132kV SAG Calculation

DOC NO : HZL-BTN-ELE-DS-SY-028
SAG TENSION CALCULATION FOR 26.68 m SPAN SINGLE BEAR ACSR - 132kV TRANSFORMER FEEDER
1.0.0 DESIGN INPUT
1.1.0 System Parameters
1.1.1 Bay Location
132kV TRANSFORMER FEEDER
1.1.2 Conductor type & strands
SINGLE BEAR ACSR
1.1.3 Initial Tension (Max.)
T1
1000
kg
1.1.4 c/c distance of tower (Maximum Span)
26680
mm
1.1.5 Girder Width
Lg
750
mm
1.1.6 Tower height
H1
8000
mm
1.1.7 Height of the equipment below the conductor
H2
5955
mm
1.1.8 Number of Conductors
nc
Nos.
1.1.9 Number of Insulator Strings
ns
Nos.
1.1.10 Basic Wind Speed
Vb
47
m/s
1.1.11 Span (c/c tower - lg)
Ls
25930
mm
1.1.12 Maximum Temperature
To
85
1.1.13 Minimum Temperature
Tmin
1.2.1 Conductor unit weight
m's
1.2.2 Conductor Area
Ac
325.6
mm 2
1.2.3 Conductor overall diameter
dc
23.45
mm
1.2.4 Expansion coefficient of conductor
1.78E-05 /C
1.2.5 Elasticity modulus
8.2E+03 kg/mm 2
1.3.1 Number of discs per string
nd
12
1.3.2 Weight of each disc
Wd
7.5
kg
1.3.3 Weight of hardware
Wh
17.02
kg
1.3.4 Mean Diameter of Insulator
di
255
mm
1.3.5 Length of each disc
Ld
145
mm
1.3.6 Length of hardware
Lh
750
mm
1.3.7 Width of the hardware
dh
250
mm
(1T per phase)
(As per IS: 875 -1987,
Part : 3)
(As per Clause 10.2,
IS-802,pageno.9)
1.2.0 ACSR Conductor

0.001213
kg/mm
1.3.0 Tension Insulator
1 of 14
(As per Vendor drawing)
2.0.0 CALCULATION OF BASIC DESIGN PARAMETERS
2.0.1 Weight of Disc insulator string (W wi)
W wi
W d x nd x n s
7.5 x 12 x 1
kg
90
2.0.3 Length of the Disc insulator string (L str)

Lstr
nd x Ld
12 x 145
1740
mm
2.0.4 Conductor Chord length (L c)

Lc
(L - Lg) - 2 x (Lstr + Lh)
(26680 - 750) - 2 x (1740 + 750)
k0
=
=
=
=
4
47
1
1.375
Meteorological wind speed
Vr
Vb / k0
Risk co efficient
Terrain roughness co efficient
Design wind speed
k1
k2
Vd
=
=
=
20950
mm
3.0.0 DESIGN CALCULTION

3.1.0 Design wind speed (Vd)
Wind zone
Basic wind speed
Reliability level of structure
factor
Vb
m/s
(As per IS 802, Clause 8.2, Pg no:3)
=
1
1
Vr x k1 x k2
34.19
m/s
34.19 x 1 x 1
34.19
m/s
3.2.0 Design Wind pressure (Pd)

Pd
0.6 x Vd2
0.6 x (34.19^2)
701.38 N/m2
0.0000715 kg/mm 2
3.3.0 Wind pressure on conductor (Pc)

Drag Co efficient for conductor
Cd
Gust response factor for 8000mm level

(For reliability level 1, Terrain category 2)
Gc
1.66

(As per IS 802, Table 7, Pg no:9)
Full wind pressure on conductor,

Pc
Pd x Cd x Gc
0.0000715 x 1 x 1.66
0.0001187
kg/mm 2
3.4.0 Wind pressure on Insulator (Pi)

Drag Co efficient for insulator
Cdi
1.2
Gust response factor for level

Gci
1.864

Full wind pressure on insulator,

Pi
Pd x Cdi x Gci
0.0000715 x 1.2 x 1.864
2 of 14
0.00016
kg/mm2
3.5.0 Equivalent weight of Conductor in loaded condition
3.5.1 Full wind load on conductor (W c)
Wc
Pc x dc
0.0001187 x 23.45
0.00279
kg/mm
3.5.2 Equivalent weight of conductor at full wind (W 2)

W2
m'sc 2 + W c2
(0.001213^2) + (0.00279^2)
0.00305 kg/mm
3.6.0 Equivalent weight of insulator in loaded condition

3.6.1 Full wind load on insulator (W s)
Ws
0.5 x Pi x di x Lstr x ns
0.5 x 0.00016 x 255 x 1740 x 1
35.5
kg
3.6.2 Equivalent weight of insulator at full wind (W i2)

W i2
W wi2 + W s2
(90^2) + (35.5^2)
96.75
kg
3.6.3 Resultant insulator load on each sub conductor (W i)

Wi
W i2
nc
96.75 / 1
96.75
kg
3.7.0 Equivalent load of insulator hardware in loaded condition

3.7.1 Full wind load on insulator hardware
W wh
Pi x dh x Lh
WT
17.02 x 1
0.00016 x 250 x 750
17.02
30
kg
kg
3.7.2 Equivalent weight of hardware at full wind (W hT)

W hT
W wh2 + W 2T
(30^2) + (17.02^2)
3.7.3 Resultant Hardware load on each sub conductor (W hr)

W hr
W hT
nc
34.492 / 1
3 of 14
34.492
kg
34.492
kg
4.0.0 FULL WIND CONDITION
4.1.0 Load distribution
96.750 kg
34.492 kg
0.003050 kg/mm
34.492 kg
96.750 kg
B
`
1740.0 mm
750 mm
20950.000 mm
1740.0 mm
750 mm
4.1.1 Reaction at each end

RA
RB
96.75 + 34.492 + ((0.00305 x 20950)/2)
kg
163.1908
kg
4.1.2 Shear force diagram

+163.1908 kg
+66.4408 kg
10475
+31.9488 kg
870
1245
375
375
1245
870
-31.9488 kg
10475
-66.4408 kg
NOTE: LENGTH IN "mm"
-163.1908 kg
Maximum Sag occurs at the centre of the span
4.1.3 Cross force area (Upto maximum sag)
I1
163.1908 x 870
141975.996
kg.mm
I2
66.4408 x 1245
82718.796
kg.mm
I3
31.9488 x 375
11980.8
kg.mm
I4
0.5 x 31.9488 x 10475
167331.84
kg.mm
404007.432
kg.mm
SI1
4.1.4 Cross Force moments
S1
141975.996 x 163.1908 x 0.5
11584588.1840
kg2mm
S2
82718.796 x 66.4408 x 0.5
2747951.4906
kg2mm
S3
11980.8 x 31.9488 x 0.5
191386.0915
kg2mm
S4
167331.84 x 31.9488 / 3
1782017.1633
kg2mm
TS
(S1 + S2 + S3 + S4) x 2
32611885.8588
kg2mm
4 of 14
5.0.0 STILL WIND CONDITION
90.000 kg
17.020 kg
0.001213 kg/mm
17.020 kg
90.000 kg
B
`
1740.0 mm
750 mm
20950.000 mm
750 mm
1740.0 mm

RA
RB
90 + 17.02 + ((0.001213 x 20950)/2)
kg
119.7262
kg

+119.7262 kg
+29.7262 kg
10475
+12.7062 kg
870
1245
375
375
1245
870
-12.7062 kg
10475
-29.7262 kg
-119.7262 kg
I1
119.7262 x 870
104161.794
kg.mm
I2
29.7262 x 1245
37009.119
kg.mm
I3
12.7062 x 375
4764.825
kg.mm
I4
0.5 x 12.7062 x 10475
66548.7225
kg.mm
212484.4605
kg.mm
SI2
S1
104161.794 x 119.7262 x 0.5
6235447.8904
kg2mm
S2
37009.119 x 29.7262 x 0.5
550070.2366
kg2mm
S3
4764.825 x 12.7062 x 0.5
30271.4097
kg2mm
S4
66548.7225 x 12.7062 / 3
281860.4593
kg2mm
TSS
(S1 + S2 + S3 + S4) x 2
14195299.9920
kg2mm
5 of 14
6.0.0 EVALUATION OF SAG AND DEFLECTION AT ANY TEMPERATURE
6.1.0 Sag at any temperature
6.1.1 Final Stress at any temperature
E x SM1
2 x (-1) +
Where
Ac x Ls x 1
+ E x (T1-To)
E x SM2
=
Ac x Ls
SM1
TS
32611885.8588
kg2mm
SM2
TSS
14195299.9920
kg2mm
3.07125
kg/mm 2
kg/mm 2
6.1.2 Sag at any Temperature (S)

S
SI2 / Tstill
mm
Tstill
xA
kg
where, is the final stress at still wind condition for a given temperature
6.2.0 Deflection at any temperature
E x SM1
2 x (-1) +
Where
Ac x Ls x 1
SM1
3.07125
TS
+ E x (T1-To)
E x SM1
=
Ac x Ls
kg/mm 2
32611885.8588
kg2mm
6.2.2 Deflection at any Temperature (D)

D
SI2 / Tfull
mm
Tfull
xA
kg
where, is the final stress at full wind condition for a given temperature
6.3.0 Conductor Swing at any temperature (Swg)
Swg
D2 - S2
mm
6 of 14
kg/mm 2
6.4.0 Sag, Tension, Deflectionand Swing for Various Temperatures
Temp (Full wind) (Still wind)
c
kg/mm 2
kg/mm 2
Tfull (kg)
Tstill (kg)
Sag (mm)
Deflection
(mm)
Swing
(mm)
3.0713
2.1319
1000
694.1
306.1
404
263.7
2.9813
2.0601
970.7
670.8
316.8
416.2
269.9
10
2.897
1.995
943.3
649.6
327.1
428.3
276.5
15
2.8187
1.935
917.8
630
337.3
440.2
282.9
20
2.7459
1.8799
894.1
612.1
347.1
451.9
289.4
25
2.6779
1.8289
871.9
595.5
356.8
463.4
295.7
30
2.6143
1.7816
851.2
580.1
366.3
474.6
301.8
35
2.5548
1.7376
831.8
565.8
375.5
485.7
308.1
40
2.4987
1.6966
813.6
552.4
384.7
496.6
314
45
2.4461
1.6581
796.5
539.9
393.6
507.2
319.9
50
2.3963
1.6221
780.2
528.2
402.3
517.8
326
55
2.3494
1.5882
765
517.1
410.9
528.1
331.7
60
2.3049
1.5563
750.5
506.7
419.3
538.3
337.6
65
2.2627
1.5261
736.7
496.9
427.6
548.4
343.4
70
2.2226
1.4976
723.7
487.6
435.8
558.3
349
75
2.1846
1.4705
711.3
478.8
443.8
568
354.5
80
2.1482
1.4448
699.5
470.4
451.7
577.6
360
85
2.1135
1.4204
688.2
462.5
459.4
587
365.4
6.4.1 Maximum Working Tension
1000
kg
6.4.2 Maximum sag of Lower most conductor
459.4
mm
6.4.3 Height of tower
8000
mm
6.4.4 Height of Equipment
5955
mm
Vclr
1585.6
mm
1300
mm
6.4.5 Vertical Clearance between lower most

Conductor and equipment
6.4.6 Clearance between phase to phase
for 132kV as per CBIP manual
6.4.7 Since the calculated vertical clearance between Equipment and Lower most conductor is
greater than the minimum clearance between phase to phase, The selected height of tower
8000mm is adequate.
7 of 14
SAG TENSION CALCULATION FOR 12 m SPAN SINGLE BEAR ACSR - 132kV BUS
1.0.0 DESIGN INPUT
1.1.0 System Parameters
1.1.1 Bay Location
132kV BUS
1.1.2 Conductor type & strands
SINGLE BEAR ACSR
1.1.3 Initial Tension (Max.)
T1
1000
kg
1.1.4 c/c distance of tower (Maximum Span)
12000
mm
1.1.5 Girder Width
Lg
750
mm
1.1.6 Tower height
H1
8000
mm
1.1.7 Height of the equipment below the conductor
H2
5050
mm
1.1.8 Number of Conductors
nc
Nos.
1.1.9 Number of Insulator Strings
ns
Nos.
1.1.10 Basic Wind Speed
Vb
47
m/s
1.1.11 Span (c/c tower - lg)
Ls
11250
mm
1.1.12 Maximum Temperature
To
85
1.1.13 Minimum Temperature
Tmin
1.2.1 Conductor unit weight
m's
1.2.2 Conductor Area
Ac
325.6
mm 2
1.2.3 Conductor overall diameter
dc
23.45
mm
1.2.4 Expansion coefficient of conductor
1.78E-05 /C
1.2.5 Elasticity modulus
8.2E+03 kg/mm 2
1.3.1 Number of discs per string
nd
12
1.3.2 Weight of each disc
Wd
7.5
kg
1.3.3 Weight of hardware
Wh
17.02
kg
1.3.4 Mean Diameter of Insulator
di
255
mm
1.3.5 Length of each disc
Ld
145
mm
1.3.6 Length of hardware
Lh
750
mm
1.3.7 Width of the hardware
dh
250
mm
(1T per phase)
(As per IS: 875 -1987,
Part : 3)
(As per Clause 10.2,
IS-802,pageno.9)
1.2.0 ACSR Conductor

0.001213
kg/mm
1.3.0 Tension Insulator
8 of 14
(As per Vendor drawing)
2.0.0 CALCULATION OF BASIC DESIGN PARAMETERS
2.0.1 Weight of Disc insulator string (W wi)
W wi
W d x nd x n s
7.5 x 12 x 1
90
kg
2.0.3 Length of the Disc insulator string (L str)

Lstr
nd x Ld
12 x 145
1740
mm
2.0.4 Conductor Chord length (L c)

Lc
(L - Lg) - 2 x (Lstr + Lh)
(12000 - 750) - 2 x (1740 + 750)
k0
=
=
=
=
4
47
1
1.375
Meteorological wind speed
Vr
Vb / k0
Risk co efficient
Terrain roughness co efficient
Design wind speed
k1
k2
Vd
=
=
=
6270
mm
3.0.0 DESIGN CALCULTION

3.1.0 Design wind speed (Vd)
Wind zone
Basic wind speed
Reliability level of structure
factor
Vb
m/s
34.19
1
1
Vr x k1 x k2
m/s
34.19 x 1 x 1
34.19
m/s
3.2.0 Design Wind pressure (Pd)

Pd
0.6 x Vd2
0.6 x (34.19^2)
701.38 N/m2
0.0000715 kg/mm 2
3.3.0 Wind pressure on conductor (Pc)

Drag Co efficient for conductor
Cd
Gust response factor for 8000mm level

Gc
1.66

Full wind pressure on conductor,

Pc
Pd x Cd x Gc
0.0001187
0.0000715 x 1 x 1.66
kg/mm 2
3.4.0 Wind pressure on Insulator (Pi)

Drag Co efficient for insulator
Cdi
1.2
Gust response factor for level

Gci
1.864

Full wind pressure on insulator,

Pi
Pd x Cdi x Gci
0.0000715 x 1.2 x 1.864
9 of 14
0.00016
kg/mm 2
3.5.0 Equivalent weight of Conductor in loaded condition
3.5.1 Full wind load on conductor (W c)
Wc
Pc x dc
0.0001187 x 23.45
0.00279
kg/mm
3.5.2 Equivalent weight of conductor at full wind (W 2)

W2
m'sc 2 + W c2
(0.001213^2) + (0.00279^2)
0.00305 kg/mm
3.6.0 Equivalent weight of insulator in loaded condition

3.6.1 Full wind load on insulator (W s)
Ws
0.5 x Pi x di x Lstr x ns
0.5 x 0.00016 x 255 x 1740 x 1
kg
35.5
3.6.2 Equivalent weight of insulator at full wind (W i2)

W i2
W wi2 + W s2
(90^2) + (35.5^2)
96.75
kg
3.6.3 Resultant insulator load on each sub conductor (W i)

Wi
W i2
nc
96.75 / 1
96.75
kg
3.7.0 Equivalent load of insulator hardware in loaded condition

3.7.1 Full wind load on insulator hardware
W wh
Pi x dh x Lh
WT
17.02 x 1
0.00016 x 250 x 750
17.02
30
kg
kg
3.7.2 Equivalent weight of hardware at full wind (W hT)

W hT
W wh2 + W 2T
(30^2) + (17.02^2)
3.7.3 Resultant Hardware load on each sub conductor (W hr)

W hr
W hT
nc
34.492 / 1
10 of 14
34.492
kg
34.492
kg
4.0.0 FULL WIND CONDITION
96.750 kg
34.492 kg
0.003050 kg/mm
34.492 kg
96.750 kg
B
`
1740.0 mm
750 mm
6270.000 mm
1740.0 mm
750 mm

RA
RB
96.75 + 34.492 + ((0.00305 x 6270)/2)
kg
140.8038
kg

+140.8038 kg
+44.0538 kg
3135
+9.5618 kg
870
1245
375
375
1245
870
-9.5618 kg
3135
-44.0538 kg
-140.8038 kg
I1
140.8038 x 870
122499.306
kg.mm
I2
44.0538 x 1245
54846.981
kg.mm
I3
9.5618 x 375
3585.675
kg.mm
I4
0.5 x 9.5618 x 3135
14988.1215
kg.mm
195920.0835
kg.mm
SI1
S1
122499.306 x 140.8038 x 0.5
8624183.8911
kg2mm
S2
54846.981 x 44.0538 x 0.5
1208108.9658
kg2mm
S3
3585.675 x 9.5618 x 0.5
17142.7536
kg2mm
S4
14988.1215 x 9.5618 / 3
47771.1401
kg2mm
TS
(S1 + S2 + S3 + S4) x 2
19794413.5012
kg2mm
11 of 14
5.0.0 STILL WIND CONDITION
90.000 kg
17.020 kg
0.001213 kg/mm
17.020 kg
90.000 kg
B
`
1740.0 mm
750 mm
6270.000 mm
750 mm
1740.0 mm

RA
RB
90 + 17.02 + ((0.001213 x 6270)/2)
kg
110.8228
kg

+110.8228 kg
+20.8228 kg
3135
+3.8028 kg
870
1245
375
375
1245
870
-3.8028 kg
3135
-20.8228 kg
-110.8228 kg
I1
110.8228 x 870
96415.836
kg.mm
I2
20.8228 x 1245
25924.386
kg.mm
I3
3.8028 x 375
1426.05
kg.mm
I4
0.5 x 3.8028 x 3135
5960.889
kg.mm
129727.161
kg.mm
SI2
S1
96415.836 x 110.8228 x 0.5
5342536.4549
kg2mm
S2
25924.386 x 20.8228 x 0.5
269909.1524
kg2mm
S3
1426.05 x 3.8028 x 0.5
2711.4915
kg2mm
S4
5960.889 x 3.8028 / 3
7556.0229
kg2mm
TSS
(S1 + S2 + S3 + S4) x 2
11245426.2434
kg2mm
12 of 14
6.0.0 EVALUATION OF SAG AND DEFLECTION AT ANY TEMPERATURE
6.1.0 Sag at any temperature
E x SM1
2 x (-1) +
Where
Ac x Ls x 1
+ E x (T1-To)
E x SM2
=
Ac x Ls
SM1
TS
19794413.5012
kg2mm
SM2
TSS
11245426.2434
kg2mm
3.07125
kg/mm 2
kg/mm 2
6.1.2 Sag at any Temperature (S)

S
SI2 / Tstill
mm
Tstill
xA
kg
where, is the final stress at still wind condition for a given temperature
6.2.0 Deflection at any temperature
E x SM1
2 x (-1) +
Where
Ac x Ls x 1
SM1
3.07125
TS
+ E x (T1-To)
E x SM1
=
Ac x Ls
kg/mm 2
19794413.5012
kg2mm
6.2.2 Deflection at any Temperature (D)

D
SI2 / Tfull
mm
Tfull
xA
kg
where, is the final stress at full wind condition for a given temperature
6.3.0 Conductor Swing at any temperature (Swg)
Swg
D2 - S2
mm
13 of 14
kg/mm 2
6.4.0 Sag, Tension, Deflectionand Swing for Various Temperatures
Temp (Full wind) (Still wind)
c
kg/mm 2
kg/mm 2
Tfull (kg)
Tstill (kg)
Sag (mm)
Deflection
(mm)
Swing
(mm)
3.0713
2.3757
1000
773.5
167.7
195.9
101.3
3.004
2.3191
978.1
755.1
171.8
200.3
103
10
2.9399
2.2665
957.2
738
175.8
204.7
104.9
15
2.8794
2.2169
937.5
721.8
179.7
209
106.7
20
2.8221
2.1704
918.9
706.7
183.6
213.2
108.4
25
2.7679
2.1264
901.2
692.4
187.4
217.4
110.2
30
2.7165
2.085
884.5
678.9
191.1
221.5
112
35
2.6677
2.0457
868.6
666.1
194.8
225.6
113.8
40
2.6212
2.0084
853.5
653.9
198.4
229.5
115.4
45
2.577
1.973
839.1
642.4
201.9
233.5
117.3
50
2.5348
1.9393
825.3
631.4
205.5
237.4
118.9
55
2.4945
1.9073
812.2
621
208.9
241.2
120.6
60
2.456
1.8767
799.7
611.1
212.3
245
122.3
65
2.4191
1.8475
787.7
601.5
215.7
248.7
123.8
70
2.3838
1.8196
776.2
592.5
218.9
252.4
125.7
75
2.3499
1.7928
765.1
583.7
222.2
256.1
127.3
80
2.3173
1.7672
754.5
575.4
225.5
259.7
128.8
85
2.2861
1.7426
744.4
567.4
228.6
263.2
130.4
6.4.1 Maximum Working Tension
1000
kg
6.4.2 Maximum sag of Lower most conductor
228.6
mm
6.4.3 Height of tower
8000
mm
6.4.4 Height of Equipment
5050
mm
Vclr
2721.4
mm
1300
mm
6.4.5 Vertical Clearance between lower most

Conductor and equipment
6.4.6 Clearance between phase to phase
for 132kV as per CBIP manual
6.4.7 Since the calculated vertical clearance between Equipment and Lower most conductor is
greater than the minimum clearance between phase to phase, The selected height of tower
8000mm is adequate.
14 of 14

132kV SAG Calculation

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DOC NO : HZL-BTN-ELE-DS-SY-028

132kV TRANSFORMER FEEDER

1.1.2 Conductor type & strands

SINGLE BEAR ACSR

1.1.3 Initial Tension (Max.)

1.1.4 c/c distance of tower (Maximum Span)

1.1.5 Girder Width

1.1.6 Tower height

1.1.7 Height of the equipment below the conductor

1.1.8 Number of Conductors

1.1.9 Number of Insulator Strings

1.1.10 Basic Wind Speed

1.1.11 Span (c/c tower - lg)

1.1.12 Maximum Temperature

1.1.13 Minimum Temperature

1.2.1 Conductor unit weight

1.2.2 Conductor Area

1.2.3 Conductor overall diameter

1.2.4 Expansion coefficient of conductor

1.2.5 Elasticity modulus

1.3.1 Number of discs per string

1.3.2 Weight of each disc

1.3.3 Weight of hardware

1.3.4 Mean Diameter of Insulator

1.3.5 Length of each disc

1.3.6 Length of hardware

1.3.7 Width of the hardware

(1T per phase)

(As per IS: 875 -1987,

(As per Clause 10.2,

1.2.0 ACSR Conductor

1.3.0 Tension Insulator

(As per Vendor drawing)

2.0.3 Length of the Disc insulator string (L str)

2.0.4 Conductor Chord length (L c)

(L - Lg) - 2 x (Lstr + Lh)

(26680 - 750) - 2 x (1740 + 750)

Meteorological wind speed

3.0.0 DESIGN CALCULTION

3.2.0 Design Wind pressure (Pd)

3.3.0 Wind pressure on conductor (Pc)

Gust response factor for 8000mm level

(As per IS 802, Clause 9.2, Pg no:7)

Full wind pressure on conductor,

3.4.0 Wind pressure on Insulator (Pi)

Gust response factor for level

(As per IS 802, Clause 9.3, Pg no:9)

Full wind pressure on insulator,

0.0000715 x 1.2 x 1.864

3.5.2 Equivalent weight of conductor at full wind (W 2)

3.6.0 Equivalent weight of insulator in loaded condition

(As per IS 802, Clause 9.3, Pg no:9)

0.5 x 0.00016 x 255 x 1740 x 1

3.6.2 Equivalent weight of insulator at full wind (W i2)

3.6.3 Resultant insulator load on each sub conductor (W i)

3.7.0 Equivalent load of insulator hardware in loaded condition

0.00016 x 250 x 750

3.7.2 Equivalent weight of hardware at full wind (W hT)

3.7.3 Resultant Hardware load on each sub conductor (W hr)

4.1.1 Reaction at each end

96.75 + 34.492 + ((0.00305 x 20950)/2)

4.1.2 Shear force diagram

0.5 x 31.9488 x 10475

141975.996 x 163.1908 x 0.5