Q: Express Beer Lambert equation in terms of Transmittance

A: A2logT
Q: Absorbance A has no units, explain why?
A: Beer Lambert equation is Alc where is expressed in (L. mol-1. cm-1 ), l is
expressed in cm) and c is expressed in (mol. L-1). Hence, a product of these
three units results in no units.
Q: When a data plot of BeerLambert law for absorbance versus concentration
is generated, when will the plot be truly linear?
A: At very low concentration levels of analyte
Q: What are the deviations of Beer Lambert Law and list the major reasons for
each deviations?
A: FundamentalConcentration and Change in , ChemicalEquilibrium
Reactions and Change in pH, InstrumentalStray Radiation, Sample
Fluorescence and or Phosphorescence, Scattering due to contaminants
present

Q: An atomic absorption spectroscopic analysis of Sodium at 2610K yields an

energy value of 3.37 x 1019 J per atom. Calculate % of atoms present in
excited state of Sodium.
A: Using N1N0eEkT) with E3.37x1019 and T2610, N1N01.74x104. In
terms of % of atoms present in the excited state, N0 being 100, N11.74x10 4x
1000.0174%
Q: Which are the primary sources for UV VIS phenomenon?
A: Electronic Transitions among Valence Electrons in Orbitals
Q: What is the frequency range, in units of nm, observed in UV VIS spectrum
and classify the range for UV and VISIBLE regions?
A: 160800nm for UV VIS range. 160200nm for UV region and 350800nm
for VISIBLE region.
Q: List the four transitions responsible for UV and VISIBLE phenomenon and
list the wavelength responsible for each transition.
A: :200nm, :160200nm, n:200500nm, n:250600 nm

Q: p-nitrophenol was analyzed by a UV VIS Spectrophotometer having a fixed

path length (l) of 1cm at 400nm at different levels of concentration. The
absorbance (A) values at each concentration (c) levels are given below.
Calculate from the values.

c (mM)

0.0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

A400

0.0

0.18

0.37

0.55

0.72

0.91

A: With the above values and using Alc, the can be determined from the
slope of the graph (slopel) if A (x-axis) is plotted against c (y-axis).
Slope

(y2-y1)(x2-x1)
0.91/(0.05mM
18.2 (mM)

Slope/l
18.2 (mM) / 1.0 cm
18.2 (mM) cm
18200 M cm

Q: List the four key components of an UV VIS Spectrophotometer?

A: Source, Dispersive Unit, Detector, Processor-PC
Q: Name the key component employed in a Double Beam UV VIS
Spectrophotometer and its function?
A: Chopper. It is used to direct the light path to both blank (reference) and the
sample.
Q: Name the major four amino acids responsible for UV VIS observation in
proteins.
A: Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Phenylalanine and Cysteine
Q: Mention the Central Wavelength value for UV VIS observation in proteins
and nucleic acids.
A: For protein, 280nm and for nucleic acids, 260nm

Q: Describe the principle and methodology of Bradford Assay and key facts of
Bradford Assay.
A: In Bradford Assay, the protein is made to interact with a dye, known as
Coomassie Dye (or G250) under acidic conditions. The dye in its native form is
reddish brown in color. The protein-dye complex is analyzed at a fixed
wavelength of 595nm and the complex yields blue color. UV VIS
measurements at different concentration of proteins can be made and a plot of
Absorbance versus Concentration can be generated. From the plot, which is
known as Calibration Curve, unknown concentration of a protein can be
determined. The key facts of Bradford Assay are (1). Development of color in
Coomassie dye-based protein assays has been associated with the presence
of certain basic amino acids (primarily arginine, lysine and histidine) in the
protein, (2). The number of Coomassie dye ligands bound to each protein
molecule is approximately proportional to the number of positive charges found
on the protein, (3). Free amino acids, peptides and low molecular weight
proteins do not produce color with Coomassie dye reagents and (4). The mass
of a peptide or protein used in assay must be at least 3,000 Da or above. TIP:
(1). Include the structure of dye, (2). Reaction pathway