1. No Mark Schemes available.

2.

C
[1]

3.

B
[1]

4.

D
[1]

5.

A
[1]

6.

A
[1]

7.

D
[1]

8.

(a)

(i)

2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane
ALLOW
1-bromo-1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane
IGNORE incorrect punctuation and incorrect order of the
halogen atoms

1-bromo-1-chloro-2-trifluoroethane

Sri Lankan School

(ii)

London (forces) / instantaneous dipole / induced dipole / dispersion /

van der Waals (forces) (1)
permanent dipole (-permanent dipole) (forces) / dipole-dipole (forces)
/ dipole (forces) (1)
IGNORE any references to hydrogen bonding

(iii)

Any one of the following / a statement equivalent to:

Ethanol is flammable
[Note: if any reference to only the halogenoalkane being flammable
scores (0)]
OR
reference to greater control of heating (e.g. to control the rate of
reaction / to prevent the reaction being too vigorous / to prevent
the reaction getting out of control)
ALLOW so that the reaction takes place slowly
OR
(reaction) mixture is flammable/it is flammable
OR
Bunsen flame too hot / too vigorous
OR
(Bunsen flame) would cause too much evaporation to occur
OR
(allows) constant heating/ even heating

Compound X is flammable
Just to prevent an explosion
Just to minimise the risk
(iv)

Solvent (for both reactants)

OR
To dissolve (the reactants)
OR
To mix the reactants
ALLOW To enable the mixture to dissolve

Just mixing
to acidify the silver nitrate

Sri Lankan School

(v)

Cream / off-white / pale-yellow precipitate

ALLOW
Cream / off-white / pale-yellow solid
IGNORE incorrect identification of this precipitate
NOTE: both colour and state (of the AgBr) needed

Just Yellow (precipitate/ solid)

OR
white precipitate
OR
white-yellow precipitate
(0) if contradictory observation given, eg cream precipitate
and fizzing

(vi)

Ag (aq) + Br (aq) AgBr(s)

Must include state symbols
ACCEPT multiples

If NO3 left on either side

(b)

(i)

Mark independently
Name: ethanol (1)
ALLOW ethan-1-ol
Structural formula:
CH3CH2OH or C2H5OH (1)
Allow displayed formula
ALLOW brackets around the OH

C2H6O

Sri Lankan School

(ii)

Mark independently
st

1 mark:
Energy of products, labelled, below that of reactants, labelled (1)
Note if the words reactants and products are written, ignore any
formulae
Note if the words reactants and products are not written, both
formulae of the reactants and both formulae of the products must
be given. (Na+ ions can be omitted.)
2nd mark:
Shape of profile with one hump (1)
3rd mark:
Activation energy / Ea correctly shown with a single-headed arrow
to the peak (or close to it) (1)

3
Maxwell-Boltzmann curve scores (0) for (b)(ii)
Double-headed arrow showing Ea
(c)

(i)

Chlorofluorocarbon
Accept ..flouro spelling

Sri Lankan School

(ii)

Any one of the following / a statement equivalent to:

aerosol / propellant / spray cans
OR (degreasing) solvent
OR fire retardant
ALLOW fire extinguishers / putting out fires
ALLOW making expanded polystyrene / making plastics /
making polymers

pesticides / anaesthetics
just retardant
anti-freeze
air-conditioning
frying pans
detergents

Sri Lankan School

(iii)

QWC
Mark independently
st

1 mark:
O + O3 2O2
IGNORE any state symbols (1)
nd

2 mark:
(chlorine free radical acts as a) catalyst (1)
Last 3 marks:
any three from:

(the chlorine free radical) persists in the atmosphere /

continues to attack / is regenerated / (starts) a chain
reaction (1)

NOTE chain reaction may be described in terms of a chlorine radical

breaking down many / a large number of / a specified number of, eg
10,000, O3 (molecules).
NOTE: As written, this response also earns the scoring point relating
to ozone depletion.

less ozone / ozone decreases / causes hole(s) in ozone

layer / breakdown of ozone (layer) / damages ozone layer
/ depletes ozone layer (1)

UV (reaching Earths surface) increases / less UV absorbed

/ (more) UV reaches Earths surface (1)

causes (skin) cancer/mutation / DNA damage occurs (1)

IGNORE any references to global warming / Greenhouse Effect

If Cl and / or ClO left in equation

OR
2O3 3O2
Just (UV) harmful
(d)

(i)

The C-F bond is (very) strong

OR
C-F bond is (much) harder to break than the C-Cl bond
OR
UV/radiation does not have enough energy /does not have (high)
enough frequency

Any mention of electronegativity

OR
mention of bond polarity scores (0)

Sri Lankan School

(ii)

QWC
(long wavelength) IR /infrared radiation (1)
The molecule is polar
OR
(the molecule) changes its polarity
OR
polar bonds
OR
vibrational energy/vibrations of the bonds / stretching or
bending increases
OR
(IR causes) bonds to vibrate (1)
Marks are stand alone

UV / ultraviolet
Just molecule vibrates (0)
[22]

9.

C
[1]

10.

(a)

(b)

(c)

1
[3]

11.

B
[1]

12.

A
[1]

13.

C
[1]

Sri Lankan School

Sri Lankan School

14.

(a)

MgCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

+

2+

ALLOW MgCO3(s) + 2H (aq) Mg (aq) + CO2(g) +H2O(l)

All formulae and balancing (1)
State symbols mark independently; can be given even if eg MgCl 2
formula incorrect or for H2CO3(aq)(1)
2

CO3 (s) + 2H (aq) CO2(g) +H2O(l) (1 mark max)

ALLOW 1 missing/incorrect state symbol
(b)

Any two from

Bubbles (of gas)/ fizzing/ effervescence (1)
Solid disappears/ disintegrates /gets smaller /dissolves
OR MgCO3 disappears (if given as solid in (i)) (1)
IGNORE clear solution forms
Mixture gets warmer/cooler OR temperature change occurs/ heat
change occurs(1)

Carbon dioxide /gas given off

Precipitate forms (no TE for MgCl2(s))
Just exothermic

(c)

(i)

(ii)

Moles acid = ((25 2/ 1000)) = 0.05/0.050 / 5 10

Ignore units and sf

Mass Mg CO3 = ((0.05 84.3 2)) = 2.1075/ 2.108 /2.11/2.1 (g)

ALLOW TE from (c)(i) and (a)
ALLOW Moles acid 84.3 2 for TE(from (i) (1) (4.2(15)) if factor
of 2 missing for TE from (a))
Ignore sf except 1 sf
Ignore units

2 / 2.12(g)
(iii)

To ensure all acid reacts/ all acid is used up / to ensure product

is neutral/ it (HCl) is neutralised

All reactants used up To ensure reaction is complete (without

reference to HCl) To ensure yield is high To ensure magnesium
carbonate is in excess

Sri Lankan School

(iv)

Filter
ALLOW centrifuge/ decant/ pour off / (use) filter paper
Ignore comments about heating solution first to concentrate it

Sieve
Collect MgCl2 in filter paper
Use filter paper to dry crystals
Evaporate
(v)

100% yield = (203.3 0.025) /5.08(25)g) (1)

(3.75 100)
yield = 5.08
= 74% (1)
OR

(3.75
Mol magnesium chloride = 203.3)
= 0.018445/0.01845/0.0184/0.018 (1)

(100 0.01845)
0.025
yield =
= 74% (1)
Second mark can be given as TE if expected
yield or number of moles is wrong.
ALLOW 73.82/73.78/73.8 /73.6 /other answers rounding to 74%
from earlier approximations /72 (from 0.018 moles)
Allow TE from (a) and or (c)(i) and or (c)(ii) If the ratio HCl to
MgCl2 is 1:1 ans 37% (2)
If moles of HCl in (c)(i) are wrong (2)
If (a) and (c)(i) are correct 37% scores (1)
If moles MgCO3 = 0.05 allow TE giving 37/ 36.9% Ignore sf except 1 sf

70
(vi)

Some stays in solution / losses on transferring from one container to

another/ loss on filtering /crystals left behind/some left on filter paper etc
Any one
ALLOW correct answers with other comments which are not incorrect
eg there may be some spillage and also .

Incomplete reaction/side reaction Lost as waste products Lost

to environment Lost in manipulation? Hydrolysis Weighing
errors Just spillage

Sri Lankan School

10

(d)

(i)

Not 100% ionic /almost completely ionic

OR
(partial) covalent character/ almost no covalency
OR
Discrepancy in BH values indicates polarisation (of ions) (1)
Mark can be given if answer here refers to bond strength and the
answer above is included in (ii)

Magnesium chloride is covalent Magnesium chloride is

partially ionic
Just polarity of ions
(ii)

QWC

I larger (than Cl-) (1)

so (ion) easier to polarise /distort (1)
nd

ALLOW for 2 mark

increases covalent character / more covalent than MgCl 2 / converse
for MgCl2 / description of polarisation instead of the term
If clearly ions, allow reference to iodine instead of iodide (iodine
has a larger ion)
Read in conjunction with (i). Direct comparison not needed if (i)
covers bonding in chloride.

Size of atoms rather than ions I2 is larger than Cl2

I2 molecules are polarised Mg

2+

is polarised

Iodine more electronegative than chlorine

(e)

(i)

(100 20)
3
10 6
= 2 10 (g)
ALLOW 0.002(g)
1/500 (g)
6
2 10 kg
IGNORE % as unit

2 10 = 0.0002

Sri Lankan School

11

(ii)

(More) soluble (in water)/ (more) soluble in blood stream/ can be given
as solution/ wont produce gas in stomach / wont react with stomach
acid/ doesnt produce CO2 Converse answers for MgCO3
Or other valid answers
ALLOW can be given in liquid form

MgCl2 is a liquid
MgCO3 is too reactive
[16]

15.

C
[1]

16.

(a)

(b)

1
[2]

17.

A
[1]

18.

C
[1]

19.

(a)

(b)

(c)

1
[3]

Sri Lankan School

12

20.

(a)

(i)

2Mg(NO3)2 2MgO + 4NO2 + O2

Correct formulae (1)
Balancing (1)
ALLOW multiples or equation divided by 2 Second mark on correct
species only Ignore state symbols even if incorrect
ALLOW
N2O4
Extra oxygen molecules on both sides in a balanced equation

(ii)

Stand alone marks

2+
Mg / Magnesium ion smaller or fewer electron shells / greater
charge density (1)
OR
Magnesium ion has same charge (as calcium ion) but is smaller (1)
Causes more polarisation /distortion of nitrate / anion (electron clouds)
/ NO (bond)(1)
OR
MgO produced has stronger lattice (1)
OR
production of MgO is more exothermic (1)
OR reverse argument based on Ca

2+

Magnesium / calcium / atoms / molecules

(b)

(c)

2NaNO3 2NaNO2 + O2
ALLOW multiples or equation divided by 2 Ignore state symbols even if
incorrect
ALLOW
Extra oxygen molecules on both sides in a balanced equation

No as.
double bond would be shorter (than single bond) / shorter than dative
(covalent) bond.
ALLOW
Structure has double and single bonds (between N and O)
Double and single bonds have different lengths

Implication that the single covalent and dative covalent bonds

have different lengths

Sri Lankan School

13

(d)

(i)

Mark independently Goes darker (brown) (1)

ALLOW
Goes browner
Ignore comments on mixture first becoming paler if volume increases
Equilibrium moves in the endothermic direction (1)
OR
Equilibrium moves left as forward reaction is exothermic (1)
For second mark ALLOW
Equilibrium moves left to counteract addition of heat / increase in
temperature(1)
OR
Reaction removes added heat by moving left (1)

Brown (gas evolved)

(ii)

Equilibrium moves right (ALLOW forwards) (so NO2 concentration

decreases) (1)
OR
Reaction reduces pressure (1)
As fewer moles / molecules(ALLOW particles) (of gas) on RHS (1)
Stand alone marks

(e)

At T2 more molecules/collisions have energy greater than (or equal to) EA (1)
This can be shown on the diagram by indicating areas to right of vertical line
Energy must be at least EA for successful collision / for reaction (1)
OR So more collisions have sufficient energy to react (1)
Ignore references to the average energy and speed of the molecules

2
[12]

21.

(a)

(i)

A hydrocarbon (solvent) / volasil / named hydrocarbon solvent /

tetrachloromethane Formulae

Ethanol
Alkenes
(ii)

Sri Lankan School

Red / brown /orange / amber / yellow Or any combination

No TE on incorrect / no reagent

14

(b)

(i)

Oxidation number of S in H2SO4 = (+)6

Oxidation number of S in SO2 = (+)4 (1)
Oxidation number had decreased (1)
ALLOW
S has gained electrons for second mark
Second mark stands alone provided oxidation numbers have
decreased, even if calculated wrongly

Just S has gained electrons without calculating oxidation

numbers
(ii)

Black / (shiny) grey solid (1)

Purple / violet / pink vapour / fumes (1)
Smell of (bad) eggs (1)
Yellow solid (1)
ALLOW
Brown liquid (1)
Any two

Purple solid
(iii)

(c)

Oxidation number of S has reduced more / to 2 (in H2S) (1)

OR
Oxidation number of S is lower in H2S (than in SO2)
If ON of S in H2S is calculated it must be correct

People can choose whether to take extra fluoride

ALLOW
Fluoride is not released into the environment

Fluoride can be monitored

[8]

22.

B
[1]

23.

A
[1]

24.

C
[1]

Sri Lankan School

15

25.

B
[1]

26.

A
[1]

27.

B
[1]

28.

C
[1]

29.

(a)
element

structure

bonding

sodium

Giant

metallic

silicon

Giant
(atomic)
/
macrom
olecular
/
giant
molecul
ar

covalent

simple / small
molecul
es
OR
sulfur

(simple)
molecul
ar
OR
S8
molecul
es

covalent or
van
der
Waals
forces/
London
forces/
intermol
ecular
forces/di
spersion
forces/in
duceddipole
forces

IGNORE the word lattice OR crystalline

Sri Lankan School

16

6 boxes correct (3)

5,4 boxes correct (2)
3,2 boxes correct (1)
1,0 boxes correct (0)

Sri Lankan School

17

(b)

Si : covalent bonds / many bonds/

strong bonds (between atoms) (1)
S : weak forces /van der Waals
forces/London forces/dispersion
forces/intermolecular
forces/induced-dipole forces (1)
(need to be overcome)

any reference to intermolecular forces in Si

suggestion that covalent bonds are broken
(c)

QWC
+

3+

Cations/ions decrease in size (from Na to Al )

OR
charge increases/charge density on (cat)ions increases/ effective
+
3+
nuclear charge increases (from Na to Al ) (1)

more e (per atom in sea of delocalized electrons) / more delocalized

electrons
OR
(force of) attraction between (cat)ions/nucleus and (delocalised) electrons
increases (from Na to Al) (1)
IGNORE nuclear charge increases/ increasing no. of protons

atoms decrease in size

any mention of molecules/
covalent bonds/
van der Waals forces/
ionic bonds (0) overall
(d)

(i)

Add MgO to acid/react MgO with acid/dissolve MgO in acid (1)

[NOTE: mention of heating not required. IGNORE water bath/reflux]

Filter (1)

Heat/boil filtrate /MgSO4 solution (until volume reduced

by half) (1)

Leave to cool/leave to crystallise/evaporate slowly/leave

to evaporate (1)

(decant / filter / pick out crystals, then)

Leave to dry/pat dry/dry between filter papers/put in an
oven/put in a desiccator/dry the crystals (1)

IGNORE any washing of crystals immediately prior to drying them

Just warm the filtrate/MgSO4 solution
Use of a desiccant (added to crystals)

Sri Lankan School

18

(ii)

Rinse with (plenty of) water /use a damp cloth or damp (paper) towel /
add a (named) weak alkali (e.g. solid or aqueous sodium
hydrogencarbonate)

Any named strong alkali/just strong alkali

(e)

(i)

(ii)

Insoluble strontium
sulfate/insoluble SrSO4
(forms on the strontium carbonate)
2

Sr +(aq) + SO4 (aq) SrSO4(s) species (1)

state symbols (1)
2nd mark is cq on first mark
2+

Sr (aq) + 2Cl (aq) + 2Na (aq) + SO4 (aq) SrSO4(s)

+

+ 2Cl(aq) + 2Na (aq)

scores (1)
SrCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq)
scores (1)

SrSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
2
[16]

30.

D
[1]

31.

C
[1]

32.

A
[1]

33.

B
[1]

Sri Lankan School

19

34.

(a)

(i)

Hydrogen bonding
Hydrogen bond(s)
H bonding
H bond(s)
Notes
Accept phonetic/incorrect spelling as long as the word is recognisable

Not hydrogen on its own Dipole-dipole bond Permanent

dipole-dipole bond Covalent bond van der Waals (forces)
Temporary dipole-dipole Induced dipole-dipole London forces
Any correct answer in conjunction with an incorrect response,
eg hydrogen dipoledipole bond.
(ii)

(Fluorine atom) is more electronegative (1)

Because it has less shielding / (bonding) electrons closer to the nucleus/
smaller /has less shells (so greater pull from nucleus on bonding
electrons) (1)
so HF has a (greater) dipole moment/H
HBr)/HF is (more) polar (1)

(iii)

on HF (greater than on

Between 150 180 (K)

Accept a range within the range e.g. 150-170

C
(b)

(i)

Because propanone has both polar and non polar characteristics/can

form both London forces and H bonds/can form London forces and
dipole-dipole forces OWTTE (1)
London forces can be described as Van der Waals
VDW
Temporary dipole-dipole Instantaneous dipole-induced dipole

(ii)

Water:
Hydrogen bonds with the (oxygen of the) carbonyl group/H bonds to
the oxygen (1)
Octane:
London forces with methyl groups/carbon chain/CH groups/ H atoms (1)
Both forces given allow (1)

Carbon atoms
[8]

35.

(a)

(i)

Sri Lankan School

Use of heat (1)

To break down (a reactant)/one reactant into more than one product (1)

20

(ii)

(iii)

CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)

Allow correct multiples

Group 2 carbonates are more (thermally) stable as you go down the

group (1)
as the cations get bigger/charge density gets less/cation has more shells (1)
So have less of a polarising effect/distortion on the carbonate
(ion)/less of a weakening effect on CO (1)
2nd and 3rd marks cq on first

Metal gets bigger/element gets bigger

Carbonate molecule
(b)

(i)

orange

Yellow
Any colour in conjunction with orange

(ii)

(18.0/1000 0.100) = 1.8 10 /0.0018/2 10 /0.002

IGNORE sf and units even if incorrect

(iii)

(50/1000 0.100) = 5 10 (1)

[If candidate fails to divide by 1000 in both (b)(ii) and b(iii) penalise
only once]
3

Moles HCl reacted = 3.2 10 (can get first mark here if 5 10

not shown above)
3
So moles CaO = 1.6 10 (1)

IGNORE sf
Allow TE from b (ii)

Sri Lankan School

21

(iv)

Mass CaO = (1.6 10 56.1) = 0.0898 g (1)

% purity = 0.0898/0.121 100 = 74.2% (1)
OR
Allow % calculated in terms of moles e.g moles of CaO should
be 0.121 56.1 = 0.0021568 (mol) (1)
% purity = 0.0016/0.0021568 = 74.2% (1)
Accept
3
= (1.6 x 10 56)
= 0.0896 g (1)
% purity = 0.0896/0.121 100 = 74.0% (1)
Allow TE of incorrect moles of CaO from (b)(iii)
Allow TE from incorrect mass of CaO if answer is 100%
0.09 g and 74.4% is 1 out of 2 (rounding too soon)

Any % purity without 3 sf for second mark

(c)

(i)

(Clean) nichrome/platinum wire/ceramic rod/silica/nickel/chrome rod (1)

(In conc.) HCl/HCl(aq)/dilute HCl (1)
Heat/place in (blue Bunsen) flame (1)

Metal loop/inoculating loop/glass rod/silver/spatula

Place in yellow Bunsen flame/burn

(ii)

Barium/Ba/Ba

2+

1
[16]

36.

(a)

(i)

(1s )2s 2p 3s

ALLOW subscripts
IGNORE capital letters
ALLOW 2p as px py pz with two e- in each

Noble gas core

Sri Lankan School

22

(ii)

(1s )2s 2p 3s 3p

ALLOW subscripts
IGNORE capital letters
ALLOW 2p as px py pz with two e- in each
ALLOW 3p as px py pz with two, two, one ein
each

Noble gas core

(b)

(i)

Mg(s) + Cl2(g)

MgCl2(s)

Species and balancing (1)

State symbols CQ on correct species (1)
NOTE
Mg(s) + 2Cl(g)
(ii)

MgCl2(s) scores (1)

Ionic / electrovalent
IGNORE lattice/bonding/giant

(iii)

Correct number of electrons on each ion (1)

Correct charges and symbols for each ion (1)
Correct ratio of ions (1)

Sri Lankan School

23

ALLOW all dots or all crosses

ALLOW correct charges shown outside the ions

ALLOW Cl correctly with 2 in front or after the Cl

Any covalency shown (0)

i.e. any overlap of circles (e.g. Mg with a Cl or a Cl with a Cl)
scores (0) overall, even if correct charges on ions and/or
ratio of ions has been shown
(c)

(Giant) metallic / metal

(d)

QWC
Magnesium ion / Mg

2+

has a larger charge (density) (than the sodium ion / Na )

OR
Magnesium/Mg/Mg atom/Mg
(to the sea of electrons) (1)
magnesium ions / Mg

2+

2+

(ion) contributes two electrons/more electrons

smaller (than sodium ions) (1)

NOTE
2+
+
Mg is smaller than Na would score first 2 marks above
2+

magnesium ions / Mg have greater attraction for (sea of) electrons

+
(than sodium ions / Na )
OR
More energy/heat required to overcome (attractive) forces/bonds
(between cations and sea of electrons) in magnesium (compared
to sodium) (1)
Mark each point independently

Any references to the bonding being ionic scores (0) overall

Any references to molecules/intermolecular forces scores
(0) overall
JUST stronger bonds in Mg
JUST stronger bonds in Mg
[12]

Sri Lankan School

24

37.

(a)

Enthalpy / (heat) energy / heat required

OR
enthalpy / (heat) energy / heat change (1)
to remove one electron (1)
from each atom of one mole of gaseous atoms OWTTE (1)
(e.g. energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole
of gaseous atoms scores all three marks)
NOTE:
The equation:
X(g)

(g) + e

scores the last two marks.

Energy given out.

for first mark.
If an incorrect equation is given
after a correct definition, (2)
scored.

(b)

2+

Na (g)
Na (g) + e
OR
+

2+
Na (g) e
Na (g)

Species (1) ALLOW e for e- State symbols (1)

nd

2 mark is CQ on 1

st

The following score max (1):

+

2+

X (g)
X
OR
+

X (g) e

(g)

+ e (1)

2+

(g)

2+

(1)

Na(g)
Na (g) + 2e (1)
OR
+

Na(g)
Na (g) + e (1)
OR
+

2+
Na (g) + e
Na (g) (1)
OR
+

2+

Na (g) e
Na (g) + e (1)

e
Na

Sri Lankan School

2+

(g)

+e

Na

(g)

(0)

25

(c)

(i)

Correct line alone can score all 3 marks with no points specifically
plotted
(ii)

QWC
More protons / greater nuclear
charge/proton number increases (1)
ALLOW effective nuclear charge increases across the Period
outer electrons in same shell / energy level OR same shielding OR similar
shielding OR decrease in atomic radius OR outer electron closer to
nucleus OR attracting the same number of (occupied) electron shells /
energy levels (1)
greater (force of) attraction between nucleus and (outer) electron(s) /
(outer) electron(s) held more strongly by nucleus (1)
Mark each point independently

Just increasing atomic number

(iii)

(Outermost) electron in (3-)p

sub-shell/sub-level/orbital (1)
of higher energy
OR (slightly) shielded by (3-)s (electrons)
OR (sub-shell) further from nucleus (1)

(d)

S SS

NOTE: Penalise use of the terms s-shell or p-shell once only.

1
[14]

Sri Lankan School

26

38.

A
[1]

39.

C
[1]

40.

D
[1]

41.

C
[1]

42.

B
[1]

43.

B
[1]

44.

C
[1]

45.

D
[1]

U
(46.

A
[1]

Sri Lankan School

27

47.

A
[1]

48.

A
[1]

49.

(a)

(i)

Procedure: Only one titration carried out/ no check on

accuracy of titration
OR
3
1000 cm volume to large to fit in titration flask (1)
Recording: Did not record burette readings to 0.05 cm
/1 decimal place / sufficient precision / recording
only one significant figure in a titration reading (1)
5

(ii)

4.65 10 / 4.7 10 / 0.0000465 / 0.000047 (mol)

(iii)

2.3 10 / 0.000023
OR candidates answer to (ii) divided by 2

(iv)

(b)

(i)

2.3 10 / 0.000023 mol dm

OR candidates answer to (iii)

QWC
Redox as chlorine removes/gains electrons from the metal
(and is reduced) (1)
And metal gives/loses electrons to the chlorine (and is oxidised) (1)
Redox is essential in order to score both marks
The gain / loss of electrons can be awarded from two ionic
half equations.

Chlorine is (highly) toxic/poisonous/irritant

OR chlorine has an unpleasant smell (1)

(iii)

Ca(ClO)2 (1)

(iv)

QWC

(ii)

Cl is oxidised from +4 (in ClO2) to +5 (in HClO3) (1)

and is reduced (from +4) to +1 (in HClO) (1)

Sri Lankan School

28

(c)

QWC
Any of the five points below as long as they are logically connected
and use correct scientific terminology plus 1 mark for an equation
to a maximum of 6 marks.
CFCs are greenhouse gases
because their dipole moment changes when they vibrate
and so contribute to global warming
depletion of the ozone layer
causes less ozone to absorb UV radiation (from the sun) /
increase in UV reaching the earths surface
causes skin cancer / mutations
CFCs (decompose photolytically to) produce free radical
chlorine atoms/ Cl radicals
Recognition that one Cl radical can cause the destruction
of many thousands of ozone molecules / or mention of
chain reaction

Equations Cl + O3 ClO + O2

ClO + O Cl + O2
Either equation or other relevant equation (1)

6
[17]

50.

(a)
F ir s t io n is a t io n e n e r g y o f t h e e le m e n t s L i t o N e
2400
2200
2000
1800
E n e rg y

1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
Li

Be

Ne

E le m e n ts

General increase, starting with carbon above boron (1)

Dip from N to O only (1)

Accept lines joining points do not need to be drawn in.

Accept a very small drop from N to O

Sri Lankan School

29

(b)

The nuclear charge/proton number increases / becomes more positive (1)

The (inner shell) shielding is the same/same number of inner shell
electrons/ no or little increase in shielding (1)
Either
Outer electron closer to nucleus /atomic radius decreases /size
of atom decreases
Or
electrons being removed are in same shell
Or
Outer electrons are in same shell (1)

Reject Atomic Number increasing

(c)

In boron the extra electron is in a p orbital /new sub-shell (1)

Either
Which has extra shielding (by the s orbital electrons)
OR
Which is at a higher energy (level than the s orbital in Be) (1)

Accept reverse argument for beryllium

Reject shell for sub-shell
Reject answers that refer to full shell being left do not score
second mark
Further from the nucleus
[7]

51.

(a)

(i)

(pale) green

Accept apple green

Accept yellow(y) green
Reject blue green

Sri Lankan School

30

(ii)

Crimson

Accept red
Accept scarlet
Accept carmine
Accept depth of red colour e.g.
Dark red
Deep red
Pale red
Light red
Bright red
Reject red with any other colour e.g.
Brick-red
Orange-red
Yellow-red
Magenta
(b)

Ba
81.1
137
= 0.592
1

O
18.9
16
= 1.18
2

(1)

Accept dividing by 32 scores (0) unless their table is headed by

O2, then answer BaO2 scores (1)
Correct working leading to answer BaO2 (1)
but if this is the case BaO scores (0)
Working must be shown and final formula given for 2 marks
BaO2 without working 1 mark

Reject any answer dividing by atomic number (0)

This leads to Ba2O
(c)

(i)

Ba + 2H2O Ba(OH)2 + H2
Ignore state symbols even if they are wrong

Accept multiples
Reject equations based on BaO

Sri Lankan School

31

(ii)

Gets warm
Accept heat produced
Effervescence/fizzing/ bubbles/mist
Accept bubbles of hydrogen
Ba sinks/moves up and down /Does not float
Give one mark for observation from each bullet point to max of 2
3 answers given, one wrong scores (1)
3 answers given, two wrong scores zero
Ignore mention of Steam/steamy fumes
Ba gets smaller
Ba disappears
Goes cloudy / precipitate
Gas/hydrogen evolved is not an observation

Reject reference to flame

Reject melts
Dashes about on surface are wrong answers
(iii)

Red litmus (goes) blue/ () blue

and
blue litmus unchanged/stays blue/no effect/nothing

1
[8]

52.

(a)

(i)

4LiNO3 2Li2O + 4NO2 + O2

Species (1)
Balance (1)
Not stand alone conditional on correct species

Accept or fractions/ multiples

(ii)

2CsNO3 2CsNO2 + O2
Correct balanced equation

Accept or fractions/ multiples

Sri Lankan School

32

(b)

(i)

There must be a comment about both barium and

calcium to score both marks
Barium would react to produce a (colourless)/(clear)
solution does not give a ppt./ clear (1)
Allow Ba and Ca in argument
Accept barium hydroxide dissolves
Reject goes colourless
Calcium would go cloudy /give (white) ppt. (1)
E.g. Calcium would go cloudy but barium (goes) clear (2)

Reject other colours

(ii)

Insoluble/ solid/layer / coating of barium sulphate

formed (1) allow equn with BaSO4(s)
Must say what the coating is since question says use
information in table
Which prevents acid getting to surface (of barium) (1)
nd
2 mark conditional on 1st need some idea that a
substance is formed that generates a barrier to further reaction

If candidate uses word ppt must be clear that this is on the

surface of the barium or causes interference
Reject BaSO4 unreactive
Reject barium disappears
Any reference that implies barium all used up or was a very
small piece or acid not in excess or reaction over scores zero
Reject references to other layers such as oxide/hydroxide
(c)

Insoluble (1)

(d)

Ca(s) + 2H (aq) Ca (aq) + H2(g)

1 mark for equation
1 mark for state symbols

1
2+

Accept state symbol mark for correct molecular equation

Ca(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2 (g) scores (1)
[10]

Sri Lankan School

33

53.

(a)

Any statement that means the number gets less

Eg
Decrease (in oxidation number of an element)
Reduction of ON
Lowering of ON
ON becomes more negative
ON becomes less positive

Reject just Gain of electrons

(b)

(i)

(ii)

2NaBr + 3H2SO4 2 NaHSO4 + SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O

OR
2NaBr + 3H2SO4 2 NaHSO4 + SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O
OR
2NaBr + 3H2SO4 2 NaHSO4 + 1SO2 + 1Br2 + 2H2O

H2SO4 : +6 / 6 / VI / 6+

HSO4 : +6 / 6/ VI / 6+
SO2 : +4/4/IV / 4+
H2S : 2 / II / 2
All four correct 2 marks
Any 3 correct 1 mark
Reject superscript + e.g S
(iii)

2
6+

Change in ON of S increases down (halide) group (1)

Link all three changes to actual numbers with halide (1)
Consequential on answers to part(ii)

Correct answer referring to only two halides scores 1 mark

If ref to halogens lose second mark
[6]

Sri Lankan School

34

54.

(i)

Enthalpy change when 1 mol of gaseous ions (1)

Accept energy or heat
Reject any implication of an endothermic process
e.g. energy required
Reject .1 mol of gaseous atoms
is dissolved such that further dilution causes no
further heat change (1)
Accept added to water/reacts with water instead of
dissolved
Reject just hydrated
Reject just completely hydrated
IGNORE standard conditions
Accept is dissolved to form an infinitely dilute solution
OR
Is dissolved in a large/excess/infinite amount of water
Mark each aspect independently

Sri Lankan School

35

(ii)

EITHER
HSOLN = (HLE + HHYD) (1)
Expression quoted or correctly used in at least one of
the calculations below
Accept answer only with no working (1)
HSOLN MgSO4 = (2874) + (1920)
1

= +954 (kJ mol ) (1)

HSOLN = BaSO4 = (2374) + (1360)
1

= +1014 (kJ mol ) (1)

Accept answer only with no working (1)
Enthalpy of solution of MgSO4 less endothermic/more
exothermic/more negative than for BaSO4, so MgSO4
more soluble than BaSO4 (or reverse argument) (1)
Reject just solubility/Hsoln depends on a balance between
lattice and hydration energies
OR
(both) lattice energies and hydration enthalpies
decrease from MgSO4 to BaSO4 (or down group) (1)
Accept The hydration energies decrease faster..
Reject ()500 and ()560 stated without further explanation
(but) lattice energies change less (1)
HSOLN = (HLE + HHYD) (1) stated in words or symbols
Reject just solubility/Hsolution depends on a balance between
lattice and hydration energies
so Hsoln less exothermic/more endothermic/more
positive for BaSO4 so less soluble
OR so Hsoln more exothermic/more negative/less
endothermic for MgSO4 so MgSO4 more soluble (1)

4
[6]

55.

(a)

(i)

Br2(aq) + H2O(l)
2H (aq) + Br (aq) + BrO (aq)
formulae (1)
balancing (ignore state symbols) (1)
+

Accept
H (aq) + Br (aq) + HBrO(aq)/ BrOH
+

H (aq) + BrO (aq) + HBr (aq)

+
If HBr + HBrO, H must be crossed out

Sri Lankan School

36

(ii)

reaction is reversible/equilibrium (reaction)

can go backward and forward/can go both ways/occurs in
both directions

Accept reversable (1)

(iii)

bromine has been both oxidised and reduced (1)

must mention bromine (Br/Br2 for first mark)
from 0 to +1 and 1 (1)

Accept Br oxidation number both increased and decreased

/goes up and down
Reject bromine goes to +1 and 1
must show from 0
Reject arguments based on OILRIG
Incorrect identification of ox/red i.e. ox is 0 1

(iv)

Cl2(g) + 2Br (aq) 2Cl (aq) + Br2(aq)

formulae (1)
balancing and state symbols (1)
second mark dependent on first unless correct but non ionic
equation given
Cl2(g) + 2KBr(aq) 2KCl(aq) + Br2(aq)

Accept Br2(l)
Accept multiples
Reject Cl2(aq)
Reject Br2 (g) Br(aq)
(b)

(i)

Sulphur from +4 to +6 /4+ to 6 + /4 to 6 (1)

Bromine from 0 to 1 (1)
Accept name or symbol (S or Br or Br2)

Accept oxidation and reduction transposed but correct numbers

1 ( out of 2)
Elements correctly identified but incorrect numbers
1 (out of 2)
Accept sulfur, sulpher, sulfer

(ii)

Br2 + 2H2O + SO2 4H + 2Br + SO4

Accept multiples
[10]

Sri Lankan School

37

56.

(a)

(i)

Ba + 2H2O Ba(OH)2 + H2
IGNORE state symbols

Accept multiples
Reject Ba + H2O BaO + H2
(ii)

NaCl + H2SO4 NaHSO4 + HCl

OR
2NaCl + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2HCl
IGNORE state symbols

Accept multiples
Reject HNaSO4
(b)

(i)

Green/pale green/apple green

Accept yellow-green
Reject any mention of blue e.g. blue green OR any other colour
(ii)

Red

1
Accept deep/dark red / carmine/crimson /scarlet
Reject lilac
Reject any mention of lilac e.g. lilac-red OR any other colour

(c)

Electrons (absorb heat/energy) and are promoted to higher energy

levels (1)
as they drop back/down (1)
Emit radiation (of characteristic colour)
OR emit light (1)

Accept excited/go instead of promoted

Accept orbitals/shells instead of energy levels
Reject if any reference to absorption spectra
e.g. light absorbed (0)
Reject (produce) colours (0)

Sri Lankan School

38

(d)

Percentage oxygen (= 45.1)

Ar (1)
Empirical formula = KO2

(1)
(1)

e.g.
Percentage of oxygen = 45.1 (1)
K
54.9
39
1.41

O
45.1
16
2.82

(1)

KO2 (1)

3
Accept use of atomic numbers 2 max
Accept use of O2 Mr ~ 32 but only if give formula KO2 (for 3
marks)
Reject mole calculation then inverted, no consequential
marking on formula
[10]

57.

(a)

H2SO4 + NaCl NaHSO4 + HCl/

H2SO4 + 2NaCl Na2SO4 + 2HCl

Either version
State symbols (Ignore these)
Multiples
H2SO4 + NaCl NaSO4 + H2 Cl (0)
Correct formulae (1) Balanced (1)
Second mark depends on first being correct
4 correct formulae with an additional existing molecule
eg H2, SO2 Max 1
(b)

(i)

Sulphur: from +6 to +4 (1)

Bromine: from 1 to 0 (1)

Accept sign after value,

Roman numerals
Incorrect signs

Sri Lankan School

39

(ii)

Increase in ox number of bromine = 2 1 / 2 (1)

One S decreases in ox number by 2 (1)
Must be clear that one S atom is unchanged/only one S
changes for second mark.
[Look for oxidation no. written under elements in equation]

Accept increase in oxidation number of Br = decrease in

oxidation number of S, without specifying values (1)
Reject explanations in terms of electrons
(c)

(i)

Going down group

Number of electrons increases (1)
Accept reverse argument going up group
Reject arguments based on quantum shells.
So Van der Waals force (between molecules) increases (1)
Ignore comments on radius of atom

Reject vdw for Van der Waals

(ii)

Boiling point between 200 and 300 (K) (1)

73 to +27 if value quoted in C
Hydrogen bonding is present (1)
Stronger forces between molecules /stronger intermolecular
forces (than in other hydrogen halides.) (1)

Accept B pt 155 175(K) with explanation that there are fewer

electrons in HF for maximum 1 mark.
Accept boiling point in correct range, with comment on much
stronger dipole in HF and stronger intermolecular forces (2)
[11]

58.

(i)

Red/brick-red/orange-red (1)
NOT Orange on its own
Yellow (1)

2
ALLOW orange

(ii)

electrons promoted (by heat/flame to a higher level) (1)

NOT electrons excited
fall back down/return (1)
emit light (1)

3
[5]

Sri Lankan School

40

3d
59.

(a)

4s

[ Ar ]

(1)
3d

4s

[ Ar ]

(b)

(c)

(1)

Allow instead of and instead of

Forms ion(s) which have a partially OR an incompletely filled

d-(sub)shell OR d-orbital(s)

(i)

Dative (covalent) OR co-ordinate (1)

Covalent (1)

(ii)

[Ni(H2O)6]
OR

2+

+ 2NH3 [Ni(OH)2(H2O4)] + 2NH 4

2+

[Ni(H2O)6] + 2NH3 Ni(OH)2 + 4H2O + 2NH 4

OR
2+

[Ni(H2O)6] + 2OH [Ni(OH)2(H2O4)] + 2H2O

OR
2+

[Ni(H2O)6] + 2OH Ni(OH)2 + 6H2O

IGNORE state symbols
IGNORE missing square brackets in any formula

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

H removed (by NH3 OR OH ) (1)

From (H2O) ligands (1)
NOT just from complex

Ligand exchange
OR ligand replacement
OR ligand substitution

[Ni(OH)2(H2O)4] + 6NH3 [Ni(NH3)6]

2+

+ 2OH + 4H2O

OR
Ni(OH)2 + 6NH3 [Ni(NH3)6]

2+

Allow formation of [Ni(NH3)4]

2+

+ 2OH

OR [Ni(NH3)4(H2O)2]

2+

cation formed (1)

balancing equation (1)

Sri Lankan School

41

(d)
QWC

d-orbitals split (in energy) by ligands (1)

ALLOW d-sublevel
absorbs light (in visible region) (1)
NOT uv light
electron is promoted OR electron moves to a higher energy level (1)
st

Any mention of emission of light can only score 1 mark

3
[14]

60.

(a)

(i)

Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2 (1)

DH = (3 394) - (3 110) (822)
1
= 30 (kJ mol ) (2)
Multiply by 3 twice (1)
Correct answer with sign (1)
ALLOW consequential calculation if wrong stoichiometry
If O2 given as product 1 max on consequential calculation

(ii)

(i) is more likely because the rate of a reaction between a solid

and a gas will be faster than that between two solids
ALLOW
(i) is more likely because it is exothermic (and (ii) is endothermic)
OR
products in (i) are more thermodynamically stable relative
to reactants than in (ii)

Consequential on (a)(i)
pH 2 4
(b)

(i)

Kp =

pH 2 O 4

(1) ps are essential NO [ ]

1. 6 4
4
= 1.2 = 3.16 / 3.2 and no units (1)

Consequential on Kp expression provided no Fe or Fe3O4 included

(ii)
QWC

KP decreases (1)
Because forward reaction release heat / exothermic
OR reverse reaction absorbs heat / endothermic (1)
Dependent on Kp decreases

nd

Do not allow 2 mark if decrease is explained in terms of position

moving to the left, UNLESS moving is a consequence of Kp decreasing.

Sri Lankan School

42

(c)

IGNORE state symbols

(-)

OR this OR multiples (1)

(-)

2+

X: 2H2O + O2 + 4e 4OH (1)

2+

(-)

Y: Fe Fe + 2e / Fe - 2e Fe
IF and Y not identified 1 (out of 2)

(1)

iron(II) hydroxide
(1)
ALLOW Fe(OH)2 / [Fe(OH)2(H2O)4]
(d)

covalent bonds labelled (1)

dative bonds labelled OR shown as arrows (1)
ALLOW dot and cross diagram (2)
Structure with Fe-Fe bond does not score first two marks
Tetrahedral (around Fe) (1)
ALLOW good 3-D diagram dependent on 4 covalent/dative bonds around Fe
If Al2Cl6 ALLOW max 2 (out of 3)
Any mention of ionic 0 (out of 3)

(e)

(i)

add (aqueous) sodium hydroxide / ammonia (1) ALLOW OH (aq)

red/brown/foxy red/red-brown/rust ppt/solid (1)
OR
add (aqueous) potassium hexacyanoferrate(II)/hexacyanoferrate(II)
ions (1)
(Prussian) blue ppt/solid (1) - ALLOW result for near miss spelling
of reagent
OR
add (aqueous) potassium thiocyanate (1)
blood red (solution) (1) NOT ppt

(ii)

Fe

3+

polarises the (OH bond in water) ligands (1)

3+

2+

[Fe(H2O)6] + H2O [Fe(OH)(H2O)5] + H3O

OR in words
eg deprotonation (of the ligand) by the (solvent) water (1)
+

the H3O / H (aq) ions make the solution acidic (1) - stand alone

3
[19]

61.

(a)

A set of properties/pattern/trend which is repeated/ recurs (1)

st
For the 1 mark there must be an idea of repetition
each period/after an interval (1)
ALLOW after every eight/eighteen elements
Repeating trends each period (2)

Sri Lankan School

43

(b)

(c)

High values on left/ for metals and low values on right/ for non-metals
ALLOW decrease across period/increase from Group 1 to 3, then
decrease
ALLOW high values on the left of the staircase, low on right
NOT just increases then deceases

Melting point/ boiling point/(first) ionisation energy/ atomic volume/

Hfusion/Hvaporisation
ALLOW density/ electronegativity/ ionic radius/ atomic radius/ thermal
conductivity
NOT state/ type of bonding/ number of electrons/ mass

1
[4]

62.

(a)

Ca + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2
formula Ca(OH)2 (1)
correct equation (1)
ignore state symbols
incorrect symbol for calcium, penalise once
Any one from each line (max 2)
Gets warm (1)
Effervescence / fizzing/bubbles / mist/steam / bobs up & down (1)
white ppt / white solid / cloudy / milky / white suspension (1)
Ca disappears / gets smaller / dissolves (1)
If more than two answers given and one or more wrong max 1

(b)

Increases

(c)

(i)

24.4 / 40 = 0.61
17.1 / 14 = 1.22
if rounded to 1dp, must be correct

58.5 / 16 = 3.66

(0.61 / 0.61) = 1
(1.22 / 0.61) = 2
(Therefore it is CaN2O6)
penalise use of atomic number once

(3.66 / 0.61) = 6

OR first correct % (1), next two correct (1) e.g.

Ca %
N%
O %

40 100
40 28 96
28 100
164
96 100
164

4000
24.4%
164

(1)

17.1%
58.5 %

(1)
2

Sri Lankan School

44

(ii)

Cation/group 2 ion (radius) larger (1)

same charge stated or shown (1)
[lower charge density/charge:size ratio of ion award (1)
of first two marks]
polarises / distorts
anion / nitrate / negative ion (1)
NOT just polarising
ALLOW
LE of oxide and nitrate decrease down the group (1)
LE of oxide decreases faster (1)
So nitrate becomes more stable relative to oxide (1)

3
[10]

63.

(a)

(b)

Substance which accepts/gains electrons (from another species) /

which removes electrons
(i)

(ii)
(c)

Fluorine / F2
ACCEPT Flourine / Flurine / Florine
NOT F or Fl2

(Red / brown / orange (or combination) and / or volatile) liquid

Red/brown / orange or combinations of these colours

NOT yellow or any other colours
Steamy / misty (fumes)
NOT white
If incorrect product linked to observation (0)

(d)

+1 / 1+ / +I / I+ / I
+5 / 5+/ +V / V+ / V
+ can be sub or superscript

Sri Lankan School

45

(e)

2OH + Cl2 Cl + OCl + H2O

OR

6OH + 3Cl2 5Cl + ClO3 + 3H2O

Chlorine species ie Cl2 , Cl , OCl or Cl2 , Cl , ClO3 (1)

ALLOW Cl2, NaCl, NaOCl / NaClO3
Balancing (1)
Correct ionic equation only, spectator ions (0)
Explanation in terms of oxidation number e.g. chlorine
(allow Cl2 / Cl) is oxidised 0 to +1 (1) and is reduced
from 0 to 1 (1)
ALLOW If chlorine goes from 0 to +1 and 0 to 1 (1 out of 2)
Consequential on the disproportionation equation

(f)

(i)

(ii)

Cl(g) + e Cl (g)
species (1)
state symbols (1) only for correct equation and

X(g) + e X (g) max 1

(ion and electron) both negatively charged

OR electron added to a negative ion
(energy required to overcome) repulsion

2
[14]

64.

(a)

(b)

(i)

Forms ions which have partially filled d-orbitals

OR
Forms ions which have a partially filled d-subshell

(ii)

Scandiurn / Sc and Zinc / Zn

(i)

Fe

2+

Mn
(ii)

Fe

Sri Lankan School

2+

3+

Mn

[Ar] 3d

6
5

[Ar] 3d (1) for both correct

is 3d / half filled d-subshell which is more stable than 3d (1)

2+

is (already) 3d (which is more stable than 3d ) (1)

46

(c)

Shape (1)
Bonding to correct atoms (1)
(4)

(4)
CN

CN
N C

C N

N C

CN
Fe

Fe

O R

N C

CN

N C

CN

CN
CN

2
(d)

Two As atoms oxidised from +3 to +5 per mole of As2O3

(loss of 4e ) (1)

\if 5 moles oxidised, total 20e Lost / change in oxidation no. = 20 (1)

\4 moles MnO4 reduced, total 20e gained / change in oxidation no. 20

\each Mn(VII) gains 5e / change in oxidation no. 5 (1)

\Mn(ll) / Mn

(e)

2+

(1) NOT standalone mark

(i)

VO3 + 2H / 2H3O VO2 + H2O / 3H2O

(ii)

No because oxidation no. of V is +5 in VO2 / Oxidation no. of V

unchanged (at +5)

(iii)

First green colour : VO2 and VO

3+

Second green colour : V

Violet colour : V

2+

2+

(1)

/ [V(H2O)6 ]

3+

(1)

2+

/ [V(H2O)6 ] , (1)

3
[16]

65.

(a)

3OCl 2Cl + ClO3 (1)

(b)

chlorine (in OCl ) is (simultaneously) oxidised from +1 to +5 (1)

and reduced from +1 to 1 (1)
If only oxidation numbers given max 1 (out of 2)
If oxidation numbers omitted max 1 (out of 2)

(i)

Sri Lankan School

blue / black to colourless

47

(ii)

2
3
no. moles S 2 O 3 used = 12.5 0. 1 / 1000 = 1. 25 10 (1)

no. moles I2 = 1.25 10 / 2 = 6.25 10

(1)

no. moles ClO = no. moles 12 (1)

no. moles ClO in original 10 cm = 10 6.25 10

= 6.25 10

(iii)

(c)

QWC

(d)

(1)

no. moles ClO in 1 dm = 100 6.25 10 (1) = 0.625

mass Cl2 = 0.625 71

= 44.4 (g)
mark consequentially on (ii)
must be 3s.f. in final answer

Cl2 is the stronger oxidising agent because Cl2 oxidises S from

(+)2 to (+)6 (1)
but l2 oxidises S from (+)2 to (+)2.50 (1)

O2 oxidises KI / iodide to l2. or balanced equation (1)

ll2 reacts with starch / paper to give blue / black (1)

2
[14]

66.

(a)
(b)

(c)

P ro to n s
E le c tro n s
N e u tro n s

18
18
22

(1 )
(1 )

Position depends on proton number/ atomic number (not mass) / Ar

atom has 1 less proton than K atom.
IGNORE references to number of protons = number of electrons
Average = 36 1.34 + 38 0.16 + 40 98.5
100

(1)

= 39.9

(1)

1 for more or less than 3 SF

IGNORE units

(d)

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
Numbers following letters can be subscript or superscript
s and p can be upper or lower case

Sri Lankan School

48

(e)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(f)

()

Ar(g) Ar (g) + e ((g))

()
+
OR Ar(g) e ((g)) Ar (g)
Symbol of Ar must be correct

Potassium value well below sulphur in range 250-750 (1)

Low ionisation energy as electron which is removed is more
shielded / further from the nucleus / in a higher energy level (1)
NOT just because electron is in fourth shell

Sulphur has 4 electrons in (3) p / phosphorus has 3 (1)

Plus any one from:
Electrons in shared p orbitals repel (so are lost more easily) (1)
half-filled sub-shells are (more) stable (1)
phosphorus has half-filled sub-shell (1)

Chlorine has more protons/greater nuclear charge (1)

Shielding unchanged /electrons in same shell/ electrons same
distance from nucleus (1)
Could be answered in terms of S having fewer protons

Argon inert / unreactive so filament cant react/ vaporises less easily/

lasts longer (1)

1
[14]

67.

O + H2O 2OH
IGNORE state symbols
2+
ALLOW if Mg shown on both sides

1
[1]

68.

(a)

Gas / g
green/pale green/yellow (1)
Liquid / l brown/red-brown / orange / red-orange
Solid / s (dark) grey ALLOW black

NOT red alone (1)

NOT purple (1)

IGNORE shiny / silver

Any combination of allowed colours
(b)

(i)

Sri Lankan School

KCl + H2SO4 KHSO4 + HCl

OR
2KCl + H2SO4 K2SO4 + 2HCl
ALLOW multiples
IGNORE state symbols

49

(ii)

Oxidation numbers: -1 (+) 6 / (+) VI

0 (+) 4 / (+) IV
Charge can be either side of number
(1) mark for any two correct oxidation numbers (2)
Oxidising Agent: (concentrated) H2SO4 (1)
NOT dilute
Oxidation no. of bromine / bromide / Br changes from -1 to 0 / rises
OR
Oxidation number of sulphur/ S changes from +6 to +4 / falls (1)
ALLOW T.E. for incorrect oxidation numbers in the correct direction
only
IGNORE electrons if in correct direction
th
4 mark not awarded if incorrect oxidising agent given EXCEPT sulphur

[8]

69.

(a)

(i)

% of oxygen = 45.1% (1)

54.9/39 = 1.41 and 45.1/16 = 2.82 (1)
1.41/1.41 = 1 and 2.82/1.41 = 2 (hence KO2) / 1.41 : 2.82 1 : (1)
2
MUST have some working
3
Correct inductive reasoning (3)

(ii)

(b)

-0.5 / / -.5

KNO3 because K / potassium ion has larger radius / is larger - ion essential (1)
+

but same charge - stated or K and Li given

[lower charge density scores 1 out of the first two marks]
Charge density on its own (1) UNLESS term is explained (2)
polarises/distorts nitrate/negative ion/anion less (1)
OR weakens bonds in nitrate less
NOT weakens ionic bond
If LiNO3 more stable (0)

3
[4]

Sri Lankan School

50

70.

(a)

(i)

Fe [Ar]
6 2
3d 4s
or 3d64s2
or 3d64s2
2 6
or 4s 3d (1)
2+

Fe
[Ar]
6
3d
or 3d6
6

or 3d 4s (1)
Letter d must be lower case
Any additional letters of numbers (0)
(ii)

The mark is for the shape

ALLOW bond to H of H2O (except on left side if OH2 is given)

IGNORE charge unless incorrect

(iii)

[Fe(H2O)6]

2+

+ 2OH [Fe(OH)2(H2O)4] + 2H2O

OR
2+

[Fe(H2O)6] + 2OH Fe(OH)2 + 6H2O

+

OR equations with 2NaOH as reactant and 2Na as product

IGNORE state symbols

Sri Lankan School

51

(iv)

Sri Lankan School

Green precipitate / solid foxy-red / red-brown / brown / orange

Both colours and precipitate / solid needed
NOT darkens

52

(v)

N2 + 3H2 /

2NH3

OR equation with Cl2

Sri Lankan School

53

(b)

(i)

2+

Emf of cell / potential difference of cell containing Fe and Fe (1)

and standard hydrogen electrode / half cell NOT SHE
3 +
OR hydrogen electrode and 1 mol dm H and 1 atm H2 (1)
3

2+

1 mol dm Fe
IGNORE temperature

Sri Lankan School

54

QWC*(ii)

Emf of hydrogen electrode is zero stated or implied (e.g. if

calculate Ecell = +0.44(V)) (1)
+

2+

Fe + 2H Fe + H2 (1) equation stand alone

Potential for the reaction is positive so reaction is feasible (1)
OR
+
2+
H and ()H2 has a more +ve electrode potential than Fe and Fe (1)
+

H will oxidise Fe / H is an oxidising agent / Fe is a reducing

+
agent for H / other correct redox statement (1)
+
2+
Fe + 2H Fe + H2 (1) stand alone

Sri Lankan School

55

(iii)

Sri Lankan School

High Ea so slow reaction / reactants are kinetically stable

IGNORE any mention of non-standard conditions

56

(c)

2Fe

3+

+ 2I 2Fe

2+

+ I2 or words E = (+) 0.23V (1)

3+

3+

So I would reduce Fe / Fe would oxidise I / E positive so reaction

L R (1)
OR reverse argument (2)
OR
3+
2+

Fe and Fe has a more positive electrode potential than I2 and I (1)

I will reduce Fe

3+

/ Fe

3+

will oxidise I (1)

2
[15]

Sri Lankan School

57

71.

(a)

(i)

(ii)

Sri Lankan School

2+

()

()

2+

Mg (g) Mg (g) + e ((g)) / Mg (g) - e ((g)) Mg (g)

Equation (1)
State symbols (1)
nd
st
2 mark dependent on 1 except
e on wrong side OR
st
rd
1 or 3 ionisation energy equation quoted OR
st
nd
cumulative 1 and 2 ionisation energy quoted

B / b can be shown on graph

58

(b)
Dots and crosses (1) all dots/ crosses acceptable
Ensure that all electrons are being shown
nd

Charges (1) 2 mark independent of 1

nd

st

2 F ion and square brackets not essential

ALLOW Fl for F
If one of the ions is completely correct (electrons & charge) 1 (out of 2)

2
[5]

Sri Lankan School

59

72.

Diagram showing correct covalent and hydrogen bonds (1)

Linear around H and water shown V shaped (1)
+ H and O (1)
due to difference in electronegativities / because both atoms small /
description of involvement of lone pair (1)

4
[4]

Sri Lankan School

60

73.

(a)

(i)

H + I OR all dots/crosses
shared pair (1)
st
correct outer shell (1) consequential on 1 mark

Sri Lankan School

61

(ii)

Sri Lankan School

Because HI has more electrons (1) NOT iodine/iodide

NOT because atoms are bigger/heavier
it has stronger/larger induced dipole / vdW / London / dispersion
forces (1)
more energy is required to separate the molecules/break/overcome vdW
forces (1)

62

(b)

(i)

(ii)

Sri Lankan School

HI + H2O H3O + I
IGNORE state symbols
+

NOT HI H (aq)+I (aq)

It forms (hydrated) hydrogen/hydroxonium ions

+
Any reference to H will suffice
NOT proton donor

63

(c)

(i)

(ii)

CaO(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l)

equation (1)
state symbols consequential on correct equation (1)

Because the surface of the calcium oxide gets coated with

insoluble/sparingly soluble / impermeable calcium sulphate
A protective layer of . impermeable and coated

1
[10]

Sri Lankan School

64

74.

Magnesium or beryllium

1
[1]

Sri Lankan School

65

75.

10

(a)

2p 3s 3p 3d 4s (1) 4p 5s (1)

(b)

(i)

Sr(g) Sr (g) + e

Formulae (1)
(ii)

Sri Lankan School

State symbols (1)

ALL increasing (1)

Jump between second and third larger than between any other pair (1)

66

(c)

Provide red colour

(d)

(i)

Sr

2+

(ii)

Sr(OH)2

Sri Lankan School

67

(e)

(i)

Sr(s) + 2H2O(I) Sr(OH)2(aq or s) + H2(g)

Formula, H2 and balancing (1)
State symbols (1)

(ii)

Sr(OH)2(s) + 2HCl(aq) SrCl2(aq) + 2H2O(I)

Formulae and balancing (1)
State symbols (1)

Sri Lankan School

68

(f)

Any number from 8 to 12 inclusive

1
[14]

Sri Lankan School

69

76.

ALLOW multiples in (i), (ii) and (iii) and (c)

(a)

2+

(i)

Ca Ca

(ii)

2H2O + 2e H2 + 2OH

(iii)

Ca + 2H2O Ca + H2 + 2OH
Or
Ca(OH)2 + H2
NOT consequential on (i) and (ii)

Sri Lankan School

+ 2e / Ca 2e Ca

2+

2+

1
1

70

(iv)

Sri Lankan School

(Vigorous) bubbles/fizzes/effervesces (1)

(white) ppt./suspension / cloudy / milky (1)
IGNORE gas evolved/ hydrogen produced/ names
IGNORE calcium dissolves/gets smaller
If flame described 1 max

71

(b)

Increases

(c)

2Na + Cl2 2NaCl

species (1)
st
balancing (1) dependent on 1 mark

2
[8]

Sri Lankan School

72

77.

(a)

Iodine/ I2 OR astatine / At2

Bromine/Br2

Chlorine / C12 OR fluorine/F2

If halides given max 2
If symbols for atoms given max 2
If symbols for ions given 0

Sri Lankan School

73

(b)

(i)
(ii)

Sri Lankan School

Ions produced (1)

to which H2O bonds /become hydrated (1)
+

H formed (in solution) / H3O

2
1

74

(c)

(d)

hydrogen bonding in HF (1) - stand alone

stronger than vdW/dipole-dipole/dispersion forces in HI (1) - must be an
identified intermolecular force NOT HI does not have hydrogen bonding

+1 , +5 / 1+, 5+ / I, V (2)
1, 5
(1)
1, 5
(0)
+
5+
Superscript pluses penalised once eg Cl , C1 (1)
+
3+
BUT Cl , Cl (0) ie two errors

2
[10]

Sri Lankan School

75

78.

(a)

(b)

(c)

10

10

(i)

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s

(ii)

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d

accept any order

Conseq on (a) (i)

d-block: last (added) electron is in a d(sub) shell / orbital (1)

Not transition: does not form ions with partially filled d-(sub) shell /
orbitals (1)

3D-drawing e.g. wedges / hatches or perspective diagram (1)

Labels covalent bond within water molecule (1). This must be drawn
out /use of a key is acceptable.
2+
Shows dative covalent bond from water to central Zn (1)
Labels a 90 angle (1)
Ignore absence of charge on ion

Sri Lankan School

76

(d)

(i)
(ii)

White precipitate /solid /suspension (1) NOT powder

Colourless solution (in excess ammonia) NOT clear (1)
2+

[Zn(H2O)6] + 2NH3 [Zn(OH)2(H2O)4]+ 2NH4

Or
2+

[Zn(H2O)6] + 2OH [Zn(OH)2(H2O)4]+ 2H2O

Or
2+

[Zn(H2O)6] + 2OH Zn(OH)2 + 6H2O

Or
2+
+
[Zn(H2O)6] + 2NH3 Zn(OH)2 + 2NH4 + 4H2O (1)
2+

[Zn(OH)2(H2O)4] + 4NH3 [Zn(NH3)4(H2O)2] + 2OH + 2H2O

Or
2+

Zn(OH)2 + 4NH3 [Zn(NH3)4] + 2OH

(1) for cation formed
(1) for balancing equation with the correct species (2)

Sri Lankan School

77

(e)

(i)

(ii)

10

d-(sub) shell / orbitals are full / 3d arrangement of electrons (1)

No jumps of d-electrons /no d-d transitions (1)

Any mention of e falling back down or no splitting of d-orbitals and

second mark is not awarded

Cr is a transition metal / Cr can have d-d transitions /CrO 4 is

yellow / Cr(+6) or Cr(VI) is yellow

1
[16]

Sri Lankan School

78

79.

160

1
[1]

Sri Lankan School

79

80.

(a)

(i)

Metallic (1)

Ions must not be touching and have a single positive charge.

Sri Lankan School

80

(ii)

Correct number of electrons on each ion (1)

Correct charge on each ion (1)

Sri Lankan School

81

(iii)

Sri Lankan School

Smaller (with some justification) (1)

fewer shells/energy levels (1)
increased relative nuclear charge 'pulls' remaining electrons closer to
nucleus (1)

82

(b)

Group 2 (1)
nd
rd
Signfficant / large / big increase in IE between 2 and 3 electron removed (1)

Sri Lankan School

83

(c)

Small dip in IE because

electron is in same quantum level/shell (1)
but is in higher energy sub level/shell (1)

2
[11]

Sri Lankan School

84

81.

(a)

(i)

Sri Lankan School

(1s )2s 2p
2
2
2
2
OR 2s 2p 2py 2pz

85

(ii)

Sri Lankan School

10

10

2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p / 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p

86

(b)

Krypton because greater/ stronger (NOT more) van der Waals/

London/ dispersion/ temporary or induced dipole forces / attractions (1)
Because of larger number of electrons/ extra shell(s) of electrons (1)

Sri Lankan School

87

(c)

(i)

(ii)
(iii)

Sample bombarded/ fired at by electrons/ electron gun (1)

Knocks out/ loses/ removes electrons from the sample
Or equation (1)

Electric/electrostatic field/ (negatively) charged plates/ potential

difference

Magnetic field/ (electro)magnet

1
[8]

Sri Lankan School

88

82.

(a)

Moles = 2.20 / 101 (1)

3
3
Concentration = 0.0218/ 0.05 = 0.436 (mol dm ) but must be in mol dm (1)

Sri Lankan School

89

(b)

(i)

Sri Lankan School

Mass = (0.0218 ) 85 (1)

=1.85 (g) (1)
Answer could be in kg but units must be quoted

90

(ii)

Sri Lankan School

Vol = (24 ) 0.01089 (1)

= 0.261 (dm) (1)
Can quote volume in any feasible unit
In (a) and ( b) intermediate values (if stated) and final answers to
calculations must be given to 2 4 s.f.
Penalise SF once

91

(c)

Stability increases followed by an attempt at an explanation (1)

because charge density of cation/ metal ion/ group 1 ion decreases
OR size increases but charge stays the same (1)
so polarises/distorts/ weakens bonds within nitrate/ negative ion/ anion less (1)

Sri Lankan School

92

(d)

56.5 8.7 34.8

39
12
16 (1)
1.45
0.725 2.18
0.725 0.725 0.725 (1)
(2:1:3) ie K2CO3 (1)
If 19 in first step ie K4CO3 2 (out of 3)

(working must be shown)

[12]

Sri Lankan School

93

83.

(a)

(i)

+7/7+ /VII

(ii)

+7/7+ /VII

Sri Lankan School

94

(b)

(i)

2+

Sn

+ 2e

()

I2 + 2e

Sri Lankan School

4+

Sn

()

21 (1)

OR Sn

2+

2e

()

4+

Sn (1)
2

95

(ii)

2+

4+

Sn + I2 Sn + 2I
IGNORE state symbols

1
[5]

Sri Lankan School

96

84.

(a)

(i)

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s

(ii)

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d

Sri Lankan School

1
1

97

(b)

H 2O

O H

O H

O H

N i
H 2O

O H

(1)

Shape mark
Must be 3D ie wedges or dashes
labelled covalent between OH OR arrow to H2Oand labelled covalent
bond (1)
labelled dative covalent between O atom and ion (1)

Sri Lankan School

98

(c)

(i)

Sri Lankan School

[Ni(H2O)4(OH)2]
ALLOW Ni(OH)2

99

(ii)

Sri Lankan School

Deprotonation (1)
two successive deprotonations / neutral species producing insoluble
compound (1)

100

(iii)

Ligand exchange (1)

2+
giving (soluble) [Ni(H2O)0 or 2(NH3)6 or 4] OR in words (1)

2
[10]

Sri Lankan School

101

85.

(a)

(i)

Use E values for reduction of Fe

and Fe

2+

to Fe by Zn (E

cell

3+

to Fe

2+

by Zn (E

cell

= + 1.53V) (1)

= +0.32V)(1)

They have positive E so are feasible (1) NOT will happen

OR
2+
3+
2+
2+
ALLOW Zn /Zn is more negative than both Fe /Fe and Fe /Fe (1)
so zinc is a stronger reducing agent (1)
so zinc reducing both is feasible (1)

Sri Lankan School

102

(ii)

Sri Lankan School

Reduction of Fe

2+

has high activation energy / kinetically stable

103

(b)

(i)

Sri Lankan School

2+

Mn O4 + 5Fe + 8H Mn
Species (1)
Balance (1)
Any state symbols ignored.

2+

+ 5Fe

3+

+ 4H2O
2

104

(ii)

Sri Lankan School

purple colour of MnO4 lost (1)

end point when yellow / colourless solution (1)
becomes (permanently) pink (1)

105

(c)

st

Amount MnO4 in 1 titration = 0.0182 dm 0.0200 mol dm

4

= 3.64 10 mol (1)

Amount Fe

2+

in original solution = 5 above value = 1.82 10

Amount Fe

2+

in 2 titration = amount of Fe

nd

2+

and Fe

3+

mol (1)

original solution (1)

= 0.0253 dm 0.0200 mol dm 5 = 2.53 10 mol

Amount of Fe

3+

in original solution = 0.00253 0.00182 = 7.10 10 mol (1)

3+

Amount zinc needed to reduce Fe = 0.000710 = 0.000355 mol

1
Mass of zinc = 0.000355 mol 65.4 g mol = 0.0232 g (1) 2,3 or 4 SF
Consequential on their moles iron
The marks are for the following processes:

Either volume of MnO4 to moles of MnO4 (1)

Convert to moles of Fe

2+

by multiplying either moles of MnO4 by 5 (1)

nd

Realising that 2 titration measures total number of moles of iron (1))

Subtracting to get original moles Fe

3+

(1)

Going to moles Zn then mass Zn (1)

Sri Lankan School

106

OR

3+
rd
Volume MnO4 for Fe , which has been reduced by zinc (1) 3 point
3

= 25.3 cm 18.2 cm = 0.0253 dm 0.0182 dm = 0.0071 dm (1) 4

point

th

st

Amount of MnO4 = 0.0071 dm 0.0200 mol dm = 1.42 10 mol (1) 1

point
Amount Fe
point

3+

reduced by zinc = 5 above value = 7.10 10

4

nd

mol (1) 2

Amount zinc needed = 7.10 10 = 3.55 10 mol

4
1
th
mass of zinc needed = 3.55 10 mol 65.4 g mol = 0.00232 g (1) 5
point

Sri Lankan School

107

(d)

(i)

[Fe(H2O)6]

2+

+ H2O [Fe(H2O)5OH] + H3O

H3O in equation (1)

other ion in equation (1)
2+
(Fe ) polarises the OH bond in ligand (1)

Sri Lankan School

108

(ii)

[Fe(H2O)6]
3+

3+

more acidic than [Fe(H2O)6]

Fe higher charge density than Fe

3+
Fe ion if more polarising (1)

2+

2+

(1)

(1)
3
[20]

Sri Lankan School

109

86.

(a)

(i)
(ii)

Sri Lankan School

Same numbers of protons/electrons (1)

Different numbers of neutrons (1)

X 69/100 + (100 X) 71 /100

= 69.8
Method (1)
\X = 60% Answer (1)

110

(b)

(i)

(ii)
(iii)

Sri Lankan School

()

Ga(g) e Ga (g)
Entities (1)
states (1)

As the ion becomes more positive it is harder to remove (negative)

electrons / same nuclear charge attracting fewer electrons

An electron is removed from a lower/different quantum shell (1)

which is closer to the nucleus (1)
NOT shielding arguments

111

(c)

(i)

GaCl3 / Ga2Cl6

(ii)

Conductivity measurement / electrodes and simple circuit /

electrolyse solution (1)
(High) reading for electrical conductivity / bulb lights/ high meter
reading/ C12 formed (1)
Microscope slide, filter paper etc / U-tube method
provided detailed 1 max
ALLOW AgNO3(aq) (1) white ppt (1)

2
[12]

Sri Lankan School

112

87.

(a)

Trend - boiling point increases down the group / from He to Xe or Rn (1)

Reason number of electrons (and protons) increases (1)
Increased strength of van der Waals/ dispersion / London forces / temporary
dipoles / induced dipoles / attraction between nucleus and electrons on other
atom (1)

Sri Lankan School

113

(b)

(i)

P or S or Cl / P4, S2, S8, Cl12 / names

(ii)

The atoms of silicon are held together by covalent bonds across the
whole structure (1)
High energy required (to break bonds) (1) consequential on
indication of covalent. Mention of ionic or metallic or van der Waals
forces loses both marks.

Sri Lankan School

114

(iii)

1. Magnesium ion has larger charge (density) than sodium /

magnesium contributes two electrons per atom to the sea of
electrons. (1)
2. Hence magnesium (ions) have greater attraction for (sea of) electrons
than sodium. (1)
3. Melting requires energy to overcome this attraction, hence
greater attraction means higher melting temperature (1)
This mark is consequential upon the concept of metallic bonding.

3
[9]

Sri Lankan School

115

88.

(a)

% oxygen 100 (31.84 + 28.98) = 39.18 (1)

K
31.84/39
0.8164

Cl
28.98/35.5

O
39.18/16

0.8163

2.448

Divide by Ar (1)
Divide by smallest

1
1
3
M u s t b e 2 o r m o r e s ig n if ic a n t f ig u r e s
Alternative multiply by Ar + SUM (1)

Sri Lankan School

Calc % (1)

39.18 for 0 (1)

116

(b)

Ratio of moles or mass (1)

Moles of A or relative mass of A (1)
24 or volume of O2 (1) (not stand alone)
E.g.
2 moles of A gives 3 mols of oxygen (1)
1.0g of A 1.00/122.5 moles of A
therefore 1.00 3/122.5 2 moles of oxygen
volume of oxygen = 1.00 3 24 / 122.5 2
3
= 0.294 dm

Sri Lankan School

117

OR
1.00g of A gives 0.3918 g of oxygen (1)
0.3918 g of oxygen = 0.03918/32 moles of oxygen = 0.0122 moles (1)
3
3
0.0122 moles of oxygen = 0.0122 24 dm of O = 0.293 dm (1)
2-4 significant figure in answer allowed

3
[6]

Sri Lankan School

118

89.

(a)

Br or bromide [care clearly bromide ion] (1)

Sri Lankan School

119

(b)

A colourless solution / a greenish-yellow gas / greenish-yellow solution (1)

Turn to a brown/ red-brown solution/ gives a black or grey solid (1)
NOT red / yellow / orange
If solution not indicated but colourless brown (1)
If neither state is indicated and colourless black (0)

Sri Lankan School

120

(c)

(i)

(ii)

(Simultaneous) oxidation and reduction of same species (in the same

reaction)
NOT atom, element, particle, substance, ion

Selects C (1) - conditional on an attempt at an explanation

3 chlorine oxidation numbers +1, +5, 1 (1)
Linkage +1 to +5 identified as oxidation AND +1 to 1 identified as
reduction (1)

3
[7]

Sri Lankan School

121

90.

(a)

(i)

Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

1 mark equation ionic equation must include spectator ions
1 mark state symbols

(ii)

In Ca valence electrons further away from nucleus / less attraction

of nucleus on valence electrons / more shielding (1)
Lower IE / loses outer electrons more easily (therefore faster reaction) (1) 2

(iii)

Calcium sulphate (1)

Forms an insoluble / protective layer (1) - NOT free standing if
incorrect compound

Sri Lankan School

122

(b)

(i)

2KNO3 2KNO2 + O2 (1)

2Ca(NO3)2 2CaO + 4NO2 + O2
1 for species
1 for balance

(ii)

Calcium nitrate less (thermally) stable / decomposes more easily than

potassium nitrate (1) dependent on attempt at explanation
Calcium ion smaller (1)
Calcium ion has double charge (1)

} (1) for greater charge density

}

Therefore greater polarising power / greater polarisation of nitrate (1)

Bonds in nitrate more easily broken / oxide ion / oxygen atom more
attracted (1)

5
[14]

Sri Lankan School

123

91.

(a)

(i)

(ii)

1
Allow single headed arrows or other suitable notation
[Mark (ii) consequentially on (i)]

Sri Lankan School

124

(b)

(i)

Covalent (1)
Coordinate or dative (1)

(ii)

Deprotonation or acid-base

(iii)

[Cr(H2O)3(OH)3] or Cr(OH)3

(iv)

Ligand exchange or ligand substitution

(v)

[Cr(NH3)6]

3+

or [Cr(OH)x (H2O)y(NH3)z]

charge

x + y + z = 6, z at least one, correct charge will be between 0 and +3, x = max 3

Sri Lankan School

125

(c)

d orbitals/subshell/energy level split (in energy by

ligands)/diagram to illustrate (1)

Electron transitions/jumps from lower to higher energy level (1)

Absorbs light in visible region/reference to white light (1)

If imply or state that emission is occurring, only the first

marking point is available
[11]

Sri Lankan School

126

92.

(a)

Protons 3 (1)
Neutrons 4 (1)
Electrons 2 (1)

Sri Lankan School

127

(b)

Relative atomic mass

(6.02 7.39) (7.02 92.61)
100
=
(1)

6.95 (must be three s.f.) (1)

Sri Lankan School

128

(c)

Dip Pt / nichrome wire in solid and place in hot/blue flame (1)

Na salt gives yellow colour (1)

Li salt give deep / magenta red / crimson colour (1)

3
[8]

Sri Lankan School

129

93.

(a)

An element with its highest energy electron in a p orbital (1)

Sri Lankan School

130

(b)

(i)
(ii)

Sri Lankan School

Colour brown (1)

State: liquid (1)

The solution goes (from colourless to) dark brown / black solid
produced (1)

131

(c)

(i)

Br2 + 2e 2Br (1) or this

(ii)

Fe

(iii)

Br2 + 2Fe
or this

Sri Lankan School

2+

Fe

3+

2+

+ e (1)
-

2Br + 2Fe

3+

(1)

132

(d)

(i)

(ii)

Sri Lankan School

Br2 + 2NaOH NaBr + NaOBr + H2O (2)

1 mark for correct bromine products
Ionic equation acceptable

Disproportionation (1)

133

(e)

(i)

KBr -1 (1) KBrO3 +5 (1) Br2 0(1)

(ii)

Oxidising agent: KBrO3 (1)

Oxidation number of Br in KBrO3 goes down (1)

2
[15]

Sri Lankan School

134

94.

(a)

(i)

Sri Lankan School

[Ar]3d (1)
2
allow 1s etc

135

(b)

(i)

Zn / Iron (1) not the zinc ion or iron ion

more negative potential than -0.28V (1)

NB this mark must show evidence of use of the data

gives +E for reduction reaction (1)

consequential on second mark

Sri Lankan School

136

(ii)

rate too slow / activation energy too high / kinetically stable /

allow oxide layer if metal electrode specified (1)

non-standard conditions (1)

Sri Lankan School

137

(c)

2+

(i)

Co(H2O)6

(1)

(ii)

Example:
2+
2Co(H2O)6 + 4Cl CoCl4 + 6 H2O
Any valid equation that shows a ligand exchange but begins with
2+
Co(H2O)6 (1)
ligand exchange correctly balanced (1)

2
[9]

Sri Lankan School

138

95.

(a)

An element that has at least one of its ions has an incomplete d shell (1)

Sri Lankan School

139

(b)

(i)

Sri Lankan School

Coloured ions / compounds/ complexes/ solutions (1)

variable oxidation states (1)

140

(ii)

2+

Cr(H2O)6
Not Cr

Sri Lankan School

2+

/ hexa aqua chromium (II) ion (1)

or Cr(II).

141

(c)

(i)

Sri Lankan School

C r
1 9 .5 / 5 2
40 /
0 .3 7 5
1
0 .3 7 5 /0 .3 7 5
1 .1 2
1
NB 2 method marks

C l
3 5 .5
.1 2 7
7 /0 .3 7 5
3

H 2O
4 0 .5 / 1 8 ( 1 )
2 .2 5
2 .2 5 /0 .3 7 5 ( 1 )
6

142

(ii)

3+

Violet Cr(H2O)6 .3Cl (1)

2+

Green is [Cr(H2O)5Cl] 2Cl .H2O (1)

NB for 2 marks must make clear which is which and must be a
salt which adds up to Cr(H2O)6Cl3

[8]

Sri Lankan School

143

96.

(a)

Bromine liquid (1)

Iodine solid (1)

Sri Lankan School

144

(b)

AgNO3 (aq): yellow ppt / solid / suspension with

Nal (1)
Cream / pale yellow / off white / ivory
ppt / solid / suspension with NaBr (1)
Not cloudy not white.
Add ammonia solution :
ppt. insoluble / stays the same. Nal (1)
ppt. (partially) soluble NaBr (1)

If says dilute ammonia must say partially soluble for AgBr.

If says conc ammonia must say soluble for AgBr.
[6]

Sri Lankan School

145

97.

(a)

(i)

2Ca + O2 2CaO (1)

(ii)

Na2O + H2O 2NaOH (1)

(iii)

Na2O + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O

Species (1) Balancing (1)

Sri Lankan School

146

(b)

(Thermal stability) increases (1) (with some

attempt at a reason)
(cat)ion size increases / (cat)ion charge density
decreases (1)
polarises or distorts carbonate ion / anion /
electron cloud less. (1)

3
[7]

Sri Lankan School

147

98.

(a)

Sc

[A r]

Cr

[A r]

Cr

3+

[A r]

Cr

3+

consequential on structure for Cr

Sri Lankan School

148

(b)

Electronic configuration differs from previous element by an

electron in a d (sub) shell / electrons are filling the d-shell (1)
transition elements have one ion with partially-filled d-shell (1)

Not highest energy shell is the d-shell

outer electron in d shell

Sri Lankan School

149

[A r]
(c)

(i)

L ig a n d e le c tro n s
2
Correct electron structure for complex ion (1)
ligand electrons identified (1) 6 pairs identified stand alone mark
3+
Consequential on structure of Cr

Sri Lankan School

150

H 2O
H 2O
(ii)

O H

3
2

C r
O H

O H

O H

There must be some attempt to show a 3-D structure

Octahedral could rescue a poor diagram

Sri Lankan School

151

(iii)

Sri Lankan School

d-orbitals split (in energy by ligands) / or diagram to illustrate

electron transitions / jumps from lower to higher energy level (1)
absorbs light in visible region (1)

152

(d)

(i)

Sri Lankan School

Green precipitate (1)

(deep) green solution in excess sodium hydroxide (1)

153

(ii)

Deprotonation / acid base (1)

1
[14]

Sri Lankan School

154

99.

(a)

(i)

Sri Lankan School

fizzing/ effervescence
metal disappears /gets smaller
floats/ moves around on surface
melts/ turns into ball
any 2
do not allow dissolves

155

(ii)

Sri Lankan School

2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2

species (1) balance (1)

156

(b)

amount Na = 3.0123 = 0.13 mol (1)

amount H2 = 0.065 mol (1)
3

vol H2 = 0.065 24 dm = 1. 6 (dm ) (allow 1.56, 1.57 or 1.565) (1)

answers consequential on equation in (a)(i)
If units quoted and are wrong final mark lost

3
[7]

Sri Lankan School

157

100. (a)

(i)

Sri Lankan School

NaCl
or
2NaCl

H2SO4 NaHSO4

HCl (1)

H2SO4 Na2SO4

2HCl (1)

158

(b)

(i)

Sri Lankan School

add silver nitrate (solution) / correct formula AgN0 3 (aq) (1)

white ppt /solid (1)
soluble in dilute ammonia /ammonia solution (1)
or
add lead nitrate/ethanoate (solution) (1)
white ppt. (1)
soluble in hot water (1)
Any feasible correct chemical method can score the marks here

159

(ii)

Sri Lankan School

dissociates /reacts/lionises/changes into ions (as it dissolves) (1)

+
+
forming H ions / H3O ions/ donates a proton to water.
This makes the solution an acid (1)

160

(i)

Sri Lankan School

damp litmus paper (1) bleached (1)

or
damp starch-iodide paper (1) goes blue (1)
Displacement acceptable

161

(ii)

Sri Lankan School

[+4] [-1] (1)

[+2] [-1] [0] (1)
positive charge not essential

162

(d)

(hydrogen) iodide is more easily oxidized / loses electrons more

easily than (hydrogen) chloride (1)
because larger (than chloride) (1)
Could argue from the reducing power of the iodide / chloride
for the first mark

2
[12]

Sri Lankan School

163

101. (a)

m.p./C:

(i)
Na

Mg

Al

Si

Cl

Ar

98

650

660

1410

44

119

101

189

structur
al
ty
p
e

giant / metallic

giant
(covale
nt)/
macro
molecu
lar

Simple / simple
molecular /
molecular
(covalent)

2 marks for four correct answers; 1 mark for three correct

Sri Lankan School

(mon)atom
ic
/sing
le
ato
ms
2

164

(b)

Na largest atom / ion / cation

or
+
Na smallest charge on ion/ or comparison of the charges on the three ions (1)
Sodium has one / fewer delocalised electron others have more
or
Sodium has one / fewer electrons in metallic bond per atom,
others have more (1)
melting point low because weaker (metallic) bonding (1)
The final mark is for the relation of the bonding to the melting point

Sri Lankan School

165

(c)

(i)

Sri Lankan School

Weak van der Waals forces because Ar atoms have few

electrons
or
Very weak /weakest van der Waals forces between Ar atoms (1) -

166

(ii)

S8 has stronger van der Waals forces than P4 (1)

Because it has more electrons/bigger molecules (NOT mass) (1)
Explanation of van der Waalsforces rather than name
acceptable

2
[8]

Sri Lankan School

167

102. (a)

(i)

Sri Lankan School

Ca brick red or orange red, Ba (apple) green (1) each

168

(ii)

Sri Lankan School

electrons excited / promoted (1)

fall to lower energy level / orbital (1)
give out energy in the visible region / in form of light (1)

169

(b)

2Ba(NO3)2 2BaO + 4NO2 + O2 (2)

species (1) balance (1)

Sri Lankan School

170

(c)

(i)

Sri Lankan School

ability (of a cation) to distort / change shape of (1)

the electron cloud around an anion (1)

171

(ii)

Sri Lankan School

Size /radius /ionic radius (1) charge (1)

172

(iii)

2+

2+

Mg / magnesium ion smaller than Ba / barium ion

or
2+
Mg has higher change density (1)
2+
Polarising power increases/ Mg able to polarise the nitrate
2+
ion more effectively than Ba (1)
this weakens the bonds in the nitrate / bonds in nitrate more
easily broken (1)

3
[14]

Sri Lankan School

173

103. (a)
(b)

B (1)

Limewater turns milky CO2 (1)

MgCO3 decomposes on heating to CO2 label correct / equation (1)

Sri Lankan School

174

(c)

Substance on wire in flame (1) not burn or heat (in test tube)
(Pale) green flame for barium (1)
No colour for magnesium (1)
or
add dilute sulphuric acid (1)
barium hydroxide does not dissolve (1)
magnesium hydroxide dissolves / forms colourless solution (1)
or
Valid chemical test

Sri Lankan School

175

(d)

(brown gas is) nitrogen dioxide (1)

(gas relights a glowing splint) oxygen (1)
2Mg(NO3)2 2MgO + 4NO2 + O2
species (1) balance (1)

4
[10]

Sri Lankan School

176

104. (a)

(i)

The potential difference between a standard hydrogen electrode

and the (half-) cell (1)
3
all concentrations measured at 1 mol dm and any gases are at 1 atm pressure (1)
2

(ii)

Sri Lankan School

Fluorine or F2 (1)

177

(b)

(i)

all/listed (1)

(ii)

iodine and bromine (1)

(iii)

This answer is consequential on part (ii)

Mix solution of Cr(II) - blue with the oxidising agent given in (ii) (1)
goes green and stays green / but does not go orange (1)

2
[7]

Sri Lankan School

178

105. (a)

(i)

LiCl red/scarlet/crimson/carmine red (1)

NaBr orange/yellow (1)
KI lilac/purple/mauve/pink/violet/lavender (1)

(ii)

Excited electrons (1)

Move down energy levels (1)

Sri Lankan School

179

(b)

(i)

LiCl - white/steamy fumes

NaBr - brown/orange vapour or liquid
Kl - purple vapour / dark solid or liquid or residue

(ii)

LiCl(s) + H2SO4(l) LiHSO4(s) + HCl(g)

formulae (1), states (1)
or 2LiCl(s) + H2SO4(l) Li2SO4(s) + 2HCl(g)
formulae (1), states (1)

2
[11]

Sri Lankan School

180

106. (a)

(i)

Loss of electrons

(ii)

A substance which gains/removes/accepts electrons

(iii)

Chlorine (is stronger oxidising agent)

So it can accept electrons from Br /

so it can displace Br / so can oxidise Br

Sri Lankan School

181

(b)

(i)
(ii)

Sri Lankan School

3OCl ClO3 + 2Cl

formulae + charges (1), balancing (1)

Disproportionation

182

(c)

(i)

SO2: +4
2

SO4 : +6

(ii)

Oxidised because oxidation number of S becomes more positive/sulphur loses

electrons
1

(iii)

Starch/any named non polar solvent: hexane, chloroform, volasil

Blue-black/purple

2
[12]

Sri Lankan School

183

3d
M n
107. (a)

M n

Sri Lankan School

4s

[A r]
2+

[A r]

184

(b)

(i)

[Mn(H2O)6]

2+

(ii)

[Mn(H2O)6]

2+

+ 2NH3 Mn(OH)2 + 2NH4 + 4H2O

2+

+ 2NH3 [Mn(H2O)4(OH)2] + 2NH4

2+

+ 2OH Mn(OH)2 + 6H2O

2+

+ 2OH [Mn(OH)2(H2O)4] + 2 H2O

1
+

or
[Mn(H2O)6]

or
[Mn(H2O)6]

or
[Mn(H2O)6]

Any of above score 2 marks as follows:(1) mark for species (1) mark for balance
Deprotonation or Acid /base (1)

Sri Lankan School

185

(iii)

(c)

(Mn(II) is ) oxidised / undergoes oxidation (1)

to Mn(IV) / Mn(III) / to higher oxidation state/ will increase (1)
Variable oxidation states (1)
coloured compounds (1)

(i)

from +4 to +6/ up by 2 / +2

(ii)

Amount of KMnO4 = 0.0228 0.0216 mol

= 4.925 10 mol

Sri Lankan School

186

(iii)

Amount of SO3 in 25cm = 5/2 4.925 10 mol

= 1.231 x 10 mol
(iv)

Amount of SO3 in 250cm = 10 1.231 10 mol (1)

2

= 1.231 10 mol
2
Mass of pure Na2SO3 = 126 x 1.231 10 g (1)
= 1.551g
(v)

Purity of sample = (1.551g/ 1.75g) x 100%

= 88.6%

1
[16]

Sri Lankan School

187

108. (a)

formal charge

an atom would have in a compound if ionic

OR
number of electrons lost or gained

control of / used for bonding

Sri Lankan School

188

(b)

(i)

0 +1 1 (ignore everything else)

(ii)

One of the chlorines in each molecule (0 to +1) has lost

an electron / been oxidised

The other chlorine in the chlorine molecule has

gained an electron / been reduced to 1

a simple statement / definition of disproportionation

Sri Lankan School

max 1

189

(c)

reacts / changes / dissociates / ionises /

HCl donates a proton to the water
+

H (aq) or H3O (aq) ions

Sri Lankan School

1
1

190

(d)

white precipitate (1) soluble in ammonia. (1) chloride cream ppte (1)
slightly soluble in ammonia (1) bromide yellow ppte (1)
insoluble in ammonia (1) iodide

if only 3 colours without any mention of ppte max 1 out of 3

[13]

Sri Lankan School

191

250
B o ilin g p o in t

200
150
100
50
0

50
100
M o la r m a s s

150

109. (a)
4 correct points (2 marks) 3 correct points (1mark)

Sri Lankan School

192

(b)

(i)

increase in number of electrons in molecule or increase in size of molecule

(1) not mass
increased( vdW )forces of attraction between molecules
( need to be overcome ) (1)
These are two separate points e.g bigger molecules have greater vdW forces
scores 2 marks
2

(ii)

Sri Lankan School

250 290 (1) ignore units

193

(iii)

Sri Lankan School

+2 oxidation state is more stable( than +4 ) (1)

so +4 likely to decompose to +2 (1) not decomposes to lead
OR
in PbH4 long (1) and therefore weak bonds /
likely to break (1)

194

(c)

tetrahedral / or diagram (1) Words can be used to recover a poor diagram

4 pairs of electrons around Si (1) These can be shown on the diagram
pairs repel to positions of least interaction / as far apart as possible (1)
Not repulsion of hydrogens or bonds

Sri Lankan School

195

(d)

(i)

-1

energy required (in kJ) mol to remove a mole of electrons (1)

from a mole of gaseous atoms (1)

There must be some mention of mole for full marks.

An equation can be used to recover the second mark
-1
A full equation with reference to DH kJmol scores 2 marks

Sri Lankan School

196

(ii)

electron configuration 2,8,4 (1)

any sensible use of data (1)
eg(big )jump to 16000 suggests 4 electrons in outer shell
next (big) jump to 235000 after 8 electrons then 2

2
[14]

Sri Lankan School

197

110. (a)

(i)

2Ca(NO3)2 2CaO + 4NO2 + O2

formulae correct (1) balance (1). Ignore any state symbols.
The balance mark is not standalone.

(ii)

(iii)

Sri Lankan School

steam / fizzing sound / crumbles (1)

solid swells up / milky liquid produced / comment about sparingly soluble
substance (1)
CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 (1) ignore any state symbols

less (1)

198

(iv)

(Cat)ion size increases down the Group / charge density decreases (1)
(not atom size)
The polarizing power of the cation decreases down the Group (1).
The less polarized the anion is by the cation the more difficult the nitrate is to
decompose (1).
Polarisation mark could come from the less the electron cloud is distorted
or
trend in cation size (1)
comparison of the lattice energies of the nitrate and the oxide (1)
balance in favour of oxide at top of group
and the nitrate at the bottom (1)
3

Sri Lankan School

199

(b)

(i)

same number of particles in a smaller volume / gas density increased (1) 1

(ii)

comment related to the number of molecules on each side to explain a shift to

l.h.s. (1) (not just due to Le Chatelier)
so at higher pressure equilibrium moves to favour N 2O4 (1)
2

Sri Lankan School

200

(iii)

Kp = p(NO2)
p(N2O4)

There must be some symbolism for pressure, and no [ ]

(iv)

(Kp = p(NO2) = 48)

p(N2O4)
2

p(NO2) = 48 0.15 = 7.2 (1)

p(NO2) = 2.7 (1) atm (1) accept 2.683 / 2.68 / 2.7
Answer and units conditional on (iii).

3
[16]

Sri Lankan School

201