in their diet, but
if you do endurance sports or weight training youll need to increase your protein intake, and to factor it into your training routine
at specific times to reap its muscle-boosting benefits.
Proteins are made up of a collection of 20 amino acids. Of these, eight are classed as essential and need to be sourced from food,
while the other 12 are classed as non-essential and can be produced inside your body. Here are few Important Protein Sources:
Eggs, Milk, Yogurt, Fishes, Soya, Pistachio Nuts, Pork, Chickens.
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Best Protein
Sources, Helps
in Muscle
Boosting
Best Fat Sources
For years, nutritionists and doctors have preached that a low-fat diet is the key to losing weight, managing cholesterol, and
preventing health problems. But more than just the amount of fat, its the types of fat you eat that really matter. Bad fats
increase cholesterol and your risk of certain diseases, while good fats protect your heart and support overall health. In fact, good
fatssuch as omega-3 fatsare essential to physical and emotional health. Far from being the disease-promoting demons that
saturated and Trans fats are, polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats are good for you. "Good" fats are essential for proper
nerve activity, vitamin absorption, immune system function and healthy cells. Foods generally contain a mixture of fats, but
selecting foods that are rich in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats (including omega-3 fatty acids) instead of trans and
saturated fats helps lower your risk of many diseases.
Cold Water Fish

Cold water fish are high in monounsaturated and omega-3 fats, making them an excellent source of two hard-to-find good fats.
Each serving of these fatty fish packs thousands of milligrams of omega-3. The most common examples are salmon, mackerel,
trout and tuna.
Plant Oils
Plant-based oils also offer a healthy fat alternative to their saturated and hydrogenated animal- and laboratory-derived
counterparts. Hemp oil, which derives 80 percent of its fat composition from polyunsaturated fats has the highest ratio of good
fats of any vegetable seed oil. Grape seed oil comes in behind hemp, comprised of 70 percent polyunsaturated fats.
Nuts and Seeds

Nuts (including peanuts) and seeds are an excellent source of good fats. Hazelnuts, almonds, cashews and peanuts all derive
more than half of their fat calories from monounsaturated fats. Walnuts and chia seeds (the same ones used to grow fuzzy
terracotta pets) are extremely rich in omega-3 fats.
Fruits and Healths

The type of fruit will also make a difference in its nutrient value, as all fruits are definitely not equal in this respect. A great rule of
thumb is to avoid hybrid varieties, which are fruits that have been altered by humans. Typically, hybrid fruits contain more sugar
than regular varieties so they taste sweeter and can be picked out because they dont contain seeds (seedless watermelon,
seedless grapes, etc.).Diets high in fruits and vegetables may reduce the risk of cancer and other chronic diseases, according to
the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This comes as no surprise, considering the fact that fruits and vegetables are
nutrient powerhouses, rich in vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and fiber, yet considerably low in calories. While all fruits and
veggies offer benefits, certain varieties are exceptionally nutritious, making them well worth emphasizing within a balanced diet.
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Diet high in fruits

and Vegetables may
reduce Risk of
Cancer and Chronic
Diseases
Can Healthy Foods promote healthy Gut Microflora??
Maintaining digestive health is an essential part of healthy living. The foods you eat are not in a form that you can use until your
body breaks them down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and carried by your blood to every part of your body where
they provide the nourishment and energy you need to stay alive. In the recent past, researchers and physicians have come to
understand the makeup of the colon bacteria to a remarkable degree. Microbiologists have been able to isolate and grow some
300-400 different bacteria from the colon, along with some viruses and yeasts all entirely normal to find in the colon. Then in
the past few years researchers have been able to use new techniques to analyze the DNA within all the colons bacteria, an
amazing feat. Still more amazing, it has been found that there are likely over 1,000 different types of bacteria growing in the
colon, twice the number previously known. In addition to that, the total number of bacteria in the colon is measured to be many
trillions, at least 10 times the number of cells in the entire body. It gives you pause when companies that sell probiotic bacteria
products claim to have 5 or 10 billion bacteria in a pill, an incredibly small number compared to what is already in the colon.
Although flora is commonly used in the medical community to describe the healthy community of bacteria living in and on the
human body, consider this term more like slang generally speaking, flora means plant life. Although plant life does indeed
play a role in maintaining health bacteria levels in the human body, the term microbiota is more appropriately used because it
encompasses the entire community of microorganisms. These microorganisms include not only bacteria but also fungi and
archaea.
The role that these microbiota play in health has been largely unknown because science has been unable to research and classify
the huge number of microorganisms living in the human body as well as the diverse roles they play. Some may be essential to
health; some may be harmful. For example, the past 15 years has seen an incredible amount of research on gut bacteria. As
recently as 20 years ago, no one considered the colon a major player in overall health; today, scientists from all over the world
are making important discoveries every year on the incredible effects of maintaining a well-balanced gut microbiota. In fact, the
vast number of microbiota in the human body and the lack of knowledge surrounding this community lead researchers to refer to
it as the forgotten organ.
According to: Motherboard (Published in 18th of August 2014)
"Microbes have the capacity to manipulate behavior and mood through altering the neural signals in the vagus nerve, changing
taste receptors, producing toxins to make us feel bad, and releasing chemical rewards to make us feel good," said senior author
Athena Aktipis in a statement. The researchers behind the current study looked at 120 different papers and research articles on
gut flora published between 1981 and 2013 to come to their conclusions.
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icrobiota have hijacked the nervous system with dramatic effects on behavior, reads the new study. Besides hooking up
with the vagus nerve, the gut is also connected to the endocrine system and the immune system, which means these microbiota
can also influence those systems, but researchers are unsure of exactly how.
To give you an idea as to how they can overpower and trick your body, remember that microbiota cells outnumber human cells
100 to one in your gut (though they're much, much smaller). These manipulative bacteria can make their hosts crave unhealthy
foods rich in sugar and fat and are therefore thought to contribute to obesity. As if that wasnt bad enough, it turns out some of
our gut flora is linked to the growth of tumors and may be responsible for some stomach cancers, and possibly other types of
cancer.
Gut flora manipulate their host's eating patterns in order to survive and propagate, but also to wipe out their microbial
competitors next-door. The gut is a battleground for these bacteria, and manipulating a host's brain into eating certain foods is
their primary weapon. Sometimes theyll even endanger the host by making them eat harmful foods. Research has found that
people whose gut flora werent particularly diversemeaning one bacteria managed to kill off the other types through brain
manipulationwere more likely to be obese.
The paper stresses that gut flora is not solely responsible for obesity, though it did find some research to suggest microbiota
might be contagious, including the bacteria that causes overeating.
So why shouldnt we nuke these bacteria in our gut with a bunch of antibiotics right away? Well, these microbiota perform
important functions like nutrient harvesting and immune development, the paper explains, i.e. they serve us vitamins and
minerals and build up our immune systems in return for living inside us. These microbiota also help the host digest certain foods.
People in Japan have a special type of bacteria that helps them digest seaweed, and children in Africa whose diet includes
consuming sorghum, a grass, have bacteria that helps them digest cellulose.
But fortunately, everyone's microbiome is easy to manipulate via relatively simple changes in eating habits.If youre worried
about your microbiota composition, know that changing it through diet can take anywhere from a couple of minutes, which is how
often the microbiota in your gut evolve, to 24 hours, which is how long it takes the gut flora to restructure itself once dietary
changes have taken place. Changing the bacteria in your gut can potentially help change your eating habits, and vice
versa.Because microbiota are easily manipulatable by prebiotics, probiotics, antibiotics, fecal transplants, and dietary changes,
altering our microbiota offers a tractable approach to otherwise intractable problems of obesity and unhealthy eating, wrote the
authors in a statement. In addition to healthier living, targeting the microbiome could open up possibilities for preventing a
variety of disease from obesity and diabetes to cancers of the gastro-intestinal tract said Aktipis. We are only beginning to
scratch the surface of the importance of the microbiome for human health.
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Images are collected from autismspeaks.org
Human Gut & Microflora
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undreds and possibly thousands of species of bacteria call the human gut home and most of these bacteria live in the large
intestine, where they break down carbohydrates. These cells, which are much smaller than human cells yet are several times
more numerous, perform a diverse array of functions; some are good, some are not so good.
Gut flora or, more appropriately, gut microbiota, consists of a complex of microorganism species that live in the digestive tracts of
animals and is the largest reservoir of microorganisms mutual to humans. In this context gut is synonymous with intestinal, and
flora with microbiota and microflora; the word microbiome is also in use. Gut microorganisms benefit the host by gleaning the
energy from the fermentation of undigested carbohydrates and the subsequent absorption of short-chain fatty acids. The most
important of these fatty acids are butyrates, metabolized by the colonic epithelium; propionates by the liver; and acetates by the
muscle tissue. Intestinal bacteria also play a role in synthesizing vitamin B and vitamin K as well as metabolizing bile acids,
sterols and xenobiotics.
Bacteria make up most of the flora in the colon and up to 60% of the dry mass of feces. Somewhere between 300[3] and 1000
different species live in the gut, with most estimates at about 500.However, it is probable that 99% of the bacteria come from
about 30 or 40 species. Fungi, protozoa, and archaea also make up a part of the gut flora, but little is known about their
activities.
Research suggests that the relationship between gut flora and humans is not merely commensal (a non-harmful coexistence), but
rather a mutualistic relationship. Though people can survive without gut flora, the microorganisms perform a host of useful
functions, such as fermenting unused energy substrates, training the immune system, preventing growth of harmful, pathogenic
bacteria, regulating the development of the gut, producing vitamins for the host, such as biotin and vitamin K, and producing
hormones to direct the host to store fats.
Studies and statistical analyses have identified the different bacterial genera in gut microbiota and their association with nutrient
intake. Gut microflora is mainly composed by three enterotypes: Prevotella, Bacteroides and Ruminococcus. There is an
association between the concentration of each microbial community and dietary components. For example, Prevotella is related to
carbohydrates and simple sugars, indicating an association with a carbohydrate-based diet more typical of agrarian societies,
while Bacteroides enterotypes is associated with animal proteins, aminoacids and saturated fats, components typical of a Western
diet.
The good news is that multiple respected independent sources confirm people can influence the mix of good and bacteria in the
gut by consuming certain nutrients which fertilize the good bacteria and kill off the bad, disease-causing microorganisms.
Consuming nutrients high in the dietary fermentable fibers oligofructose and inulin soluble fiber such as wheat, chicory root,
Jerusalem artichoke, leeks, onions, garlic, bananas and prebiotic-infused supplements helps the guts bacterial mix stay
favorable.
Gut microbiota perform several important tasks once the bacterial mix has been favorably resolved by consuming beneficial
dietary fibers. Following ingestion, the body breaks down the dietary fiber found in certain complex carbohydrates in the large
intestine via fermentation; in fact, the large intestine contains more bacteria than any other place on or in the human body.
Fermentation produces gases and acids that help beneficial bacteria multiply while stifling production of bad, disease-causing
microorganisms. When these good bacteria multiply, they strengthen the walls of the lower gut. Because the lower gut produces a
variety of hormones that help the body regulate optimum health conditions, it stands to reason that making adequate dietary
fiber a part of your everyday diet is essential for better overall wellnessPrebiotin(Premier Biotin Fibers)
Calorie and fat consumption also contributes to different compositions of bacteria. For example, high-fat calorie restricted diets
produce less of the health promoting short chain fatty acids compared to high-carb, low fat diets. While overall fat intake is
important, the type of fat can make a big difference on the health of your microbiota. Saturated fat, found in animal products, is
associated with unhealthy microbiota, a lower production of short-chain fatty acids, as well as inflammation and higher risks for
disease. Omega-3 fats on the other hand, rich in fish (DHA and EPA omega 3), aquatic plants (DHA and EPA omega-3) and land
plants (ALA omega-3), promotes healthier bacteria compositions as well as reduces inflammation. Calorie consumption is another
factor for healthy microbiotas. Too much calories, even just short term, will rapidly change our microbiome to be able to store
energy and fat better as well as stimulate inflammation, contributing to the development of obesity and chronic disease. Reduce
your intake of meat and fried foods and incorporate more fish and plant-based foods and try not to overeat frequently...Jeevan Food
Blog
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MICROBIOZ INDIA
I am
coming!!
MICROBIOZ INDIA
LIVE TELEVISION WEBSITE AND SCIENTIFIC BROADCASTING
Expected Date of
LaunchingJanuary 1st 2015.
Microbioz India going to start live television website, through which we cover number of Live International Conferences, Symposium, and Different Scientific Interview live
lectures through our website, The website is sponsor by Microbioz India monthly e-Magazines, Microbioz International Journal of Microbiology and few of our valuable
advertising and Media partners.
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Gut Microflora Vs Obesity & Diabetes
besity is associated with a number of chronic conditions, including inflammation, insulin resistance, type II diabetes,
hepatic steatosis, and cardiovascular disease.

Combining studies of host-microbial interactions relevant to obesity with studies of microbial diversity should lead to a more
comprehensive understanding of which microbes, or microbial products, are the best targets for interventions (such as
pharmaceutical mimicry) aimed at improving health, aiding weight loss, or preventing weight gain. The microbiota can influence
host adiposity through energy extraction from the diet, with variable efficiency depending on community composition;
furthermore, the microbiota can also affect host adiposity by influencing metabolism throughout the body. Germ-free mice raised
in asceptic isolators are significantly leaner than conventionally raised mice despite their considerably greater food intake, and, in
addition, they are resistant to diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Presence of a microbiota increases serum levels of
glucose and SCFAs, which can induce triglyceride production in the liver, and is associated with greater adiposity and reduced
glucose toleranceMedspace Multi speciality
Low-grade metabolic inflammation is recognized as an important component of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Metabolic
systems are integrated functionally and molecularly with immune responses, for instance, the increase in pro-inflammatory
cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-), typical of obesity-related inflammation, has been shown to result in insulin
resistance. Recent work has shown that gut bacteria can initiate the inflammation and insulin resistance associated with obesity.
One of the ways bacteria can impact inflammation and insulin resistance is through the activity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an
essential component of the cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria such as the Bacteroidetes. Cani et al.have shown that
subcutaneous infusion of LPS can cause weight gain and insulin resistance in mice without altering energy intake. In accordance
with this, mice lacking Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which recognizes LPS, are resistant to diet-induced obesity and insulin
resistance.
In addition to insulin resistance, Cani et al. showed that LPS also induces inflammation in mice and that mice lacking CD14 (a coreceptor of TLR4) are resistant to the development of inflammation. One type of inflammatory molecule that appears to be
induced by LPS are the serum amyloid A (SAA) proteins, which exhibit increased levels in the serum of obese persons. The mouse
isoform SAA3 is the most abundant in adipose tissue.Reigstad et al.assessed the effects of the presence of microbes on SAA3
levels in germ-free, conventionally raised and Myd88/ mice. Results showed that SAA3 is elevated in adipose tissue and colonic
tissue in the presence of microbes. Decreased levels of SAA3 in Myd88-deficient mice compared with controls and increased levels
of TNF- in colonic tissue in conventionalized vs. germ-free mice indicate that microbiota can partially mediate SAA3 through LPSmediated TLR/Myd88/NF-B signaling.
The human gut contains 1,000 different bacterial species with 99% of the total population belonging to about 40 species . The
bacterial density progressively increases along the small bowel from 104 in the jejunum to 107 colony-forming units per gram
of luminal content at the ileal end, with a predominance of gram-negative aerobes and some obligate anaerobes . In the colon,
the bacterial count reaches around 1012 colony-forming units per gram with a predominance of anaerobes. It has been
estimated that 60% of the fecal mass is accounted for by bacteria. Despite these observations, research in the field has long
been hampered by methodological limitations. Conventional culturing techniques can in fact detect only 30% of the total
intestinal bacteria for several reasons: the unknown growth requirements of the bacteria, the selectivity of the media that are
used, the stress imposed by the cultivation procedures, the necessity of strictly anoxic conditions, and the difficulties with
simulating the interactions of bacteria with other microbes and host cells . Recent culture-independent molecular biologic
approaches based on the sequence diversity of the small subunit rRNA (16S rRNA and18S rRNA) gene have overcome these
limitations. Fingerprinting techniques, PCR and dot blot hybridization, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and DNA
microarrays substantially enhanced the detection capability of numbers and the diversity of human gut microbiota .
Animal models suggest obesity is associated with alterations of the composition and the functional properties of the gut
microbiota, e.g., the development of obesity in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice correlates with a shift in the abundance of the two
dominating divisions, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. Compared with lean littermates fed the same polysaccharide-rich diet,
obesity was associated with a 50% reduction in Bacteroidetes and a proportional division-wide increase in Firmicutes..Americal
Diabetes Association According to Article Published in Scientific American, June 2014
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or the 35 percent of American adults who do daily battle with obesity, the main causes of their condition are all too familiar:
an unhealthy diet, a sedentary lifestyle and perhaps some unlucky genes. In recent years, however, researchers have become
increasingly convinced that important hidden players literally lurk in human bowels: billions on billions of gut microbes.
Throughout our evolutionary history, the microscopic denizens of our intestines have helped us break down tough plant fibers in
exchange for the privilege of living in such a nutritious broth. Yet their roles appear to extend beyond digestion. New evidence
indicates that gut bacteria alter the way we store fat, how we balance levels of glucose in the blood, and how we respond to
hormones that make us feel hungry or full. The wrong mix of microbes, it seems, can help set the stage for obesity and diabetes
from the moment of birth.
Fortunately, researchers are beginning to understand the differences between the wrong mix and a healthy one, as well as the
specific factors that shape those differences. They hope to learn how to cultivate this inner ecosystem in ways that could
preventand possibly treatobesity, which doctors define as having a particular ratio of height and weight, known as the body
mass index, that is greater than 30. Imagine, for example, foods, baby formulas or supplements devised to promote virtuous
microbes while suppressing the harmful types. We need to think about designing foods from the inside out, suggests Jeffrey
Gordon of Washington University in St. Louis. Keeping our gut microbes happy could be the elusive secret to weight control. The
interaction between diet and gut bacteria can predispose us to obesity from the day we are born, as can the mode by which we
enter the world. Studies have shown that both formula-fed babies and infants delivered by cesarean section have a higher risk
for obesity and diabetes than those who are breast-fed or delivered vaginally. Working together, Rob Knight of the University of
Colorado Boulder and Maria Gloria Dominguez-Bello of N.Y.U. have found that as newborns traverse the birth canal, they swallow
bacteria that will later help them digest milk. C-section babies skip this bacterial baptism. Babies raised on formula face a
different disadvantage: they do not get substances in breast milk that nurture beneficial bacteria and limit colonization by
harmful ones. According to a recent Canadian study, babies drinking formula have bacteria in their gut that are not seen in
breast-fed babies until solid foods are introduced. Their presence before the gut and immune system are mature, says
Dominguez-Bello, may be one reason these babies are more susceptible to allergies, asthma, eczema and celiac disease, as well
as obesity.
A new appreciation for the impact of gut microbes on body weight has intensified concerns about the profligate use of antibiotics
in children. Blaser has shown that when young mice are given low doses of antibiotics, similar to what farmers give live stock,
they develop about 15 percent more body fat than mice that are not given such drugs. Antibiotics may annihilate some of the
bacteria that help us maintain a healthy body weight. Antibiotics are like a fire in the forest, Dominguez-Bello says. The baby
is forming a forest. If you have a fire in a forest that is new, you get extinction. When Laurie Cox, a graduate student in Blaser's
laboratory, combined a high-fat diet with the antibiotics, the mice became obese. There's a synergy, Blaser explains. He notes
that antibiotic use varies greatly from state to state in the U.S., as does the prevalence of obesity, and intriguingly, the two
maps line upwith both rates highest in parts of the South.
Gut Microflora and Diabetes According to Report Published in Medspace, Multispecialty

The gut microbiota affects numerous biological functions throughout the body and its characterisation has become a major
research area in biomedicine. Recent studies have suggested that gut bacteria play a fundamental role in diseases such as
obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Data are accumulating in animal models and humans suggesting that obesity and
type 2 diabetes (T2D) are associated with a profound dysbiosis. First human metagenome-wide association studies demonstrated
highly significant correlations of specific intestinal bacteria, certain bacterial genes and respective metabolic pathways with T2D.
Importantly, especially butyrate-producing bacteria such as Roseburia intestinalis and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii concentrations
were lower in T2D subjects. This supports the increasing evidence, that butyrate and other short-chain fatty acids are able to
exert profound immunometabolic effects. Endotoxaemia, most likely gut-derived has also been observed in patients with
metabolic syndrome and T2D and might play a key role in metabolic inflammation.
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The human intestinal tract contains a unique group of micro-organisms that is, the microbiota consisting of numerous bacteria,
archaea and viruses. All these micro-organisms generate a biomass of more than 1.5 kg and their combined genomes (ie,
microbiome) exceed the human genome more than 100-fold.Whereas earlier studies have mainly proposed that these genes may
encode functions which generally direct pathways favouring, for example, the digestion of complex carbohydrates or the
development of innate and adaptive immunity, recent evidence suggests that the microbiota may have key functions in
regulating metabolic pathways in health and in disease.The introduction of culture-independent, high-throughput sequencing
technologies has allowed in the last years to increase the understanding of the complexity and diversity of the microbiota. In
contrast, the majorities of the more than 1000 assumed bacterial species still cannot be cultured and therefore remain poorly
characterized with respect to their biological functions.
The origin of chronic inflammatory processes observed in metabolic disorders is still a matter of debate. The recent obesity
epidemic is a driving force for the worldwide increasing incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) as more than 80% of patients with
T2D are overweight. Obesity-induced insulin resistance is the dominant underlying pathophysiological factor. As insulin
resistance and metabolic inflammation are frequently observed in parallel, research in the past decade has tried to connect these
two phenomena. It is widely accepted that the aetiology of insulin resistance is complex and involves various pathways. It is,
however, also increasingly established that inflammatory pathways are critically involved in the evolution of insulin
resistance.Overnutrition and certain diets could represent major starting points as they might alter the gut microbiota, lead to
changes in lipid metabolism, hepatic steatosis and finally systemic inflammation.
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Gut Microflora Vs Brain
..According to Article Published in Huffpost Healthy Living
ietary changes to the bacteria living in our guts could have an impact on brain functioning, a new study suggests.
Researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles, found that regularly eating yogurt with probiotics, which contain "good"
bacteria, seems to affect brain functioning in women. They said the proof-of-concept study shows it is possible to impact brain
functioning by altering gut bacteria through diet.
The study, published in the journal Gastroenterology, was funded by Danone Research, which is the research arm of Danone, a
company that produces yogurt and other dairy products. Some of the study researchers are Danone employees, but they had no
role in the interpretation or analysis of results. Researchers noted that past studies have shown a gut-brain connection in terms of
the brain sending signals to the gut. But this new study shows that the gut could also send signals to the brain.
"This study is unique because it is the first to show an interaction between a probiotic and the brain in humans," study researcher
Dr. Kirsten Tillisch, M.D., an associate professor at the Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress at the UCLA David
Geffen School of Medicine, told Medscape Medical News. "We can't say whether the effects are beneficial; that will take larger
studies with more complex designs. One of the areas this will move to is study of disease groups like irritable bowel syndrome and
anxiety."
The study included 36 women between ages 18 and 55, who were split up into three groups and assigned an eating regimen for
four weeks. One group ate yogurt with probiotics two times a day, the second group ate a yogurt-like product that didn't have
probiotics, and the third group ate neither. Researchers had the study participants undergo imaging scans before and after the
four-week period, as they completed a test where they had to match faces showing a certain emotion with other faces showing
the same emotion.
Researchers found that that women who consumed the probiotics had changes in activity and engagement of certain brain
regions. For instance, the insula brain region (involved in processing sensations that come from within the body) had decreased
activity, and there was increased connectivity between parts of the prefrontal cortex involved in cognition and a part of the
brainstem, called the periaqueductal grey.
Gut Microflora Communication with Brain
.AS Research Article Published in Live Sciences
Previous studies have suggested gut bacteria may communicate with the brain. For instance, some people with liver disease
experience changes in mental abilities that improve after they are given antibiotics. Other studies have shown mice that don't
have gut bacteria respond differently to stress compared with those that do.
To further investigate the link, Collins and his colleagues first gave healthy mice antibiotics to disturb their natural gut bacteria.
The mice became less anxious they were less hesitant to step off a platform and more eager to explore. When their gut
bacterium was restored to normal, so was their behavior. Control mice that were given water instead of antibiotics showed no
changes in behavior. Mice that didn't have any gut bacteria also showed no changes in behavior when they received antibiotics.
Disrupting the contents of the gut also appears to affect brain chemistry. Mice given antibiotics had an increased amount of a
brain protein called derived neurotrophic factor, or BDNF, in their brains compared to control mice. Changes in the levels of BDNF
have been previously linked to depression and anxiety.
Next, the researchers carried out some gut bacteria swapping of sorts. Different strains of mice are known to exhibit different
behavior patterns. Some are more anxious while others are aggressive and hyperactive. The researchers took mice from both
extremes and exchanged their gut bacteria. They saw the behavior flipped as well the anxious mice became more active and
daring and the aggressive mice became more passive. According to Research Article Published in Medical Daily, Named Gut Bacteria May Shape
Human Social Behaviour: Do Strong Social Bonds Suggest Similar Microbiota, by: Susan Scutti, November 2013
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Gut bacteria (or gut microbiota) is as hip in the world of science as a Brooklyn address is in the world of New York real estate.
Scientists use it to explain all manner of human conditions and biological effects, including obesity and immunity, and, most
recently, they have begun to explore its effects on cognitive processes and feelings. In a recent paper, Mexican scientists take
this one step Further and suggest that this gut-brain axis, particularly the ability of the gut microbiota to communicate with the
brain, may even modulate social behavior.The similarity of microbial communities across individuals is an index of the strength
of their social bonds, wrote the authors. In our opinion, testing this hypothesis may add an important analytical tool to
research focused on how social bonds translate into cooperation and cohesion at the group-level, an approach that could
ultimately shed light on the origin and evolution of sociality.
The human intestine harbors nearly 100 trillion bacteria. They contribute to digestion by helping to break down complex
carbohydrates and starches, and they are crucial to the immune system as well. Scientists once theorized that infants are born
with sterile guts and only became colonized with microbiota within the first few days of life, but now it is known that infants begin
acquiring intestinal flora when they ingest amniotic fluid in the womb. Nevertheless, while passing through the birth canal, an
infant swallows bacteria from its mother, and this sudden infusion of bacteria is key. The initial colonization determines what
follows: The existing bacteria influences the genetic expression of cells within the digestive tract, and by doing this, they regulate
the environment, creating one that is most favorable to themselves and less favorable to other bacteria introduced later.
Meanwhile, scientists have also explored the pathways of communication between the gut microbiota and the central nervous
system. Previously, many scientists favored theories in which the head crucially influenced the gut anxiety causing a stomach
ache, for instance but more recently, scientists are giving credence to the ways in which gastrointestinal tract bacteria activate
neural pathways and central nervous system (CNS) signaling systems. Scientists, including a team of Canadian researchers, are
increasingly beginning to understand that communication does not just flow from the top down, but from the bottom up as well.
In other words, communication along the gut-brain axis is a proverbial two-way street with microbiota influencing the nervous
system as much as the nervous system influences the bacteria living within our digestive tracts. Gut feelings, then, have raw
truth from a scientific perspective.
REFERENCES:
Mens Fitness, Huffington post.com, Food and health bureu Wikkipedia, Health Foods Store, Wikkipedia, Wikia, news information, My super
Charged Life,WebMed news information,Listverse.com,Daily herald,nutrition.you.com,buzzfeed.com
healthalicious.com,www.dailyherald.com,listverse.com,google wikipedia informations.
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Featured Articles
Diabetes-The Less
Spoken
Dr.Riyaz Sheriff
Chronic paronychia is generally multi-factorial

along with constant exposure to chemicals and
allergens. Here generally the physiological barrier is
altered. There is a cuticle separation from the nail fold
leaving the region vulnerable to various bacterial and
fungal pathogens. Chronic paronychia is very
commonly seen in patients with diabetes. The role of
Candida in chronic paronychia had been debated from
a long time as it is commonly isolated in samples taken
from chronic paronychia.
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Featured Articles
Introduction
iabetes is one of the widely spoken non communicable conditions in India. There has been a lot of uproar
about the complications of Diabetes. The importance given to diabetes related complications are justifiable and
need to be addressed with the utmost respect. The fact remains that the most common complications discussed in
detail in both national and international forums are the most debilitating complications of the major organs like
Diabetic Nephropathy, Diabetic Retinopathy, Diabetic Neuropathy and Diabetic foot syndrome. Fortunately with advent of
newer medicines, better understanding of diabetes by both doctors and patients, the incidence of such irreversible and
debilitating complications is coming down gradually. Given the current scenario it is prudent to now concentrate on the lesser
known infections in diabetes so that a patient with diabetes can have a better quality of life. These include dermatological
complications like diabetic bullae, diabetic dermopathy, necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum, and the scleroderma-like syndrome
of waxy skin with limited joint mobility, carbuncles and paronychia. Next the genitor urinary tract presents with problems like
recurrent urinary tract infection, phimosis and vulvovaginal infections. Orthopaedic complications of diabetes include Charcot
joints, Diabetic hand syndrome (cheiroarthropathy), Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Dupuytrens contracture. Well this list is
enless... There are a few common conditions where it is a combination of both microbial factors and fluctuation of blood sugar
levels. In day to day practice the most common presentations of this combination are Urinary tract infections (UTI) and
Paronychia. These two infections can be recurrent and persistent. The possibility of polymicrobial infections in patients with
diabetes confronts the medical fraternity with a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. It has been proved beyond doubt that
microbes are currently winning the survival of the fittest challenge by becoming more and more resistant. MRSA, ESBL, MBL,
MDR, and PDR the terms which the diagnosticians and microbiologist would not like to see often have become more common
in the past two decades. How are all these organisms so easily becoming resistant to antibiotics we use? Well apart from the
microbial ability to develop resistance it is the inadvertent use of antibiotics for minor infections. Paronychia is one such
infection where the patient is treated with higher dose of antibiotics for a longer duration of time. Hence let this be a starting
step for all of us to know about paronychia in diabetes and associated microbiology.
Paronychia
Paronychia is basically infection and inflammation of the folds of tissue surrounding the nails. This paronychia can be clinically
classified as 1) acute paronychia and 2) chronic paronychia. Acute paronychia can set in with minimal injury to the nail folds.
Most common presentation would be after dishwashing, injury to the finger by thorn, nail biting, ingrowing toe nail or simply
after a manicure procedure. The most common bacteria associated with acute paronychia are Staphylococcus aureus,
Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas spp and Proteus vulgaris. Rarely other organisms can also be isolated based on the
aggravating factor involved. The patient generally presents with pain, erythema and edema in the affected fingers and most
commonly present after 2-5days of injury. If adequate care is not given there is every chance of developing a subungual
abscess or can develop chronic paronychia with destruction of nail plate. If a pus sample can be obtained it is best to culture
the sample so that appropriate antibiotics can be prescribed. Treatment largely depends on the degree of inflammation. In the
absence of abscess warm water or vineger soaks may be effective. Mild cases can be treated with topical creams containing
mupirocin, Gentamicin, Bacitracin or neomycin. For persistent ones it is advisable to start oral anti-staphylococcal antibiotic
therapy. In patients with the habit of nail biting the possibility of anerobic infections should be kept in mind. A detailed history
will be helpful to both clinician and microbiologist. With a better history the microbiologist will be in a better position to decide
the sampling technique, culture methods, avoid delay in identification of the offending organism. From the clinical point of view
institution of appropriate antibiotic therapy will be easier with a reliable and detailed history.
Chronic paronychia is generally multi-factorial along with constant exposure to chemicals and allergens. Here generally the
physiological barrier is altered. There is a cuticle separation from the nail fold leaving the region vulnerable to various bacterial
and fungal pathogens. Chronic paronychia is very commonly seen in patients with diabetes. The role of Candida in chronic
paronychia had been debated from a long time as it is commonly isolated in samples taken from chronic paronychia. Recent
studies indicate that candida disappears when the physiological barrier is restored. Chronic paronychia can also result due to
inadequate treatment of acute paronychia. Diagnosis is by a detailed history. The presentation is similar to acute paronychia
but here the evidence of nail destruction is much more pronounced (nail plate thickening, discolouration and presence of
pronounced transverse ridges).
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Featured Articles
Chronic paronychia is characterized by prolonged duration along with episodes of acute exacerbation. Treatment is aimed at
avoiding exposure to irritant and management of infection. Various regimens with Combination of antibacterial, steroids and
antifungals have been tried but the mainstay of treatment is avoidance of exposure. Non responsive cases may require systemic
antifungal and/or surgical removal of the affected nail.
Closing Comments
Prevention of infections in Diabetes starts with better control of blood sugars. The targets to achieve are Fasting blood sugar
<110mg/dl, Post prandial blood sugars <160mg/dl and an HbA1c of <7%. When the blood sugar levels increase our body we
become more susceptible to infections. Paronychia as an infection may sound trivial. Given the scenario of ever increasing
population of Diabetics in India it is important to administer just the right amount of treatment. Inadequate treatment will lead
to development of chronic paronychia where the recovery is slow. The patient is distressed with repeated infections leading to
usage of multiple groups of antibiotics. Treatment of chronic paronychia may need invasive procedures rarely. Overtreatment of
acute paronychia may result in development of antibiotic resistance making the patient more vulnerable during an unfortunate
event of life or limb threatening infection. In the absence of nationwide consensus on antibiotic usage in India it is only logical
to say that Microbiologist and Clinicians need to work hand in hand. With better cooperation the available resources of
antibiotics can be utilized in an effective way. Last but least, the best method to tackle infection is prevention. Let us strive hard
to keep infections at bay and provide every patient with Diabetes a really sweet life!
Signing off...
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Microbioz India
Call for papers and articles
Each author can win a chance of free of cost publication in
Microbioz India, International Journal of Microbiology &
Achievement Certificate of Microbioz India.
ubmit your manuscripts today in Microbioz India e-
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Starts
This Month in Microbiology
'Treasure in saliva' may reveal deadly diseases

Early enough to treat them
.News Source: Physc.Org
Xinshu (Grace) Xiao and David Wong in Dr. Wong's laboratory. Credit: Reed Hutchinson/UCLA
he study, the most comprehensive analysis ever conducted of RNA molecules in human saliva, reveals that saliva contains
many of the same disease-revealing molecules that are contained in blood. It was published online today by the peer-reviewed
journal Clinical Chemistry and will be published in the journal's January 2015 special print issue, "Molecular Diagnostics: A
Revolution in Progress."
"If we can define the boundaries of molecular targets in saliva, then we can ask what the constituents in saliva are that can
mark someone who has pre-diabetes or the early stages of oral cancer or pancreatic cancerand we can utilize this knowledge
for personalized medicine," said Dr. David Wong, a senior author of the research and UCLA's Felix and Mildred Yip Endowed
Professor in Dentistry.
Wong said the test also holds promise for diagnosing Type 2 diabetes, gastric cancer and other diseases. "If you don't look in
saliva, you may miss important indicators of disease," Wong said. "There seems to be treasure in saliva, which will surprise
people.
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RNA, widely known as a cellular messenger that makes proteins and carries out DNA's instructions to other parts of the cell, is
now understood to perform sophisticated chemical reactions and is believed to perform an extraordinary number of other
functions, at least some of which are unknown.
Wong's research over the past decade has focused on identifying biomarkers in saliva. His laboratory discovered that some of the
same RNA that is inside human cells are also present in saliva and can be used to detect diseasesa surprising finding, he said,
because enzymes in saliva can degrade RNA, making the mouth "a hostile environment."
The new research is a collaboration with Xinshu (Grace) Xiao, the paper's other senior author and a UCLA associate professor of
integrative biology and physiology. Using state-of-the-science genomics and bioinformatics, the researchers analyzed 165 million
genetic sequences.
Among the many forms of RNA are some unusual ones that live in the mouth and in cells. For example, it wasn't known until
very recently that RNA comes in a circular form; the linear form has long been known. But the UCLA scientists identified more
than 400 circular RNAs in human salivathe first discovery of circular RNA in saliva or any body fluidincluding 327 forms that
were previously unknown.
Circular RNA's function in saliva is not entirely understood, although it does serve as a sponge for tiny RNA molecules called
microRNAs, which bind to it.
"Circular RNAs in saliva may be protecting other RNAs," said Xiao, who also is a faculty member in the UCLA College and a
member of UCLA's Molecular Biology Institute. It's likely, she said, that circular RNAs in saliva protect microRNAs from being
degraded.
MicroRNAs, which once seemed to be little more than molecular noise, play important roles in many cell types, and have been
implicated in cancers and other diseases, Xiao said. One microRNA can regulate hundreds of genes, she said.
The scientists compared microRNA levels in saliva to those in the blood and other body fluids, and found the levels of microRNA in
blood and in saliva are very similarindicating that a saliva sample would be a good measure of microRNAs in the body.
They also found that saliva contains another class of small RNAs, called piwi-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, which are produced by
stem cells, skin cells and germ cells. There are very few piRNAs in blood and most other body fluids, but Xiao's analysis showed
that piRNA are abundant in saliva. Although their function is not yet known, Xiao said they may protect the body from viral
infection. While most RNA molecules translate genetic code from DNA to make proteins, there is also a class called non-coding
RNAs that does not.
"Saliva carries with it non-coding RNAs, microRNAs, piRNAs and circRNAs that are biomarkers for disease and health monitoring,"
said Wong, who also is associate dean of research at the UCLA School of Dentistry. "Had we not done this collaboration, we would
never know that non-coding RNAs, microRNAs, piRNAs and circRNAs exist in saliva."
Their overriding conclusion is that saliva has tremendous medical and scientific value. In the not-too-distant future, dentists might
be able to take saliva samples to analyze for a variety of diseases. And, Wong says, the research could lead to a new category of
self-diagnostic devices. "This could indicate that wearable gear that informs you whether you have a diseaseeven before you
have any symptomsis almost here," he said.
The scientists, both members of UCLA's Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, will continue their research, aiming to better
understand the biology behind their findings, including the function of piRNAs.
"With a collaborator like Dr. Xiao, UCLA will continue to spearhead this science," Wong said. "Now we have the capability and
technology to reach deeper and study non-coding RNA, which has never been done."
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Sweat-Eating Bacteria: Acne Miracle

Cure?
.News Source: Discover Science News
The latest front in combating acne breakouts could be in bacteria that feed on your sweat.
mmonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) digest ammonia, which is a major component of sweat. A new, small study has shown
that applying a topical creme containing the bacteria leads to healthier skin and could be used to treat acne and promote healing
in wounds.
Human Skin's Nine Most Amazing Features

In the study, researchers isolated a strain of Nitrosomonas eutropha from organic soil samples. They then had a group of
volunteers apply the bacteria to their skin for three weeks while another group used a placebo. The 24 volunteers were asked not
to use hair products for the first two weeks and then returned to their normal hair routines for the third week.The people who had
applied the bacteria showed marked improvements in their skin, compared with the control group. What's more, those who applied
more of the bacteria showed even greater improvement. No side effects were found to be associated with the topical bacterial
creme.The prospect of a new treatment for acne with no side effects could be welcome news, especially in light of a recent
warning from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration over some over the counter acne treatment products containing the
active ingredients benzoyl peroxide or salicylic acid. The June 2014 warning said the topical skin products can cause rare but
serious and potentially life-threatening allergic reactions or severe irritation.
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Breakdown in gut barriers to bacteria may promote

Inflammation and craving in Alcoholics
.News Source: Science Daily News
Depiction of a man's struggle with alcohol (stock image). "In this study, we established a link between alcohol consumption, craving and activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines which contribute to a systemic
inflammatory status in alcohol-dependent patients," said Strkel. Credit: ambrozinio / Fotolia
acteria in the gastrointestinal tract fulfill many vital functions and are critical for digestion. Yet, these same
bacteria can induce strong inflammatory responses by the immune system if they penetrate the gut and enter the
bloodstream.Although acute inflammation is a natural response to protect the body, chronic or systemic inflammation is
linked to numerous disorders and diseases. Prior research has established the involvement of inflammatory processes in the
development of psychiatric disorders, including major depression and alcohol dependence, but the origins of such
inflammation have remained unclear.
Now, researchers at Universit Catholique de Louvain in Belgium, led by senior authors Dr. Philippe de Timary and Dr. Peter
Strkel, have found that inflammatory pathways are stimulated in alcohol-dependent patients by bacteria that escape the gut
barrier, which correlated with alcohol craving. They report their findings in the current issue of Biological Psychiatry.
"In this study, we established a link between alcohol consumption, craving and activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines which
contribute to a systemic inflammatory status in alcohol-dependent patients," said Strkel. To conduct this work, they recruited
63 actively-drinking alcohol-dependent patients who underwent testing both before and after alcohol detoxification. That data
was compared with testing from 14 healthy volunteers.When patients were exposed to alcohol, the researchers found that the
inflammatory response originated from gut-derived bacterial products that crossed the gut barrier, which in turn, activated
specific inflammatory pathways in blood mononuclear cells. Prior to undergoing detoxification, the observed inflammation
correlated with both alcohol consumption and alcohol craving among the alcohol-dependent patients. Following detoxification,
some, but not all, of the altered inflammatory processes were either partially or fully recovered.
"This establishes a new concept where events having their origin at peripheral sites in the body could modify central brain
mechanisms that ultimately influence behaviour in alcohol dependence," Strkel explained.
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Dr. John Krystal, Editor of Biological Psychiatry, commented, "This study suggests that there may be a link between inflammatory
processes that develop when gut barriers to bacteria break down and risk for continued heavy drinking among people with alcohol
use disorders. The findings suggest that it might be helpful to protect and restore gut integrity and to reduce inflammation when
helping patients recover from alcohol use disorders."
Strkel agreed, adding, "The study does not only open new areas for research but also identifies new targets for developing novel
treatment and management approaches for alcohol dependence. Targeting the gut-brain axis either at the level of the gut itself or at
the level of effector cells such as blood mononuclear cells in order to influence behaviour could become a potential option in the care
of alcohol-dependent patients."
Could Multiple Sclerosis Begin in the Gut?

.News Source: Scientific American
Mounting evidence suggests that when our resident biota are out of balance, they contribute to numerous diseases, including diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, autism and, it appears, MS.
Credit: ARS via Wikimedia Commons
MS researchers are focusing on the content of the guts microbiome as a possible contributor to the bodys autoimmune attack
on Its nervous system October 8, 2014 |By Bret Stetka
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an electrical disorder, or rather one of impaired myelin, a fatty, insulating substance that better allows
electric current to bolt down our neurons and release the neurotransmitters that help run our bodies and brains. Researchers have
speculated for some time that the myelin degradation seen in MS is due, at least in part, to autoimmune activity against the
nervous system. Recent work presented at the MS Boston 2014 Meeting suggests that this aberrant immune response begins in
the gut.
Eighty percent of the human immune system resides in the gastrointestinal tract. Alongside it are the trillions of symbiotic
bacteria, fungi and other single-celled organisms that make up our guts microbiomes. Normally everyone wins: The
microorganisms benefit from a home and a steady food supply; we enjoy the essential assistance they provide in various metabolic
and digestive functions. Our microbiomes also help calibrate our immune systems, so our bodies recognize which co-inhabitants
should be there and which should not. Yet mounting evidence suggests that when our resident biota are out of balance, they
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contribute to numerous diseases, including diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, autism and, it appears, MS by inciting rogue immune
activity that can spread throughout the body and brain.
One study presented at the conference, out of Brigham and Womens Hospital (BWH), reported a single-celled organism called
methanobrevibacteriaceae that activates the immune system is enriched in the gastrointestinal tracts of MS patients whereas
bacteria that suppress immune activity are depleted. Other work, which resulted from a collaboration among 10 academic
researcher centers across the U.S. and Canada, reported significantly altered gut flora in pediatric MS patients while a group
ofJapanese researchers found that yeast consumption reduced the chances of mice developing an MS-like disease by altering gut
flora.
Sushrut Jangi, a staff physician at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston who co-authored the BWH study, thinks that
regional dietary influences might even be at play. The biomes of people living in different areas and who consume Western versus
non-Western diets are demonstratively different, he says. People who emigrate from non-Western countries, including India,
where MS rates are low, consequently develop a high risk of disease in the U.S. One idea to explain this is that the biome may shift
from an Indian biome to an American biome, although there is not yet data to support this theory.
The microbiome theory is gaining so much steam in academia that a coalition of four U.S. research centers called the MS
Microbiome Consortium recently formed to investigate the role of gut microorganisms in the disease. The group presented data in
Boston showing significantly different gastrointestinal bacterial populations in patients treated with the MS drug glatiramer
acetate compared with untreated subjects. How exactly the drug suppresses MS activity is unknown but the findings suggest that
perhaps it works in part by altering gut flora and, as a result, suppressing abnormal immune activity. The gut is well-positioned
for an important role in the development of autoimmune disease, including MS., says Ilana Katz Sand, an assistant professor of
neurology at Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City and member of the MS Microbiome Consortium. But important
questions remain, such as how MS medications affect the microbiome, how an individuals microbiome may affect treatment
responses, whether particular bacterial species are associated with more severe disease and ultimately whether we can
manipulate the microbiome to benefit our patients.
Katz Sand says that dietary and probiotic approaches to treating MS are worth pursuing, as is a less palatable approach: fecal
transplantation. Yet answers in science and medicine are rarely simple, she added, pointing out that in all likelihood MS arises
from a complicated confluence of genetic and environmental influences that might ultimately trigger autoimmune activity. Beyond
just our gut flora well over 100genetic variantsmany related to immune functionare now known to contribute to the disease as
are external factors including vitamin D deficiency (MS is more common at higher latitudes), smoking and increased salt intake.
Further confounding our ability to pinpoint root causes is that our genetic code influences how our bodies and brains respond to
these external factors. It could be that both genes and environmental stimuli lead to pathologic microbiomes or that some
unfortunate combination of these factors leads to a common autoimmunologic pathway that ravages myelin. We know the
microbiome shapes our immune system and that MS is an immune-mediated disease. We also know that genes influence our
microbiomes and immune systems, says David Hafler, professor of neurology and immunobiology at Yale University School of
Medicine who was at the conference but not involved in the microbiome work presented. But there must be nongenetic factors
contributing to the disease, too, given that the incidences of MS and other autoimmune disorders are increasing.
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Experts sound alarm as diabetes fuels

Cases of TB
.News Source: Fox News.com
This scanning electron micrograph (SEM) depicts some of the ultra structural details seen in the cell wall configuration of a number of Grampositive Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. (CDC.gov)
ases of tuberculosis are set to accelerate worldwide unless action is taken to curb diabetes, a chronic condition that
weakens the immune system and triples the risk a person will develop the lung disease, health experts warned
oWednesday.Tuberculosis (TB), which killed an estimated 1.5 million people last year according to the World Health
Organization (WHO), is caused by bacteria that lie dormant in many people.However, diabetics TB become sick from latent TB
infection far more often than other people because their immune systems are compromised -- a fact that could unleash an
epidemic of co-infection as diabetes rates soar along with growing obesity.It is not the first time that the world has been
confronted with such co-infection. The HIV/AIDS pandemic, which destroyed the immune systems of millions, lead to a
quadrupling of TB rates in many countries in Africa.Now doctors fear a re-run of that scenario as diabetes takes hold around the
world, including in many poorer countries.The big worry is that six of the top 10 countries projected to have the greatest
numbers of diabetics by 2035 -- China, India, Brazil, Indonesia, Pakistan, and Russia -- are classified as high TB burden
countries by the WHO.nthony Harries of the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease told Reuters he was
most concerned about India and China, since India has the world's highest TB rate, followed by China, while for diabetes China
has the most cases, followed by India.
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"We want to raise an alarm that we dont watch history repeat itself with TB-diabetes, he said.Diabetes affected 382 million
people in 2013 and will increase to a projected 592 million by 2035, according to the International Diabetes Federation.Most of
the cases will be of Type 2 diabetes, the kind that is linked to obesity and is driven by the adoption of Western diets and more
sedentary lifestyles."If we dont act now to head this off, were going to experience a co-epidemic of TB-diabetes that will
impact millions and sap public health systems of precious resources. The key is to prevent this from happening, Anil Kapur of
the World Diabetes Foundation said.While diabetes is not as great a co-infection threat as HIV, the virus that causes AIDS raises
the risk of TB by thirty fold, there are about 10 times as many cases of diabetes in the world as people living with HIV, so the
overall impact is similar.A joint report from Harries' and Kapur's groups presented at an international lung conference in
Barcelona sets out the case for international action against the looming co-epidemic.The report challenges the conventional
approach of tackling independently infectious diseases, like TB, and chronic non-communicable diseases, like TB.Fighting the
threat will need a clear strategy of screening both diabetes patients for TB and TB patients for diabetes, as well as providing
treatments for both diseases, the report says. Such "bi-directional" screening is at present patchy.
What happens to a dead body in the

Ocean?
.News Source: Fox News.com
Deep-sea
scavengers
made quick
work of this
pig's
carcass. (VENU
S/Gail
Anderson and
Lynne Bell
hen a dead body decomposes in the ocean, scientists know little about what happens to it. To find out, some researchers
performed an unusual experiment that involved dropping pig carcasses into the sea and watching them on video.Lots of human
bodies end up in the sea, whether due to accidents, suicides or from being intentionally dumped there, but nobody really
knows what happens to them, said Gail Anderson, a forensic entomologist at Simon Fraser University in Canada who led the
unusual study.Anderson and her team got a chance to find out, using the Victoria Experimental Network Under the Sea
(VENUS), an underwater laboratory that allows scientists to take video and other measurements via the Internet. With that
equipment, all they needed was a body. "Pigs are the best models for humans," Anderson told Live Science. They're roughly
the right size for a human body; they have the same kind of gut bacteria, and they're relatively hairless, she said.In the study,
published Oct. 20 in the journal PLOS ONE, Anderson and her team used a remotely operated submarine to drop three pig
carcasses into the Saanich Inlet, a body of salt water near Vancouver Island, British Columbia, at a depth of 330 feet.
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The researchers monitored what happened to the pig bodies using the live VENUS cameras, which they could control from
anywhere with an Internet connection, and sensors that could measure oxygen levels, temperature, pressure, salinity and other
factors. At the end of the study, the scientists collected the bones for further examination. It didn't take long for scavengers to
find the pigs. Shrimp, Dungeness crabs and squat lobsters all arrived and started munching on the bodies; a shark even came to
feed on one of the pig corpses. Scavengers ate the first two bodies down to the bones within a month, but they took months to
pick the third one clean.The third body likely took so much longer due to the levels of oxygen in the water, the researchers
found.The Saanich Inlet is a low-oxygen environment, and has no oxygen during some times of the year, Anderson said. When
the researchers dropped the first two pigs into the water, the oxygen levels were about the same, but when scientists dropped the
third body in, the levels were lower.The big scavengers (Dungeness crab and shrimp) need more oxygen to smaller creatures like
the squat lobsters. But the smaller animals' mouths aren't strong enough to break the skin of the pigs. So as long as the carcass
entered the water when oxygen conditions were tolerable, the larger animals would feed, opening the bodies up for smaller
critters and the squat lobsters, Anderson said. But when oxygen was low, the larger animals didn't come, and the smaller animals
couldn't feed."Now we have a very good idea of how bodies break down underwater," Anderson said. This kind of research helps
solve mysteries such as the "floating feet" found wearing running shoes that have washed up along the West Coast in recent
years. In fact, it's quite normal for ocean scavengers to gnaw off feet, and the running shoes simply make the body parts float,
Anderson said.Knowing how bodies degrade in the ocean can give rescue divers a sense of what to look for, as well as manage
the expectations of family members of those lost at sea, Anderson said.
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Scientist
Meet
An Interview with
Dr.Salvatore Rubino
Dr.Salvatore Rubino
Dr.Salvatore Rubino is working as full Professor of Microbiology, Dipartimento di
Scienze Biomediche, and University of Sassari, Italy.
Under Microbioz India, Scientist, Meet we perform an Interview with Dr.Salvatore
Rubino, Microbioz India team say thanks to him for his kind response with us, We
wishes him a great future a head, Here are few interesting points of interview with
Him.
Microbioz India: Why you opt MICROBIOLOGY as a career?
Dr.Rubino: When I was a young student of the medical school I had a dog with a suspected
Leishmaniasis: I knew that the professor of Microbiology was an expert of parasitology. I
went to talk with him and he asked me to join him in the lab to prepare the media for
Lieshmania culture. I liked a lot the lab and from that day I did not miss a day in the
microbiology lab.
Microbioz India: Tell us a little more about your professional experiences; particularly those
not mention your resume/application,
Dr.Rubino: I have a large experience after my postdoc in the USA at University of
California San Diego doing basic research on my way back to my Island Sardinia I became
professor at the University of Sassari, I started to work on Salmonella. In the main time I
started several project with our Ministry of Foreign Affairs in developing countries including
Angola, Zimbabwe and Morocco. I started also a lot of bilateral project.
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Scientist Meet...
Microbioz India: What is your favorite part of your current job and why is it your favourate part?
Dr.Salvatore Rubino
Dr.Rubino: Actually Im the editor in chief of the Journal of Infection in Developing Countries (www.jidc.org) and I like to help young
scientists to emerge with their research at international level. Actually Im involved in a new research project studying the infectious disease
of the past in a new science called bioarcheology.
Microbioz India: How would your background and experiences strengthen this academic department?
Dr.Rubino: My background and experience is very important in strengthen this academic department.
Microbioz India: What is one or two of your proudest professional accomplishments?
Dr.Rubino: To establish an important laboratory in my region, Sardinia. To establish a journal that helps the scientists from developing
countries.
Microbioz India: Mention few of your words in favour of Microbioz India.
Dr.Rubino: Microbioz India is important for the diffusion of science and microbiology in India and in the world.
Dr.Salvatore Rubino
Full Professor of Microbiology, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche
Tel. 079-228302 fax 079-212345 e-mail: rubino@uniss.it srubino@jidc.org
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Current Open Positions

TAFE NSW Scholarships for International Students in
Australia, 2015
TAFE NSW Institutes are offering 100 scholarships for international students who have
demonstrated academic merit and other achievements.
Qualification
To be eligible for the scholarship applicants must:

Be an international student
Have been offered a place in a TAFE NSW course with a minimum 1.5 years duration
Commence studies in TAFE NSW in 2015
Attend the relevant TAFE NSW campus as a full-time student
How to Apply
Applicants should apply by post, in person or by email.
For More Details
Go through this link: www.decinternational.nsw.edu
Edinburgh Global Research Scholarships for International

Students in UK, 2015-2016
Qualification
The awards are open to overseas students undertaking a research degree and may be held in
any field of study.
Applicants must be liable to pay tuition fees at the rate applicable to overseas students and
must have already applied for admission to a full-time PhD research programme of study.
How to Apply
The mode of applying is online. Click here to apply: http://www.ed.ac.uk
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Current Open Positions
Edinburgh Global Masters Scholarships for International

Students in UK, 2015-2016
University of Edinburgh is inviting application for 30 Edinburgh Global Research Scholarships for
session 2015-2016.
Qualification
The awards are open to overseas students undertaking a research degree and may be held in
any field of study.
Applicants must be liable to pay tuition fees at the rate applicable to overseas students and
must have already applied for admission to a full-time Masters programme in multiple
subjects.
How to Apply
The mode of applying is online. Click here to apply: http://www.ed.ac.uk
The Dean's Postdoctoral Fellowship, Harvard

Medical School
As part of an effort to promote a diversity of backgrounds, perspectives, and experiences among
its faculty and trainees, Harvard Medical School invites applications for the Deans Postdoctoral
Fellowship.
Qualification
The Office for Diversity Inclusion and Community Partnership in collaboration with The Office for
Postdoctoral Fellows will award two-year postdoctoral fellowships per year to two promising researchers
in the fields of basic or social sciences. The Deans Postdoctoral Fellowship at Harvard Medical School will
prepare postdoctoral scientists, particularly scientists from minority and disadvantaged backgrounds, for
cutting-edge research careers. This fellowship will position the right candidate to make major
contributions as scientific and societal leaders. Fellows will benefit from a highly innovative and creative
research environment that emphasizes scientific rigor, collaboration, and the pursuit of excellence in
science.
How to Apply
For more info or to apply: http://www.hms.harvard.edu/dcp/deanspdfellowship/index.html
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CrossWord
MICROBIOZ INDIA
List of Winners of October
November
2014
MICROBIOZ INDIA
November 2014
2014 Edition
Following candidates are successfully solved Microbioz India Cross Word game of October 2014 Edition.
Ritika Goswami
University of Manipur, India
Ashish Banerjee
Vidyasagar University, India
Asma Beg
University of Faisalabad, Pakistan
Pavol Court
McGill University, Canada
Surjeet Kaur
University of Auckland, Newzealand
Ravi Murung
Kathmandu, Nepal
Fanny.D
Chinese University, China
Hints Key
Dear readers here we are not mentioning names of few winners because of
Late submission of answers, Winners will be communicated later via e-mail for
Microbioz India, Certificate.
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Solve
Today
Spiral-shaped bacteria
An organism that obtains its nut rients
from dead organic matter
An organism that lives in, on, or at the
expense of another
organism without contributing to the
host' s survival
A microorganism that lives and grows in
the presence of free oxygen
A potent toxin that is secreted or excreted
by living organisms
Bacteria that are permanent and generally
beneficial resident s in the human body
An organism in which another, usually
parasitic organism is nourished and
harbored.
A carrier of pathogenic organisms,
especially one that can transmit a di sea
se.
Solve this cross word and forward us scanned

Copy of answers by 15th of November
MICROBIOZ
INDIA , NOVE MBE R
2014
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Microbioz India, November 2014, Microbiology Magazines

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Volume: 09

Issue: November 2014

WORLD DIABETES DAY SPECIAL

Healthy Foods Influence the Growth of Healthy Gut Microflora

www.mic ro bio zin di a.com

www.mic ro bio zin di a.com

Microbioz India, Celebrate November

Living Healthy With

www.mic ro bio zin di a.com

Avoiding Junk Foods

Take Healthy & Balanced Foods.

Gut Microflora Vs Obesity & Diabetes

Gut Microbiota Vs Brain

Cover History of this issue, mainly focus on

Very Interesting part, Explains how our Gut

Gut Microflora & Diabetes

Diabetes-The Lesss Spoken!!

This Month In Microbiology

An Interview with Dr. Salvatore Rubino, Italy

From worldwide sources.

Microbioz India, Cross word Game

Microbioz India announces the list of

www.mic ro bio zin di a.com

Microbioz India, November 2014 issue is Diabetes special edition, because in

life, through this Magazine.

Jenny & Pavol

New Castle, U.K.

How to reach us...

631/63, Mulayam Nagar, Luck now, U.P.India,-226012

www.mic ro bio zin di a.com

The goal of healthy eating is to develop a diet

www.mic ro bio zin di a.com

LIST OF HEALTHY FOODS FOR DAILY LIFE

www.mic ro bio zin di a.com

www.mic ro bio zin di a.com

www.mic ro bio zin di a.com

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www.mic ro bio zin di a.com

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www.mic ro bio zin di a.com

Proper Intake of Green Vegetables

Best Protein Sources

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www.mic ro bio zin di a.com

Cold Water Fish

Nuts and Seeds

Fruits and Healths

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www.mic ro bio zin di a.com

Diet high in fruits

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www.mic ro bio zin di a.com

Images are collected from autismspeaks.org

Human Gut & Microflora

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www.mic ro bio zin di a.com

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www.mic ro bio zin di a.com

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www.mic ro bio zin di a.com

Gut Microflora Vs Obesity & Diabetes

hepatic steatosis, and cardiovascular disease.

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