The Renewable Energies Unit

Activities - 2001
EUROPEAN COMMISSION
JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE

2002

EUR 20424 EN

The Renewable Energies Unit

Activities - 2001
EUROPEAN COMMISSION
JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE

2002

EUR 20424 EN

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EUR 20424 EN
European Communities, 2002
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Printed in Italy

Foreword

Heinz.Ossenbrink@cec.eu.int

Increasing the share of Renewable Energies is one of the obj ectives of European Union Energy Policies for sustainable
development. The technologies involved and the solutions provided address some of the main concerns of society:

The changing world climate caused by emissions from energy production and use;
The limited supply of conventional energy sources and their availability within Europe;
The growing demand of a population of more than 2 billion people having no access to electricity.

It is for these concerns that the Unit has expanded its effort as a European laboratory for renewable energy technology.
For the 5lh Framework Programme of the Joint Research Centre, the Renewable Energies Unit had set new and ambitious
goals. These are realised through carefully selected projects in the area of production, storage and consumption of electricity,
which, when put in context, foster market development and assist the policy decisions still to be made.
The Renewable Energies Unit's projects draw on the skills of our researchers and technicians, and on our specialised facilities,
whilst at the same time, explore future topics.
The aim of this report is to give an overview of some of our achievements in 2001.

Heinz Ossenbrink
Head of Unit

Ate
Institute for
Environment and
Sus ra inability

The Renewable Energies Unit

Activities - 2001
By providing reference on relevant technological issues, the Renewable Energies Unit supports
European policies on the introduction of renewable energies into the energy-supply system. The
Unit undertakes in-house research and development in selected fields requiring further
European effort, so as to maintain and enhance competence as European reference in
Photovoltaic Technology

General Introduction
A new European Directive offered specific targets to Member States to achieve the Community goal of
doubling the share of renewable electricity by 2010 and the activities of the Unit enjoyed even higher
visibility. The Solar Electricity (SOLAREC) Project, with its relevance for photovoltaic solar energy
technology, and also Advanced Electricity Storage (ADELS), with its deliverables to standards and
applications in the developing world, were focussed. The vicinity of the JRC to the policy-making
process has fostered activities on Efficient Use of Electricity, as they are now underpinning European
implementation and incentive instruments as a consequence of new targeted Community policies to
reduce Europe's energy intensity. In 2001 the Unit reached a good position to enter into the Common
Scientific/Technical Reference System on Renewable Energy and Efficient Energy End-Use.

Introduction to the activities

Both the Unit's technology projects are targeted towards the harmonisation and development of
international standards, but also to foster co-ordination and new approaches for the following European
research activities:
The Solar Electricity (SOLAREC) project is driven by the European Community objective to a 100fold increase of Photovoltaic Solar Electricity by 2010. It embarked on establishing a new Network
on 3rd Generation Photovoltaics and faced also increasing demand from laboratories and industry
for the Reference Measurements to be carried out at ESTI. At the end of 2001, the Unit achieved
recognised expertise for all of the three technology generations of photovoltaic devices.

The project "Advanced Electricity Storage (ADELS)" achieved, after only three years, a central
position in European Networks on electricity storage for renewable sources and PV stand-alone
systems.
The activities on Efficient Use of Electricity are now underpinning implementation and incentive
activities as a consequence of new Community Policies to reduce Europe's Energy Intensity. The
Unit is assisting the three major Community actions on efficient lighting, office equipment and
stand-by losses, and electric motors.

HIGHLIGHTS 2001

The European Climate Change Programme final report was officially presented and discussed with
all the stakeholders and Member States representatives in a workshop in Brussels on 2-3 July.
(The final report is now available at http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/climat/eccp.htm). The
Renewable Energies Unit made a major contribution to the chapter of the final report about the
energy efficiency in end-use equipment and industrial processes. Mr. P. Bertoldi of the RE Unit
chaired the session on this topic at the Workshop. Among the policy actions recommended by the
ECCP JSWG on the energy efficiency in end-use equipment and industrial processes, several are
being managed or developed by the RE Unit. The actions included for example: The GreenLight
Programme, The Motor Challenge Programme (under development) and the stand-by initiative for
consumer electronics and the Energy Star Programme.
In September the spectral response of tandem solar cells were measured for the first time at JRC
at the upgraded device spectral response system. With a coloured bias light system the spectral
responses of top and bottom cells (in the tandem) were measured separately. The measurements
were compared with the l-V curves obtained in a solar simulator (WACOM). This allowed the
determination of which of the two cells in the tandem is limiting its output current. During the
investigation over 100 (single) measurements of the spectral response on eight different solar cells
were performed (together with a visiting scientist). The work also highlighted the difficulties in
determining the mismatch factors on which work is continuing.
The second European Design Competition "Lights of the Future" managed by the JRC has been
successfully launched, with over 400 participants from 20 countries registered. This is a resounding
success for the initiative.
GreenLight Programme: the number of partners has substantially increased in 2001, among the
new partners are McDonald's, Unicredito bank, Monte dei Paschi bank.
The new Motor Challenge and E2MAS programmes, indicated in the ECCP Commission
Communication, are being developed by JRC for DG TREN and DG ENV.
JRC has contributed to the adoption of the European Energy Star Programme.
In September, a former student from the SOLAREC team, Guido Agostinelli, was awarded the
"JRC Young Scientist Prize" for the outstanding work he carried out in the Unit on understanding
the limiting factors of CdTe Solar Cells.
Final results on hydrogen adsorption on carbon nanotubes (SWNT) at pressures of up to 110 bar
and liquid nitrogen temperature (from -100 to -196 C) have been obtained. Results using a
microbalance system (gravimetric measurement) and a Sieverts' apparatus (pressure difference
measurement) confirm no relevant hydrogen adsorption on nanotubes (maximum 1.6 wt%) under
these experimental conditions.
The ADELS activities on hydrogen storage (carbon nanotubes) were featured in the July issue of
the Fuel Cell Industry Report.
The_Project PV Lighting Systems Evaluation and rating methods (PLISE) was one of the three
poster winners at the 17lh European PV Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition. The main goal of
this project is to set up a rating procedure for PV lighting systems, using mainly performance
specifications in addition to component specifications. A rating method of the lighting system
performance would provide standardised information to potential customers and allow an objective
comparative assessment of different designs. This work has been included in the IEC 62124
standard, giving a unified representation of the main features a system should exhibit, providing
genuine and unique information, making the purchasing process easier.

rffe.

SOLAREC - Solar Electricity

Ewan.Dunlop@cec.eu.int
The European Commission's target of achieving 23% of EU electricity supply from renewables by 2010
remains the main driving force behind the actions and developments within the Solarec Project. During 2001
the main efforts were focused on the creation of a network of excellence on Ultra High Efficiency Solar Cells,
the development of the support for European Solar industry through reference calibrations and quality
assurance of the PV products. New testing and measurement techniques have been developed for the
evaluation of 2nd generation photovoltaics thin-film technologies. This has reinforced the basis of the
international reference for the determination of power output through the participation in WPVS (World
Photovoltaic Scale). Contributions have also been made to the European Climate Change Programme and in
particular to the chapter on end-use of energy.

ACTIVITIES
Third Party Work
The increasing demand for Solar PV has been reflected in the wide range of clients who have utilised the
facilities and services of the ESTI (European Solar Testing Installation) laboratory during 2001. Almost one
hundred precision calibrations were performed during the year, ranging from

the factory standards of industrial clients (essential for

the power determination of PV modules, both for the
manufacturers and for the confidence of the
consumers);
to the support of ongoing research projects carried out
in collaboration with other European partners and inhouse research;
to the transfer of traceable measurements to other
European Solar Laboratories. The increasing global
market for PV was evidenced by the demand for
module qualification testing with companies ranging
from Europe, USA, Japan, Africa and India.
Visual Inspection of PV Modules

Reference Calibration and Industrial Clients

During 2001, the RE Unit performed 92 reference calibrations for clients, including industry, research
organisations and DGs. In addition, type approval testing for 10 industrial clients was performed to IEC 61215
and 61646. These measurements and tests form the basis for the determination of the annual production yield
and provide industry with the necessary approval for participation in large European Community funded
projects on PV demonstration, as well as many other projects.
Scientific/Technical Reference System
The RE Unit is primarily engaged in the analysis of the use of RES to make water technologies, such as
desalination, more viable and will be engaged in the development of a model for integrated water planning.

Two international expert meetings were held in June and October 2001 to define the appropriate technologies
for desalination.
Pilot Scientific/Technological Reference System (SRS) on Renewable Energy and Efficient Energy End
Use
After a brainstorming and development phase, approval was given to put into practice a Pilot Reference
System on Renewable Energy and Efficient Energy End-Use and work will commence in February 2002. The
overall objectives of the Reference System are to monitor, analyse and thus support the European Unions'
political and regulatory efforts to expand the use of renewables and to increase end-use energy efficiency. The
aim is to meet long-term energy and environmental goals, as defined in the Kyoto protocol, in pertinent
directives, the Green and White Papers of DG TREN and DG ENV. In terms of working mode, the SRS will
provide a continuous, independent and high-quality data service covering Member States and Candidate
Countries. Monitoring of renewables and energy efficiency measures implementation progress will permit most
valuable comparisons and underpin the Commission's task to validate the actual development before 2010.
The SRS fits also seamlessly into Commissioner Busquin's efforts to create a European Research Area, and
supports not only DG TREN and DG ENV, but also DG RTD, DG ENLARGEMENT and the policy makers at
national and regional level. This reference system, being one of the first pilot schemes, can serve as a model
for others covering different areas of science and technology. Further deliverables will be assessments of
renewable energy technology options, gaps and barriers (non-technical) concerning implementation. From
start-up until September 2002, the schedule foresees to establish a steering committee, representing the
users, by March 2002. A "core" network of high-level experts from energy economy, energy statistics,
renewable and energy efficiency technologies will meet for the first time in July 2002.
Spectral Response
The facility for the determination of the spectral response of photovoltaic devices was upgraded. A new light
source was commissioned, reducing the warm-up time to 30 minutes (before 4 hours), eliminating intensity
drift with time and reducing intensity fluctuations at least threefold. Together with changes in the optical
system, this allows now the
measurement of the spectral
response
of
photovoltaic
devices up to 40 cm * 40 cm.
First steps were also taken to
make this set-up part of the
accredited ESTI laboratory to be
achieved in 2002.
The spectral response of
tandem
solar
cells
was
measured for the first time at
ESTI with a modification
allowing coloured bias light to
separate the spectral responses
of top and bottom cells in the
tandem. This allows one to
identify which cell of the tandem
is limiting the performance of
the device. This information is
fed back to the developers who
can then improve the respective
Spectral Responsivity Measurements
component.
Light Beam Induced Current (LBIC)
A new system for obtaining Light Beam Induced Current (LBIC) maps of solar modules was built-up based on
experience with an existing set-up for devices, but limited to areas of 50 cm * 50 cm due to imperfect focussing
resulting in blurring of the images towards the edges. The new system can scan modules with sizes up to 150
cm * 150 cm and maintain the focus of the laser spot over the entire area. This set-up will be finalised early in
2002 and then used for routine LBIC mapping of solar modules.

Environment and the Solar Energy Resource (ESER)

In support of the EU Enlargement Policy, the RE Unit has launched a new action specifically targeted to
Candidate Countries. The ESER project aims to quantify the potential solar resource of the pre-accession
countries by identifying areas of prime application for photovoltaic technologies by integrating the spatial
distribution of the most suitable installation areas and related energy demand distribution.
NREL (Solar Radiation Research Lab) Pyrheliometer Comparisons
The RE Unit participated in the National
Pyrheliometer Intercomparison, (NPC2001), at
NREL, Golden, Colorado, US. During the almost
five close-to-perfect clear-weather measurement
days (24 to 28 September), more than 500
measurements were recorded to verify the WRR
(World Radiometric Reference) factor. Also,
readings were taken on two Aspire Reference
cells, illuminated with direct beam solar irradiance,
to verify the traceability. Spectral radiation
measurements were taken during this period with
subsequent determination of the Spectral
Mismatch Correction.

Traceability Measurements at NREL

The Meteo Tower

The Meteo Tower, situated at our outdoor test field, continued collecting traceable data throughout the year
recording high winds, heavy rainfall and a even a mini tornado. High quality climatic data has been collected
since 1994. The Meteo Tower supports the electrical and thermal solar field measurements. Other institutes
throughout Europe frequently request data for modelling.
European Climate Change Programme (ECCP)
The year 2001 was characterised by the conclusion of the ECCP definition and the first Communication by the
Commission on the implementation of the first phase of the ECCP. The RE Unit contributed to the ECCP
working group on end-use energy efficiency and focused its activities according to the priority areas identified
by the ECCP report, such as lighting, electric motors, office equipment, and stand-by losses in consumer
electronics.
GreenLight Programme
Following the GreenLight Programme Guidelines revision and the promotion efforts undertaken by the Unit,
several new major companies joined the GreenLight Programme during 2001. The Unit also co-ordinated and
provided technical support to the network of GreenLight contact points over 14 countries. Moreover, the
GreenLight web-site, which was maintained by the Unit, was recognised by experts as a reference for
information on energy-efficient lighting. Another lighting action was the launch of the second European design
competition "Lights of the Future" for dedicated energy efficient domestic luminaires. The large interest for the
competition was confirmed by the fact that 275 models were submitted. In addition to these activities, the Unit
was also invited to participate in international lighting expert workshops and to review several scientific
publications on lighting research.
Electric Motor Systems and Motor Challenge Programme
For electric motor systems the Unit effort's concentrated on the development of the new Motor Challenge
Programme, one of the ECCP Communication proposed actions. This new programme based on the
successful structure of the GreenLight Programme, focuses the attention of the participants on the large
energy savings available in motor systems. It is backed up by the JRC EuroDEEM database.
Stand-by Losses in Consumer Electronics
For stand-by losses in consumer electronics, the Unit provided technical and management support for the
Code of Conduct for External Power Supplies and Digital TV Services. Now the technical criteria for the two
Codes of Conduct are recognised as world-wide industrial best practices. The Unit also provided an important
role for the definition of the Energy Star Programme for office equipment.

E2MAS
Another support to the Commission activity under the ECCP was the development of the new Energy
Efficiency management and Audit scheme (E2MAS).

SHARED COST ACTIONS / COLLABORATION / NETWORKS

CIS Faade Project
The scientific and technical objectives of the European Solar Testing Installation are concentrated on the
module parameter characterisation, the investigation of transient effects and the installation of CIS specific test
sequences including a system performance evaluation of a CIS facade module array, 2 3m2 in size. In the
medium term the knowledge acquired within this project will be used to develop test procedures and standards
for CIS thin film modules. ESTI has tested cells and modules under monochromatic light and with white light,
also comparing different light sources and sweep times. Based on the spectral response data mismatch,
factors have been determined and subsequently measurement reliability was tested. Sweep speed and light
pulse duration have now shown significant influence on module l/V characteristics and the measurement
reproducibility was better than 1 %. Prolonged light exposure increased by 7 % and left all other
parameters unaffected. The testing has increased the confidence in the measurement equipment and
procedure for CIS modules.
The "Stability and Lifetime" Task meeting for the HIPERPB project was held on 6 August in Stuttgart (D). As
task leader the JRC presented the initial results of stability testing of the new CIS technology to the partnership
and received a warm appreciation of the work.
PV-NET
The PV-NET Kick-Off Meeting took place in Brussels in December. The RE Unit is the scientific co-ordinator of
this project. PV-NET consists of relevant R&D and production areas in Photovoltaics. Their main task is to
stimulate communication within the whole PV community by organising expert meetings, workshops and
symposia and to disseminate the information gathered therein. The main objective of PV-NET is the
development of a roadmap for PV R&D, based on a broad consensus among the different technologies among
industry and research institutions across the whole range from materials to systems.
CADBACK
The final meeting of the CADBACK SCA was held in November in Ispra. This was a culmination of 3-years'
work to identify a stable and efficient back contact for the production of large area thin-film CdTe Photovoltaic
solar modules. The output of this project has lead to the identification of a suitable materials system for the
realisation of the first large area modules.
The FAST-IQ Project
In 2001, the RE contributed to the SCA FAST-IQ by developing two different measurement principles to be
used for quality control during the production of solar cells and modules. The first is the photo-current line scan
method for string and module measurement to detect defects (shunts, cracks, etc.). The concept was proven
by building a large area fast LBIC (light beam induced current) scan facility as an experimental prototype and
systematically studying the results as a function of experimental parameters. The second method is the defect
detection by thermal analysis. This was able to detect local shunting and thickness variations and differentiate
between good and defective (cracked) cells. The procedure for a patent application has been started for this
method. The advantage of both methods is that they can be used at various stages during production,
because they are applicable to tabbed cells, cells in a string and finished modules. Additionally the second
method can also be used for wafers and cells. A significant convenience of these techniques when considering
their use in a production line is that they are fundamentally non-contact methods.
The Mean Time Before Failure (MTBF) Project
The MTBF project is an ongoing collaborative contract between the RE-Unit and TISO into the first and oldest
PV plant connected to the public electrical grid in Europe.
Results show that the 10 kW plant, is not looking good from a visual aspect, with many modules exhibiting
cosmetic defects, but it is working in a very satisfactory manner. The Arco Solar AS116-2300 modules proved
to be remarkably resistant, showing that 20-year old technology was very good.

Regarding the determination of the Mean Time Before Failure of the plant, it is reasonable to assume, on the
basis of results obtained from accelerated lifetime tests, that the modules could continue to provide useful
electrical power for another 10-15 years. This estimate significantly changes the economy of the system, as it
greatly extends the mean lifetime of the plant.
Med Water Policy Project
The JRC, represented by the Renewable Energies Unit, is one of 10 partners in a joint project called Med
Water Policy: Policy Initiative to Overcome Water Competition between the Vital Economic Sectors of
Agriculture and Tourism in the Mediterranean. The aim of this project is to help overcome the present and
future problem of water competition between the vital economic sectors of agriculture and tourism in the
Mediterranean area. The general objective is to provide the necessary framework for recommendations for a
"good" water management system. This will be achieved by the development of an integrated water-planning
model that will take into account the current supply and demand situation, the available technologies for water
saving, re-use/recycling and desalination and the socio-economic, legal and administrative framework. The
project falls within the EC INCO-MED Programme. It officially started on 1 May 2001 and is due to end on 30.
April 2003.
PASLINK and IQ Test
With its outdoor test facility, the Unit is active in the PASLINK European Economic Interest Group and the
Thematic Network IQ-Test, with the main activity of improving quality in test and evaluation procedures of solar
and thermal performances of building components. The JRC is taking part in the development of training on
analysis techniques and carries out the inspection visits of the participating test facilities in Europe.
PV Building Integration
Collaborative contracts on PV building integration with BRE and BBRI were successfully completed, while the
one with Eurosolare is continuing on the development of reference devices for solar radiation measurements.
Energy Performance Regulations for Buildings (EnPeR)
A new project started this year on the topic of Energy Performance Regulations for Buildings (EnPeR), where
the JRC is responsible for the task on renewable energies. The consortium is evaluating the present status of
these regulations and gives input to the definition of the Energy Performance Directive for Buildings.
Energy Labelling of Existing Buildings (BELAS)
The SAVE financed project "Energy Labelling of Existing
Buildings" (BELAS) was completed. In line with the recent EC
Green Paper Towards a European Strategy for the Security of
Energy Supply, the purpose of this project was to contribute to the
creation or cost-effective energy labelling systems in Belgium,
Finland and France, through a critical evaluation of existing
experience. The existing energy labelling systems in Denmark,
Ireland, Netherlands, United Kingdom and Vermont (USA) were
analysed, in order to identify technical and organisational issues
which should be taken into account in the design of new systems.
The analysis showed that market based non-mandatory systems,
were little used by individual homeowners. On the other hand,
institutional push and government accompanying and/or regulatory measures were found to be factors of
success, as was training of surveyors, quality control, and some kind of stakeholder involvement in the
management of the system. Under these conditions, and if integrated into a well-designed overall approach
and programme, energy labelling was shown to contribute to inciting energy savings investments.
More information about the lessons learned and the suggested new energy labelling systems can be found on
the BELAS web site, created and managed by the JRC at http://belas.irc.it
DemoGL
Meeting of the GreenLight National Contact Points: The representatives from the energy agencies of 11
countries met in Ispra on 29-30 November for the final meeting of the DemoGL Shared Cost Action. This
action was a SAVE project aiming at backing up the European GreenLight Programme. The experts
exchanged their lessons learned, as well as presenting several GreenLight success stories. The Unit was the
technical co-ordinator of the project.

FUTURE ACTIVITIES
To strengthen the position in Europe as the Reference Centre for PV Technology, further development of
primary PV calibrations, implementation of the Energy Rating Procedure for PV Modules and increased
contribution to standards organisations will be made. Particular attention will be given to making a tie between
Photovoltaic and Electricity Efficiency technology. Developing the network on Ultra-High Efficiency Solar Cells
and implementing the S/T Reference System will address in particular the future Member States of the Union.
For the period of the FP6 (2003-2006), the activities of the Renewable Energy Unit will respond firstly to the
policy framework laid out to achieve the targets of the Community Action plan, and secondly to the enormous
growth of production of photovoltaic solar cells which is foreseen.

PATENTS
In 2001, the following patents were granted for work carried out in the Unit for:
A method of providing a measure of the tritium content of a waste batch, with collaboration from DE, FR
and GR.
A device for projecting a defined light beam onto a photosensitive area, with collaboration from the US.

SELECTED PUBLICATIONS
G. Agostinelli, E. Dunlop, . Ebner, P. Gibson: Annealing Time and Collection Efficiency in Electrodeposited
CdS/CdTe Solar Cells. In: Proceedings of the MRS Spring Meeting, 16-20 April 2001, San Francisco, Ca.
(USA)
D. Anderson, T. Sample, E. Dunlop: Obtaining Module Energy Rating from Standard Laboratory
Measurements. In: Proceedings of the 1?h European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition,
WIP, 22-26 October 2001, Munich (D)
A. Jeger-Waldau: Characterisation of Polycrystalline Compound Thin Film Materials. In Proceedings of
EURESCO on PV, 8-13 September 2001, Tomar (PT)
E. Pigaiani, M. Polinelli, J.J. Bloem: An Innovative Application of PV Integrated in Architectural Stretching
Membranes. In: Proceedings of the 1?h European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, WIP,
22-26 October 2001, Munich (D)
A. Realini, E. Bura, . Cereghetti, D. Chianese , S. Rezzonico, G. Travaglini, T. Sample, H. Ossenbrink: Study
of a 20 Year-Old PV Plant (MTBF Project). In: Proceedings of the 17th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy
Conference and Exhibition, WIP, 22-26 October 2001, Munich (D)
V. Berrutto, P. Bertoldi: First Year Assessment of the European GreenLight Programme. In: Proceedings of the
ECEEE2001 Summer Study, 11-16 June 2001, Mandelieu (F)
P. Bertoldi: Assessing the Market Transformation for Domestic Appliances Resulting from European Union
Policies. In: Proceedings of the ECEEE 2001 Summer Study, 11-16 June 2001, Mandelieu (F)

ADELS - Advanced Electricity Storage

Adolfo.Peruo@cec.eu.int
Meeting the goal of doubling the renewable energies share in the energy supply quota requires methods
to compensate for its fluctuating nature through storage. Electricity storage is obviously needed in standalone systems, but also to provide some utility load levelling in grid connected systems.

ACTIVITIES
Monitoring of PV installations (Support to DG TREN)
Support to DG TREN on the analytical monitoring of the demonstration projects, financed by the DG,
has proceeded throughout the year. Follow-up visits to DG TREN (Unit D.02) have been made to report
on the present status, to obtain all the necessary information on the PV Demonstration Projects to be
monitored, to update the Monitoring-project table, to review the priority schedules for this activity and to
agree on future improvements.
New Directive on Batteries and Accumulators
Since 1997, DG ENV has been working on a
revision of the directive on batteries and
accumulators. Its main objectives are to
enlarge the scope of the existing directive and
to ban Ni-Cd rechargeable batteries. At the
same time (EC. 143/97) cadmium and cadmium
oxide (production and main uses) was
prioritised for risk assessment under
Regulation 793/93. As a part of the JRC effort
in scientifically supporting DG ENV, DG-JRC
has produced an integrated assessment as an
internal note, which summarises the horizontal
issues related to NiCd batteries and provide
options for intervention in the debate. ADELS
has contributed to the scientific background of
the note by providing information and analyses
on the cadmium issue (The Cadmium Issue by
A. Perujo and K. Douglas, JRC-lnternal Note)
and in particular on the proposal of substituting
NiCd batteries by other types of batteries (NiMH).

Battery Testing

Hydrogen as Electricity Storage: Carbon Nanotubes

Using a modified CVD technique, specimens of carbon nanotubes (SWNT) are routinely obtained (2 to
4 nanometers in diameter and typical length of one micron). Magnesium oxides with iron salts and
special zeolite material was used as a catalyst. Magnesium oxide is easily removed and therefore
simplifies the purification of the material.

Nanotube
We have confirmed that hydrogen molecules are absorbed on the external surface of the "ropes" of
SWNT (in collaboration with the University of Salford, UK) by identifying the neutron diffraction peak that
corresponds to the hydrogen rotational level in the nanostructure. It was also found that there is
complete recovery of the initial weight during hydrogen desorption (mass-gain fully reversible) and that
hydrogen does not form stable hydrides with the catalytic particles or form C- bonds.
Final results on hydrogen adsorption on carbon nanotubes (SWNT) at pressures of up to 110 bar and
liquid nitrogen temperature (from -100 to -196 C) have been obtained. Using both a microbalance
system (gravimetric measurement) and a Sieverts' apparatus (pressure difference measurement) have
given results showing no relevant hydrogen adsorption on nanotubes (maximum 1.6 wt%) under these
experimental conditions.
The Centrifugal Fuel Cell
The Centrifugal Metal-Air Fuel Cell is a novel concept to produce electricity from sustainable energy
sources by means of "spin-enhanced electrochemical reaction", specifically by exploiting intense
centrifugal fields. Fuel for the centrifugal cell could be one of the electropositive metals, such as zinc or
aluminium, whilst the oxidant is oxygen in atmospheric air. Metal-air fuel cells can be used as clean,
efficient power sources for vehicle transportation, as a safer alternative to hydrogen fuel cells, or as
stand-alone generators. Zinc-air cells, as one common example, can also be used to store energy by
means of electrochemical re-conversion of the "waste" metal oxide back to pure zinc, via a completely
sustainable "fuel cycle". As reversible batteries or fuel cells, such devices are therefore deal for energy
storage when integrated with solar PV panels. During 2001, a small-scale prototype centrifugal zinc-air
battery was developed and tested through an external partnership involving a German SME and a
Bulgarian electrochemistry research institute. Funding for the project came via an internal "JRC
Innovation Project Competition 2000" award, an initiative aimed at promoting innovative research within
the JRC.
First results obtained in October 2001 indicated a clear trend wherein both voltage and current were
found to increase directly with spin speed. This is believed to be due to the enhanced mass transfer
accompanying the applied centrifugal field, which has the effect of reducing the thickness of the
boundary layer on the surface of the electrodes. Theory suggests that the current-density increases in
proportion to the fourth root of the "centrifugal acceleration enhancement factor", or as the square root
of the spin-speed. Rotation is seen as a simple mechanism for increasing power-density and overall
performance of fuel cells and batteries, with additional engineering benefits. Several EC/JRC patent
applications are pending and plans for technology transfer are underway to exploit the positive results
and to take the concept to the next stage of development.

10

NETWORKS / SHARED COST ACTIONS

ADELS is involved in the following Networks/Shared Cost Actions:

"PV-Certification": This is a cluster of two projects. Both projects target the development and
large-scale dissemination of knowledge about photovoltaic systems quality standards and about PV
system design and implementation skills. The role of ADELS in this SCA is Harmonisation of
Standards.

"INVESTIRE Network": Investigation of Storage Technology for Intermittent Renewable Energies:

Evaluation and Recommended R&D Strategies. This is a network of 35 partners with objectives to
review and assess existing storage technologies in the context of renewable energy applications, to
facilitate exchange of information between the main actors and to propose appropriate RTD actions
for the future. ADELS has a twofold role In the network - it is a member of the network, but it is also
part of its Steering Committee.

"Benchmarking": Development of test procedures for benchmarking components for RES

application, in particular energy storage systems. The project will start on 1 January 2002 and will
run for 36 months.

ADELS has successfully concluded the following Networks/SCA:

"PLISE": Photovoltaic Lighting System evaluation and rating methods. Six European partners are
involved and all its objectives have been achieved, in particular the important input towards an IEC
standard for Solar Home Systems (draft standard IEC 62124).

"CESI-PV": Certification and Standardisation Issues for a Sustainable PV Market in Developing

Countries. The project has fulfilled three objectives. First, to propose a set of tests in order to verify
that PV systems for solar rural homes meet the technical standards. Second, to develop a set of
quality control procedures for PV systems, components, manufacturing processes and PV standalone installations. Third, to propose a methodology to tackle non-technical factors in relation with
the quality control.

Pre-normative/standardisation activity

On the level of IEC TC82 (Photovoltaic Solar Energy), the Unit contributes to the revision of existing
standards, as well as to drafting new ones.

The RE Unit is involved in PV-GAP (GLOBAL APPROVAL PROGRAMME for Photovoltaics,

http://www.pvgap.org) as a member and secretary of its Technical Committee. The Technical
Committee is empowered to take any action necessary to ensure that proper and global standards
are established for the PV business. The World Bank (http://www.worldbank.org/energy)
recognises the PV GAP Mark or Seal.

The validation of the proposed IEC standard 62124 (Photovoltaic (PV) stand-alone systems Design qualification and type approval) by ADELS has demonstrated that the indoor procedure is
highly reproducible (error < 10%). This will give confidence in the standard that is soon to be voted
by the IEC.

FUTURE ACTIVITIES

Battery Performance, Testing and Standards: Definition of the test performance and test
procedures, which best describe the real operating conditions of energy storage systems in a given
category of Renewable Energy Systems.

Solar Home Systems: Methods and Standards: Continue to contribute to the improvements of
the quality of SHS by developing test procedures and confirming the reliability of those tests as a
tool for SHS quality assurance.

11

Analytical monitoring of PV-installations: Continuation of our support role in the market

penetration of PV systems by performing the analytical monitoring of DG TREN PV demonstration
projects. Extension of this activity by proposing new/alternative means of monitoring.

SELECTED PUBLICATIONS

A. de Monte, R .A.H. Edwards, U. Montaretto, A. Perujo and D.K. R oss, "Synth esis and
Hydrognation Behaviour of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes", Proceedings of the 4th International
Symposium on Hydrogen Power-Theoretical and Engineering Solutions (HYPOTHESIS IV),
Stralsund (Germany), 9-14 September 2001.
W. Gillett, R . Gambi, C. Obled, H. Ossenbrink, A. Perujo and H. Scholz, "Results from PV
Demonstration Projects in Europe", Proceedings of the 17th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy
Conference and Exhibition, Munich (Germany), 22-26 October 2001.
P. Boulanger, P. Malbranche, T. Bruton, A. Parsons, J.C. Marcel, G. Moine, F. Rosillo, U. Hupach,
W. Vaassen, A. Perujo and , Douglas, "PV Ligh ting Systems Evaluation and rating
methods (PLISE): final results". Proc. of the 17th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference
and Exhibition, Munich (Germany), 22-26 October 2001.
B. Worth: 'Th e Centrafugal Fuel Cell - Principles, Concepts, Status and Prospects", European
Commission publication, EUR 20132, December 2001

12

EVENTS, CONFERENCES AND VISITS

Spring Meeting of the -MRS (European Material Research Society) Symposium P, Thin Film
Materials for Photovoltaics, Strasbourg, 5-8 June 2001
Together with Abdelillah Slaoui PHASE-CNRS, Strasbourg, Jef Portmans, IM'EC, Leuven, Christoph
Brabec, Siemens AG, Erlangen, Arnulf Jger-Waldau of the RE Unit was Co-Chair and Co-Editor of the
Conference Proceedings published as "European Materials Research Society Symposia Proceedings
Volume 121" and in Thin Solid Films 403-404 (2002), Elsevier Science B.V.
The European Materials Research Society (-MRS), a non-profit scientific association founded in 1983,
is focussing on creating the synergy between interdisciplinary, innovative technologies, diffusing and
exchanging information and promoting technology transfer from public institutions towards industry. The
main objective of -MRS is to promote and enhance the efficiency of research in European countries in
the field of Advanced Materials. In addition they aim to give quick information on the development of
science and technology in their area in the rest of the world, through links with other MRS societies
belonging to the international Union (IUMRS).
Symposium was dedicated to Thin Film Materials for Photovoltaics. The different sessions gave a
good overview of the current technology trends as well as the current hot topics in thin film material
research for PV. The major fields were deposition and synthesis techniques, defects, stability and
diagnostics. The large variety of different deposition technologies showed, that the issue of
crystalisation, film formation as well as the influence of stoichiometry and material diffusion still need a
lot of attention. The thin layers were ranging from traditional silicon and its compounds over l-ll-V and IIVI compounds to new organic materials for PV purpose.
A total of 180 scientific delegates attended the symposium, stemming from European and nonEuropean countries. The scientific programme included 16 invited oral presentations, 40 oral
contributions and 110 posters. These presentations were selected from over 200 submitted abstracts.
The proceedings include more than 100 papers presented during the conference, with all manuscripts
being reviewed according to the standard procedure of Thin Solid Films by at least two referees.
European Research Conference, Photovoltaic Devices, High Efficiency Solar Cells,
Tomar, Portugal, 8-13 September 2001
Chair: Claude Levy-Clement - F, CNRS, Thiais, F
Vice-chair: Arnulf Jger-Waldau - D, EC Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, I
The Euro Conference Series on Photovoltaic Devices offers a discussion forum to leading researchers
in industry and research institutions exploring the latest research results, trends and ideas. This
conference series is designed to promote successful research co-operation on a European scale and to
foster technology transfer into the European industry. Therefore, an important issue of these events is
not only the plenary scientific presentations but also the informal working group meetings with limited
number of attendees and different composition, which will make sure that an open exchange of scientific
ideas is promoted. The participation of scientists from the Member States, the Associated and
Candidate Countries as well as from outside Europe broadens the horizon of discussions.
The conference gave an overview about the present status and future challenges of high efficient solar
cells. Twenty six top international researchers from industry and academic institutions were invited.
They presented the status of research and the potential for new developments in high efficiency devices
for different cell technologies including mono- and polycristalline silicon cells, triple junction amorphous
silicon cells and CdTe, CIS and GaAs thin film solar cells. Young scientists and participants presented
their work in two poster sessions exhibiting 46 posters.

13

The 17lh European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition,

Munich, 22-26 October 2001
The Unit was involved in the above Conference, where Heinz Ossenbrink was the Programme
Chairman. This is the world's largest photovoltaic solar energy convention, where nearly 2000 people
attended, representing 65 countries and 157 companies from the solar industry show-cased their
newest products, methods and research at the exhibition which was open to the public. The Scientific
Programme featured 44 plenary presentations, 180 oral presentations and 653 posters.

European Commission Stand with PV-Wing model

European policy-makers and industry insiders emphasised the urgent need for more market introduction
programmes and lasting investment. Renewable sources of energy such as solar electricity cannot only
ensure security of supply, economic growth and clean sustainable energy for the world, but also greatly
contribute to political stability for developing countries in an increasingly vulnerable political climate.
It was impressive to see the increasing pace at which the PV market is developing and how we have
never seen so many simultaneous steps forward on all levels of PV development. Current technology
demonstrated a maturity never seen before, new thin film productions are coming on line and now
current massive market deployment programmes have been described. To satisfy future demand, more
presentations than ever before revealed fundamental new and advanced concepts for third-generation
Photovoltaics.

Introducing PV to curious children at the European Commission Stand

14

Workshop on the Path to Ultra High Efficient Solar Cells, JRC Ispra, 15-16 November 2001
The search for a substitute for fossil energy sources, the improving environmental awareness worldwide and the needs of the growing population in developing countries, have increased the interest in
photovoltaics as a long-term available, environmentally friendly and reliable energy technology. This
leads to the search for new developments with respect to material use and consumption, device design
and production technologies as well as new concepts to increase the overall efficiency.
At present solar cell manufacturing is growing by approximately 30% per year, with an increasing
tendency. The continuation of this growth will only be possible if a continuous introduction of new
technologies takes place, made possible by sound fundamental research.
So far the technology has been based on single-junction solar cells with an efficiency limit of approx.
31%. However, the fundamental physical limits are well above 80%. Currently new concepts are being
discussed theoretically how to realise solar cells reaching this limit.
There was participation from international high profile scientists, including the winner of the 2001 highly
prestigious Bequerel Prize, Prof. V. Andreev. This workshop provided a forum to review and discuss the
current status and achievements in high efficiencies for different kind of solar cells as well as to foster
new concepts and ideas. Therefore, the results of this workshop will lead to an increase in such
research activities.

Participants - Workshop on the Path to Ultra High Efficient Solar Cells

Visits
The Unit and ESTI Laboratories continued to attract a large number of visitors during 2001, ranging
from:
schools, universities, journalists
the Russian Intersolar Centre,
the Luxembourg Minister for Culture, Research and Secondary Education,
members of the Board of Governors
members of the European Parliament,
the Member States Representatives in the Research and Atomic Questions Group
Japanese Delegation

15

For further information

Please contact:

Jennifer Rundle, Renewable Energies Unit

Jennifer.Rundle@cec.eu.int
Tel.: +39 0332 786398
Fax: +39 0332 785885

joint research centre

EUROPEAN COMMISSION

The mission of the JRC is to provide customer-driven scientific and technical support for
the conception, development, implementation and monitoring of EU policies. As a
service of the European Commission, the JRC functions as a reference centre of
science and technology for the Union. Close to the policy-making process, it serves the
common interest of the Member States, while being independent of special interests,
whether private or national.

EUNA20424ENC