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(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
The first and second laws of thermodynamics suggest that energy is neither made or lost,
merely transformed. Using a named ecosystem, outline how this occurs.
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(3)
(c)
(i)
Explain how socio-political and economic pressures have caused or are causing the
degradation of a named area of biological significance.
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(4)
(ii)
Describe and evaluate one strategy to address the problems you have identified in
(c) (i).
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(3)
(Total 12 marks)
2.
Scientists estimate that current rates of species extinction could be as high as 137 species a day.
(a)
Describe and evaluate one way in which this rate of extinction may have been calculated.
(5)
(b)
Explain why some species are more susceptible to extinction than others. Support your
answer with named examples.
(6)
(c)
A proposed solution to loss of biodiversity is the creation of protected areas. For a named
protected area, explain how it is designed to preserve species diversity and evaluate its
success.
(6)
Expression of ideas
(3)
(Total 20 marks)
3.
The diagram below shows some of the environmental problems caused by a demand for greater
agricultural production.
re d u c tio n o f lo n g -te rm
p ro d u c tiv ity
in c re a s e d s o il
e ro s io n
d a n g e r to
h u m a n h e a lth
lo s s o f s p e c ie s
d iv e rs ity
e u tro p h ic a tio n
h ig h n itra te
c o n c e n tra tio n s in
d rin k in g w a te r
re sid u e s o n
fo o d
lo s s o f
h e d g e g ro w s
a n d w a lls
dam age
to S S S Is *
h a rm to n o n ta rg e t s p e c ie s
n a rro w in g o f
g e n e tic b a s e
o rg a n ic p o llu tio n
o f fre s h w a te r
in c re a s in g u s e
o f p e s tic id e s
in c re a s in g u s e
o f fe rtiliz e r
s o il
c o m p a c tio n
lo s s o f s p e c ie s
d iv e rs ity
m o n o c u ltu re s
in d o o r re a rin g
o f a n im a ls
a n im a l a n d p la n t
b re e d in g
m e c h a n is a tio n
d e m a n d fo r g re a te r p ro d u c tio n
* S ite s o f S p e c ia l S c ie n tific I n te r e s t
[Source: Kevin Byrne, Environmental Science, (Nelson Thornes Ltd., 1997) p. 167.
Reproduced by permission of Nelson Thornes Ltd.]
(a)
Explain why there has been a demand for greater food production in many societies
around the world.
(4)
(b)
With reference to two specific problems from the diagram above, explain the
environmental consequences of increasing agricultural production.
(8)
(c)
4.
Protecting the environment is a luxury that only the most economically developed countries of
the world can afford.
(a)
State whether an ecocentrist or a technocentrist is more likely to agree with the statement
above. Justify your answer.
(2)
(b)
Discuss the arguments for and against the statement above. In your answer you should
refer to examples from both more economically developed and less economically
developed countries.
(10)
(c)
For an environmental issue you have studied, describe the roles of different groups in the
management of this issue. In your answer you could consider local, national and
international groups.
(5)
Expression of ideas (3)
(Total 20 marks)
5.
(a)
Outline the factors that make some organisms less prone to extinction and the factors that
make others more prone to extinction. Use named examples to support your answer.
(5)
(b)
List three Red Data Book categories and explain the criteria used to assess a species
conservation status. Illustrate your answer with named examples.
(6)
(c)
Justify your personal viewpoint on the best strategy for conserving a named protected
area.
(6)
Expression of ideas (3)
(Total 20 marks)
6.
(a)
Compare two different food production systems. Your answer should be based on named
examples. Consider resource inputs, resource outputs and technology.
(6)
(b)
Outline the impact of the two systems identified in (a) on the surrounding environment.
(5)
(c)
(i)
Suggest reasons why human food resource needs will change over the next 100
years and how this change may be achieved.
(4)
(ii)
Outline what impact a changing demand for food resources may have on the
environment.
(2)
Expression of ideas (3)
(Total 20 marks)
7.
(a)
A tree can be thought of as a system. Draw and label a systems diagram of a tree that
shows inputs, outputs and storages of matter and energy.
(3)
(b)
(c)
For a named ecosystem, draw a food chain with named species showing three
appropriately labelled trophic levels.
(3)
(d)
Outline three reasons for the relative value of tropical rainforests in contributing to global
biodiversity.
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(3)
(e)
(f)
Suggest what effect a significant and prolonged decrease in the pH of rainfall would have
on primary productivity in a terrestrial ecosystem. Explain your answer.
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(3)
(Total 16 marks)
8.
The table below gives an estimate of the number of species within each group and the number
of extinctions from that group since the year 1600.
Group
Approximate
number of
3
species / 10
Number of
extinctions
Extinction rate /
% loss
Mammals
90
2.250
Birds
113
1.250
Reptiles
23
0.380
Amphibians
19
25
0.130
1000
98
0.009
250
384
Fishes
Invertebrates
Flowering plants
(a)
Calculate the extinction rate (as a percentage loss) for amphibians and flowering plants.
amphibians: .................................................................................................................
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flowering plants: ..........................................................................................................
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(2)
(b)
In the next 100 years it is estimated that at least 100 species of large terrestrial predators
will become extinct. Suggest why this particular set of animals is prone to extinction.
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(2)
(c)
(d)
Figure 1 shows the Earths human population increase over time and Figure 2 shows the number
of species which became extinct in each 50 year period since 1600.
Figure 1
Figure 2
60
2 .5
50
M a m m a ls
40
B ird s
2
1 .5
1
0 .5
N u m b e r o f e x tin c t
s p e c ie s
9.
30
20
10
0
[Source: Goudie, A (1993) The Human Impact on the Natural Environment, Blackwell, p.125]
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
State how the natural increase rate for human populations is calculated.
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(2)
(b)
(i)
Determine how many species of mammals and birds became extinct from 1900 to
1950.
Mammals ..........................................................................................................
Birds ..................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Compare the rates of extinction between birds and mammals since 1650.
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(2)
(iii)
Outline the criteria used to classify a species as extinct, according to the Red Data
books.
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(2)
10
(c)
State a probable relationship between the data in Figures 1 and 2, and suggest reasons for
your answer.
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(4)
(Total 13 marks)
10.
The figure below shows the numbers of known species in a range of animal and plant groups.
Also included on the same figure is the estimated total number of species for each group, this
includes the species that have yet to be discovered.
0
In s e c ts
Fungi
B a c te ria
A ra c h n id s
V iru s e s
A lg a e
0 .2 5
0 .5
0 .7 5
1 .0
1 .2 5
1 .5
m illio n s
N e m a to d e s
P la n ts
P ro to z o a
M o llu s c s
C ru s ta c e a n s
Ve rte b ra te s
N u m b e r o f k n o w n s p e c ie s
E s tim a te d to ta l n u m b e r o f s p e c ie s in g ro u p
11
(a)
(i)
(ii)
State which group has the greatest difference between known number and
estimated total number of species.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
(i)
Suggest one reason why it is so difficult for scientists to state exactly how many
species exist in a group.
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(1)
(ii)
Suggest why the number of known vertebrate species may so closely match the
estimated total number.
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(1)
12
(c)
Outline a field technique you might use for collecting species diversity data for one of the
groups listed in the figure above.
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(3)
(d)
With reference to a named ecosystem, identify one direct and one indirect threat to the
ecosystems biodiversity.
Named ecosystem: ......................................................................................................
Direct threat: ...............................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
Indirect threat: .............................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
11.
(a)
Compare and evaluate the role of global and local approaches to environmental problem
solving. Support your answer with examples.
(8)
(b)
13
12.
(a)
(b)
With reference to a named ecosystem describe the natural and human threats it faces and
discuss the consequences for its future equilibrium.
(10)
(c)
Explain, with the aid of an example, the role of feedback mechanisms in the regulation of
ecosystem equilibrium.
(4)
Expression of ideas (2)
(Total 20 marks)
13.
The graph below shows wolf (predator) and moose (prey) population trends from 1959 to 1983.
Wolf (carnivore)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:
Tierpark_Sababurg_Wolf.jpg
[Source adapted from: Paul Colinaux (1993), Ecology, John Wiley and Sons, page 282]
14
(a)
Using data from the figure above, describe the trend between wolf and moose numbers
between 1972 and 1979.
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(2)
(b)
Suggest two possible explanations for the dramatic fall in wolf numbers in 1979.
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(2)
(c)
Predict what might happen to the moose population and their habitat if wolves become
extinct.
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(2)
15
(d)
Wolves are often described as a pest species. Outline the arguments for protecting wolves.
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(3)
(Total 9 marks)
14.
Sustainable tourism depends on:
(a) meeting the needs of the host population in terms of improved standards of
living in the short and long term
(b) satisfying the demands of increasing tourist numbers
(c) safeguarding the environment to achieve the two foregoing aims.
[Source: Cater and Goodall, Environmental Issues in the 1990s, edited Mannion and Bowlby, publishers John Wiley
and Sons Ltd, (June 1992)]
(a)
With reference to the statement above, and examples of ecosystems you have studied,
explain why safeguarding ecosystems is so important for sustainable tourism.
(8)
(b)
Predict and justify what impact global warming may have on tourism trends in the future.
(5)
(c)
Discuss the concept of sustainable development, and explain why it is a problematic term.
(5)
Expression of ideas (2)
(Total 20 marks)
16
15.
(a)
1 km
1 km
K ey:
1 km
n a tu re re s e rv e
ro a d
17
(b)
Discuss the strengths or weaknesses of the shapes of the nature reserves in Figure 1.
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(3)
Figure 2 below shows a table of invertebrates caught within a small woodland nature reserve
using a series of pitfall traps.
Figure 2
Number
Springtails
520
Ground beetles
400
Greenflies
43
Spiders
33
Centipedes
34
Flies
24
Harvestmen
27
Woodlice
12
Ants
13
Wasps
17
18
(c)
(i)
(2)
(ii)
The pitfall trap technique was used over a four-year period to monitor invertebrate
species diversity. Each year the value fell by approximately 12 %. Suggest how this
information may be used to manage the woodland nature reserve in the future.
...........................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
Outline a method for estimating the population size of ground beetles in the
woodland nature reserve.
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(2)
19
(d)
Outline the relationship between plate tectonic theory and species evolution.
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(2)
(Total 14 marks)
16.
(a)
Distinguish clearly between succession and zonation using named examples and
diagrams.
(6)
(b)
Compare and contrast the production : respiration ratios of a food production system you
have studied and a natural ecosystem with a climax community.
(6)
(c)
17.
(a)
Suggest why the size of a nature reserve is an important factor for the conservation of
large animals.
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(3)
20
(b)
(c)
21
(d)
The table below shows reasons why some plant species have become endangered.
Threat
Collecting by gardeners/tourists
35
Overgrazing
33
31
22
16
Logging in forests
12
[Source:J L Chapman and M J Reiss, Ecology: Principles and Applications (1999). Cambridge University Press]
Select two threats from the table above and suggest a conservation strategy for reducing
each threat.
Name of threat: ............................................................................................................
Conservation strategy: .................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
Name of threat: ............................................................................................................
Conservation strategy: .................................................................................................
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(4)
(Total 11 marks)
22
18.
Below is an information poster designed to show how individual actions can help to promote
sustainability.
(a)
Explain why the poster recommends that manure piles are kept away from streams.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
(i)
Identify, giving reasons, two actions from the poster which will promote species
diversity.
Action 1: ...........................................................................................................
Reason: ..............................................................................................................
Action 2: ...........................................................................................................
Reason: ..............................................................................................................
(2)
23
(ii)
(c)
Suggest two reasons why grass cuttings and natural fertilizers are recommended as
fertilizers rather than artificial fertilizers in the poster.
1 ...................................................................................................................................
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2 ...................................................................................................................................
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(2)
(Total 7 marks)
19.
24
Figure 2 Introduction
Madagascar has an astounding total of eight plant families, four bird families, and five
primate families that are endemic, that is they live nowhere else on Earth.
Madagascars more than fifty lemur species are the islands charismatic worldwide
ambassadors for conservation, although, tragically, fifteen more species have been driven to
extinction since humans arrived.
Madagascar broke off from the Gondwanaland super continent more than 160 million years
ago and is an example of species evolution in isolation. Despite close proximity to Africa,
the island does not share any of the typical animal groups of nearby Africa. Instead,
Madagascar has evolved unique species, with high levels of endemism (species unique to a
geographical location).
The natural vegetation of the island is diverse. On Madagascar, tropical rainforests in the
east give way to dry deciduous forests along the western coast. A unique spiny desert covers
the extreme south. The island also has several high mountain ecosystems, which are
characterized by forest with mosses and lichens.
[ Conservation International Foundation]
25
Figure 3 A climate graph for Toamasina, a major seaport in Madagascar. It has an elevation of
five metres.
450
400
m ax
av erag e
m in
30
25
T e m p e ra tu re
/ C
350
T e m p e ra tu re
300
250
20
200
15
150
10
100
50
Jan F e b M a r A p r M a y Ju n
Jul A ug S ep O ct N ov D ec
84
86 85
85
87
86
86
86
84
83
83
85
R a in fa ll /
m m
H u m id ity / %
7
H o u rs o f s u n s h in e p e r d a y
[Courtesy of Columbus Travel Media]
26
600 461
Vegetation remaining / km
60 046
11 600
57
51
61
45
32
18 482
27
28
[Source: www.photos.wildmadagascar.org]
29
Conventional logging
Too many roads and skidtrails
Too many landings that are too large
Substantial canopy opening
Subsequent invasion by vines and pioneer plant species
Significant damage to other vegetation, including future crop trees
Large number of lost logs
Reduced-impact logging
Reduces soil disturbed in roads, landings, and skidtrails by almost 50 %
Significantly less canopy opening
Better survival of residual trees
Faster recovery; shorter cutting cycles
Total cost is 1015 % lower
Wood waste is reduced by more than 60 %
[Source: Tropical Forest Foundation]
30
Lemurs have been the focal point of species-based conservation efforts in Madagascar.
[ Conservation International Foundation]
31
Table of surveyed animal groups present at the three sites shown on the map above.
Number of species
Animal group
Site 1
Site 2
Site 3
Lemurs
12
Frogs
Insects
14
Scorpions
32
20.
(a)
high biodiversity.
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(2)
33
(ii)
34
(b)
Explain why Madagascan species have been vulnerable to hunting in the past.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
35
(c)
Construct a model (diagram) that demonstrates why the soil of the central plateau in
Madagascar has become degraded.
(4)
36
(d)
37
(e)
(i)
38
(ii)
Suggest two reasons why the economic benefits of conservation are being
promoted by the authorities in Madagascar.
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(2)
39
(f)
suggest two reasons for the variation in animal groups found at sites 1, 2 and 3.
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(3)
40
(ii)
41
(g)
(i)
42
(ii)
Justify whether or not you think the government should attempt to reduce the rate
of population growth on the island.
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(2)
(Total 23 marks)
43
21.
We have driven the rate of biological extinction, the permanent loss of species, up several
hundred times beyond its historical levels, and are threatened with the loss of a majority of all
species by the end of the twenty first century.
[Source: Peter Raven (past President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, states in the
foreword to their publication AAAS Atlas of Population and Environment)]
(a)
Explain, with reference to examples, why some species are more likely to become extinct
in the future than others.
(6)
(b)
Explain how the mechanisms of evolution have led to an increase in biodiversity in the
past, and how human activities now seem to be reversing this trend.
(8)
(c)
Discuss why scientists may differ in how optimistically they view future extinction rates.
(4)
Expression of ideas (2)
(Total 20 marks)
44
22.
Figure 1 shows two wildlife reserve models. Model A has two isolated reserves whilst Model B
has a corridor connecting the reserves. Species X, Y and Z are found in all three reserves.
Figure 1
M odelA
M od el B
S p e c ie s X ,Y, Z
S p e c ie s X ,Y, Z
R oad
S p e c ie s
X ,Y, Z
S p e c ie s
X ,Y, Z
1km
1km
45
(a)
In Figure 1, state, giving a reason, whether Model A or Model B is better for the
conservation of genetic diversity of species X.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
46
Figure 2
B IO M A S S
P re c ip ita tio n
L IT T E R
S O IL
R u n o ff
L e a c h in g
W e a th e rin g
47
(b)
Figure 2 is a nutrient model for a rainforest ecosystem. The size of the circles represents
the amount of nutrients stored and the width of the arrows represents size of the flow of
nutrients.
(i)
48
(ii)
49
(iii)
State, giving a reason, whether the model in Figure 2 shows an open or closed
system.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
50
(iv)
51
(c)
Outline two reasons why tropical rainforests are vulnerable to habitat destruction.
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(2)
(Total 8 marks)
52
23.
The table below gives the number of flowering plant species for several tropical regions in the
2
Americas, together with the area of each of the regions in km .
Region
Surface area in km
Amazon Basin
Estimated total
number of species
7 050 000
30 000
383 000
40 000
1 000 000
10 000
2 500 000
19 000
Northern Andes
53
(a)
(i)
Which region has the greatest number of species per unit area?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
54
(ii)
Which region has the lowest number of species per unit area?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
55
(iii)
56
(b)
(i)
57
(ii)
58
(c)
Give three ways in which efforts are made to protect endangered species, with an
example for each.
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(3)
59
(d)
60
The graph below shows the number of animal groups (families) that have existed at various
times in the Earths history.
900
N u m b e r o f fa m ilie s
24.
600
300
0
600
400
200
M illio n s o f y e a rs b e fo re p re s e n t
61
(a)
62
The table below gives one estimate of the number of recorded extinctions of animals and plants
from the year 1600 to the present.
Group
Recorded Extinctions
Mammals
85
Birds
113
Reptiles
6.3
21
Amphibians
4.2
Fishes
19.1
23
Invertebrates
1000
98
Flowering plants
250
384
63
(b)
(i)
From the data in the table, which group is the most liable to extinction?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
64
(ii)
65
(c)
Describe two ways in which the period of extinction since 1600 is different from those
periods of the geological past shown in the graph.
......................................................................................................................................
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(2)
66
(d)
Give two factors that may make a species particularly liable to become extinct.
......................................................................................................................................
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(2)
67
(e)
Give two possible effects that extinctions since 1600 may have on human quality of life.
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(2)
68
(f)
Give three ways in which efforts are being made to prevent further extinctions occurring,
using specific examples.
......................................................................................................................................
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(3)
69
(g)
Name a species of organism that has become extinct due to human activity, and describe
why it became extinct.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 15 marks)
70
25.
(a)
71
(b)
72
The table below gives the total area of various biomes and the percentage of their area that
remains undisturbed by humans.
Biome
Temperate forest
9 519 400
6.1
Tropical rainforest
11 812 000
63.2
Desert
29 241 000
55.8
Tundra
20 638 000
99.3
73
(c)
(i)
74
(ii)
In which of the biomes listed in the table would you expect extinction rates to be
highest? Give two reasons for your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
75
(d)
Name one species of plant or animal that has become extinct over the last 500 years, and
give two reasons for its extinction.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
76
(e)
State two examples of steps which are being taken to prevent further extinctions.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 15 marks)
77
26.
The table below gives the approximate number of bird species found at different altitudes in
tropical South America.
Altitude (m)
Number of species
0500
2000
5001000
1950
10001500
1550
15002000
1100
20003000
950
30004000
500
40005000
200
[Data from a diagram in Gaston K and Spicer J, Biodiversity: an Introduction, Blackwell Science, 1998]
78
(a)
Describe and explain the relationship between altitude and number of species shown in
the table.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
79
(b)
80
(c)
81
(d)
82
(e)
An area of forest has been made a nature reserve. It is surrounded by farmland with
several towns. Describe some of the changes that might occur in the area following its
protection in this way.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
83
(f)
Briefly describe a named protected area or nature reserve that you have studied and
explain how it has been managed to protect its biodiversity.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 15 marks)
84
27.
(a)
The table below shows estimates of worldwide population numbers of some whale
species.
Species
Estimated numbers
before 1750
(thousand)
Estimated
numbers in 1999
(thousand)
Blue
228
14
Plankton
Fin
548
120
Plankton, fish
Grey
20
21
Crustaceans
Humpback
115
10
Plankton, fish
Minke
140
725
Plankton, fish
Right
200
Plankton
Sei
256
54
Sperm
2400
1950
Fish, squid
85
(i)
Identify which species of whale shows the greatest percentage decrease over the
period 17501999.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
86
(ii)
Other than hunting of whales, suggest one other way in which humans may have
caused a decline in whale numbers.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
87
(iii)
List three characteristics that might make some whale species more prone to
extinction than others.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
88
(iv)
89
(b)
The International Whaling Commission issued a ban on all commercial whaling in 1986.
Greenpeace has publicised whaling that is still carried out by Norway and Japan partly for
research purposes. Compare the role of Greenpeace as a non-governmental organization
(NGO) and UNEP as an international organization supported by governments in the
preservation of global biodiversity.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
90
(c)
91
28.
(a)
92
(b)
93
(c)
Describe the processes that may lead to the formation of new species.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
94
(d)
95
(e)
The diagram below shows the layout of various conservation reserves. The reserves
represent islands containing protected ecosystems surrounded by unprotected areas
affected by human activities.
A
L a rg e
reserv e
(1 )
S m a ll
reserv e
O n e la rg e
(2 )
S e v e ra l s m a ll
C o rrid o rs
(3 )
N o c o rrid o rs
R ound
(4 )
N o t ro u n d
For each pair (1) to (4), explain why the areas represented in column A might be
considered better for conservation than the areas in column B.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 15 marks)
96
29.
The table below shows the approximate numbers of species that have become extinct since 1600
on continents, on islands and in oceans, compared with the number of species alive today.
Biological group
Total number of
living species
Islands
Oceans
Total
Mammals
4 000
30
51
83
Birds
9 000
21
91
112
Reptiles
6 300
20
21
19 100
22
23
49
48
98
Fishes
Invertebrates
(a)
Calculate the percentage of mammals that have become extinct since 1600.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Use the data in the table to determine which groups of organisms have had the highest
and lowest total rates of extinction in relation to the number of living species.
(i)
(ii)
(c)
Suggest two reasons for the difference in the rate of extinction between these two groups.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
97
(d)
Explain the differences between the numbers of extinctions on islands and those on
continents.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(5)
(Total 9 marks)
98
30.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(i)
(ii)
State two types of human activity that might lead to a loss of biodiversity.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
99
31.
Explain how the shape and size of a protected area may influence its success in protecting the
organisms and ecosystems within it.
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
(Total 4 marks)
100
32.
The graph below, shows the number of animal species that have become extinct in each 50 year
period since 1600.
150
120
N um ber of
rec o rd e d
e x tin c tio n s
90
60
30
Y e a rs
[Source: Based on material in a scientific paper by F D M Smith and others 1993, Biodiversity Assessment: A Guide
to Good Practice, London, HMSO, 1996]
101
(a)
Describe and explain the changes in the extinction rate represented by the data in the
graph.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(5)
(b)
State four factors that might increase the likelihood of a species becoming extinct.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
102
(d)
Name a species that has become extinct since 1600, and state two reasons for its
becoming extinct.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(e)
(i)
Name and briefly describe an area or ecosystem that has been protected to preserve
its biodiversity.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
103
(ii)
Outline three measures that have been introduced to protect the organisms and
ecosystem(s) in the area named in (e) (i) above, and evaluate their success.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(5)
(f)
104
33.
(a)
Name one endangered species and state two measures that might be taken to protect that
species.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
In the table below, state one advantage and one disadvantage for each of the listed
approaches to conservation of a species.
Zoos
Creation of reserves or
protected areas
Convention on
International Trade in
Endangered Species
(CITES)
Advantage
Disadvantage
........................................
........................................
........................................
........................................
........................................
........................................
........................................
........................................
........................................
........................................
........................................
........................................
........................................
........................................
........................................
........................................
........................................
........................................
........................................
........................................
........................................
........................................
........................................
........................................
(6)
105
(c)
Name and briefly describe a national park or other protected area that you have studied
and evaluate its success.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 12 marks)
34.
A study has been made of the number of flowering plant species that occur on six islands off the
2
coast of the same country. The graph below shows the relationship between the area (in km ) of
each of the islands and the number of flowering plant species found on them.
140
120
100
N u m b e r o f flo w e rin g
p la n t s p e c ie s
80
60
40
20
0
0
A re a o f is la n d / k m
10
106
(a)
Describe the relationship between island area and plant diversity shown by the graph.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
(c)
Predict the effects of the introduction of goats or some other species of large herbivore on
a small island ecosystem.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
35.
9 600
6 500
1 100
[Source: data from The World Conservation Union, Red List of Threatened Animals, 1996]
107
(a)
State two factors that can lead to the loss of diversity in birds.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
(c)
Outline problems for the conservation of bird species that migrate over very long
distances.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
108
36.
(a)
The table below shows the number of native species in a European country which are
endangered or extinct.
Species Group
Number of Native
Species
Number of Extinct
Species
Number of
Endangered Species
44
not known
523
not known
Freshwater fish
41
Bees/wasps/ants
542
17
41
Spiders
687
22
Land mammals
Birds
Amphibians
(i)
Determine which species group has the highest proportion of endangered species,
expressed as a percentage of the number of native species.
Species group: ...................................................................................................
%: ......................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Determine which species group has the highest proportion of extinct species,
expressed as a percentage of the number of native species.
Species group: ...................................................................................................
%: ......................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
(i)
109
(ii)
Name an animal species, native to any part of the world, which is currently
endangered.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
State the reasons for the species named in (ii) becoming endangered, and outline
the possible consequences of its extinction.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(5)
(Total 9 marks)
37.
(a)
110
(b)
38.
The table below shows the bird biomass per square km, the total number of birds per square km,
the number of species of birds, and the diversity (as measured by a diversity index) for three
types of habitat in the same country.
Bird biomass / kg km
Number of birds km
City
Farmland
Forest
213
30
22
1 089
371
297
21
80
54
1.13
3.40
3.19
[A Goudie, The Human Impact on the Natural Environment, 5th edition, (Blackwell, 2000).
Reproduced with permission of Wiley-Blackwell.]
111
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
(i)
112
(ii)
(iii)
39.
(a)
(i)
Name and briefly describe an area where one or more natural or semi-natural
ecosystems occur that have been affected by human activities, or are threatened by
human activities.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
For the area named in (a)(i) above, state a human activity that has affected or might
affect the biodiversity of the area.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
113
(iii)
Outline how this activity has affected or might affect the biodiversity of the area.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
(c)
114
For selected regions of the world, the bar-chart below provides data for the total number of
native plant species (species that occur naturally in the region), and the number of introduced
species (species that have been brought in through human activities).
21 000
N u m b e r o f s p e c ie s
40.
18 000
15 000
N a tiv e s p e c ie s
12 000
I n tr o d u c e d s p e c ie s
9000
6000
3000
H a w a iia n
Is la n d s
N ew
Z e a la n d
A u s tra lia
C o n tin e n ta l
E u ro p e
S o u th e rn
A fr ic a
[Source: based on C B Cox and P D Moore, (2000), Biogeography, 6th edition Blackwell, Oxford]
(a)
Suggest reasons for differences between the regions using the data in the bar-chart above.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(4)
115
(b)
(i)
(ii)
Outline the evolutionary processes that link habitat diversity to species diversity.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(5)
116
(c)
Name a species of plant or animal that has become extinct since 1600, and list two
factors that help to explain why that species became extinct.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(d)
(i)
(ii)
Suggest three reasons that might explain why the area was selected for protection.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
117
(iii)
118
41.
(a)
Forest reserves A and B, shown in the diagram below, have been designed to conserve
threatened species. Both reserves have the same area.
R ese rv e A
su rro u n d e d b y
s u s ta in a b ly m a n a g e d fo re s t
R ese rv e B
s u rro u n d e d b y c ro p la n d
Evaluate the likely effectiveness of the reserves in conserving species, with reference to
their shape and the management of surrounding land.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(4)
(b)
(i)
State four categories used to define the conservation status of species in the Red
Data Books.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
119
(ii)
For a named species with a small declining population, outline three possible
reasons why the population is decreasing.
Name of species: ...............................................................................................
1 ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(iii)
Predict the possible effects on the ecosystem if the species named in (ii) were to
disappear.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
120
42.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
In December 1834 Charles Darwin visited a very small island off the coast of
South America. He noted that there were many wild goats on this island, but that
in colour and appearance they were surprisingly similar to each other. Explain why
the population might have shown this degree of similarity.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
121
The table below gives an index of the genetic diversity (the higher the number the higher the
diversity) for the buffalo populations of four reserves in South Africa, together with the size of
each reserve, and the size of the buffalo population in each.
Reserve
Area/hectares
Buffalo
population
1 945 500
30 000
0.72
Umfolozi
47 753
8400
0.54
St Lucia
38 826
175
0.45
9000
85
0.48
Index of genetic
diversity
(iv)
Describe and explain relationships evident in the table amongst area, population
and genetic diversity.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(5)
122
(v)
Discuss how data of this sort are important in decision-making on the size of
national parks and reserves.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Identify four factors that can lead to the loss of biological diversity in an area, giving an
example of each.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 20 marks)
123
The bar-graph below shows the number of bird species found at different altitudes in the
Himalayan Mountains. These mountains, in northern India, show a transition from tropical
forest at the base, to a tundra-like ecosystem at high altitudes.
9000
8000
7000
6000
A ltitu d e / m
43.
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
100
200
N u m b e r o f b ird s p e c ie s
300
(a)
(i)
(ii)
Use the data in the graph to state and explain the relationship between species
diversity and habitat diversity.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
124
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
125
(iv)
(c)
Human activities often simplify ecosystems, making them unstable. Explain this
statement.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(5)
(Total 20 marks)
126
The following graph shows the increase in total area of two types of protected habitats in
a region of Africa between 1910 and 1990.
500
K ey:
g ra s s la n d
400
2
(a)
T o ta l a re a p ro te c te d / k m
44.
ra in fo re s t
300
200
100
1910
1930
190
1970
1990
Year
[Adapted from J Sayer, C Harcourt and N Collin , The Conservation Atlas of Tropical Forests, Africa
1992 Gale, a part of Cengage Learning, Inc. Reproduced by permission. www.cengage.com/permissions]
(i)
Suggest two reasons why there might be a greater area of grassland protected
than rainforest.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
127
(ii)
Calculate the percentage increase in protected area for each of the two habitats over
the last twenty years shown on the graph.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
Suggest a possible reason for the difference between these percentage increases of
protected area for the two habitats.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iv)
128
(b)
- H u m a n s e ttle m e n ts o f
lim ite d s iz e .
B u ff e rz o n e :
- S c ie n tific re s e a rc h .
- E c o -to u ris m .
- S u s ta in a b le e x p lo ita tio n
b y lo c a l re s id e n ts .
C o re z o n e :
- N o h u m a n a c tiv ity.
Explain the benefits of each of these three zones for the purposes of conservation.
Transition zone ............................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
Buffer zone ..................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
Core zone ....................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 11 marks)
129
45.
(a)
The concept of biodiversity includes the diversity of species, habitats and genes. Identify
which of these three, if increased, would be most likely to lead to an increase in the other
two. Explain your answer.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
Describe the mechanisms that have naturally led to an increase in global species diversity
in the past.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(4)
130
(c)
Outline one relative advantage and one disadvantage of a conservation strategy focused
on a single species compared with those focusing on whole ecosystems.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
131