SERVICES

A service is an act or performance offered by one party to another. They are

economic activities that create value and benefits for customers at specific times
and places as a result of bringing about a desired change in or on behalf of the
recipient of the service.
The term service is not limited to personal services like medical services, legal
services etc. According to the marketing experts and management thinkers the
concept of services is a wider one. The term services are defined in a number of
ways but not a single one is universally accepted. Following are the definition:
According to American Marketing Association, Services are the activities,
benefits or satisfactions which are offered for sale or are provide in connection
with the sale of goods.

TYPES OF SERVICES
Producer services (Intermediate markets)
Financial services:
Banking, Insurance, Leasing
Professional and technical:
Technical licensing and sales, engineering
architectural design, legal services, accounting.

design

services,

Other Intermediate Services:

Computer, data processing, communication services, advertising.
Consumer
Citizens):
Retailing

Services

(Final

Markets

to

Private

Healthcare
Travel, recreation, entertainment
Education
Other personal services (restaurants, home repairs, laundry etc.)

PHYSICAL GOODS v/s SERVICES

Physical goods

Services

Tangible

Intangible

Homogeneous

Heterogeneous

Production and distribution

separated from consumption

are Production,
consumption
processes

distribution
and
are
simultaneous

A thing

An activity or process

Core value produced in factory.

Core value produced in the buyerseller interactions.

Customers do not participate in the Customers participate in production

production process
Can be kept in stock

Cannot be kept in stock

Transfer of ownership

No transfer of ownership

Innovation
"Innovation" can be defined just as "something new".
There are really no criteria of "how new" that something needs to
be. But yes, it needs to be an improvement over what it was before.
It is for this reason that, innovation can be defined in different ways
to different people. Innovation is the creation of better or more
effective products, processes, services, technologies, or ideas that
are readily available to markets, governments, and society.
Innovation differs from invention in that
innovation refers to the use of better and, as
a result, novel idea or method, whereas
invention refers more directly to the creation
of the idea or method itself. Innovation
differs from improvement in that innovation
refers to the notion of doing something
different (Lat. innovare: "to change") rather
than doing the same thing better.

Education
Use of tablet PC in Education
Tablets have become the vehicle for a new trend in education, where
students use handheld devices to interact with courseware. When the iconic
iPad was launched, most analysts were of the opinion that this device would
remain confined to the luxury segment, primarily because of its high price. But
now a wide range of cheaper models have become available. For instance,
there is Aakash.
Aakash has been promoted by the Government as a device that can bridge the
digital divide across the country. However, it was not a great sucess but it

inspired many other players to come up with their low priced tablets. Now the
Government has launch its second version of the Aakash tablet, which boasts
better hardware features.
According to market reports, the country saw sales of about 475,000 units of
media tablets in the last calendar year. Report from research firm Frost &
Sullivan says the tablet PC user base in India has increased from 60,000 units
in 2010 to 300,000 in 2011. The report further says that overall TabletPC user
base is likely to grow at a CAGR of 107 per cent to reach 23.38 million by 2017.
Adoption of tablets in education is likely to grow at fast pace. In terms of
sales, the market size in India is expected to grow to 500,000 units by end of
this year. However, even with such high numbers, we will not be reaching
even the Five percent of the education space and that is why this is a huge
opportunity. Tablet market is set to keep growing at a rapid pace, informs
Abbhishek, CEO, Kloudpad.
Heavy bags, personalised learning, interactivity and reservation to the
classroom have always been a challenge in conventional classroom learning
environment, which is answered by tablet to a large extent. Still, lot more
innovations and improvements are required and these will be addressed by
upgradation of tablets.
Computerisation started with heavy desktops in computer labs and then we
had the advent of laptops. Now there is a unified learning wherein desktops,
laptops, tablets and smartphones are playing their role in imparting education.
Tablet is usually a 7 to 10 inches form factor and it works on different mobile
operating Systems like iOs, Android, and Microsoft Windows. It is now well
accepted as platform for interactive and personalised learning.
The teacher can easily explain concepts using the digital whiteboard that is set
up in the Tablet PC. Using learning tablets the students can access what was
taught in the classroom and can also access the collaborative learning
platform for discussions on relevant topics taught in the classroom. Students
can have the benefits of studying from the best faculties from across the globe.

Technology in the classroom

There are various types of technologies currently used in traditional

classrooms. Among these are:

Computer in the classroom: Having a computer in the classroom is an

asset to any teacher. With a computer in the classroom, teachers are
able to demonstrate a new lesson, present new material, illustrate how
to use new programs, and show new websites.

Class website: An easy way to display your student's work is to create a

web page designed for your class. Once a web page is designed, teachers
can post homework assignments, student work, famous quotes, trivia
games, and so much more. In today's society, children know how to use
the computer and navigate their way through a website, so why not give
them one where they can be a published author. Just be careful as most
districts maintain strong policies to manage official websites for a
school or classroom. Also, most school districts provide teacher
webpages that can easily be viewed through the school district's
website.

Class blogs and wikis: There are a variety of Web 2.0 tools that are
currently being implemented in the classroom. Blogs allow for students
to maintain a running dialogue, such as a journal,thoughts, ideas, and
assignments that also provide for student comment and reflection.
Wikis are more group focused to allow multiple members of the group
to edit a single document and create a truly collaborative and carefully
edited finished product.

Wireless classroom microphones: Noisy classrooms are a daily

occurrence, and with the help of microphones, students are able to hear
their teachers more clearly. Children learn better when they hear the
teacher clearly. The benefit for teachers is that they no longer lose their
voices at the end of the day.

Mobile devices: Mobile devices such as clickers or smartphone can be

used to enhance the experience in the classroom by providing the
possibility for professors to get feedback. See also MLearning.

Interactive Whiteboards: An interactive whiteboard that provides

touch control of computer applications. These enhance the experience
in the classroom by showing anything that can be on a computer screen.

This not only aids in visual learning, but it is interactive so the students
can draw, write, or manipulate images on the interactive whiteboard.

Online media: Streamed video websites can be utilized to enhance a

classroom lesson (e.g. United Streaming, Teacher Tube, etc.)

Digital Games: The field of educational games and serious games has
been growing significantly over the last few years. The digital games are
being provided as tools for the classroom and have a lot of positive
feedback including higher motivation for students.

There are many other tools being

utilized depending on the local
school board and funds available.
These may include: digital
cameras, video cameras,
interactive whiteboard tools,
document cameras, or LCD
projectors.

IT
Introduction
IT refers to anything related to computing technology, such as networking,
hardware, software, the Internet, or the people that work with these
technologies. Many companies now have IT departments for managing the
computers, networks, and other technical areas of their businesses. IT jobs
include computer programming, network administration, computer
engineering, Web development, technical support, and many other related
occupations. Since we live in the "information age," information technology
has become a part of our everyday lives. That means the term "IT," already
highly overused, is here to stay.

In the IT sector change seems to be the only constant.

Information technology can be said to include the following:

A computer network with a software to communicate

All attachments/ peripherals connected to it
All audio-video tools and the labor to operate the
All expenses incurred on developing, operating and maintaining
the software
To better understand the idea of IT, consider a few examples:
Simple computer programs to store, access, and process data
Your very own PC and its software
The telephone and the radio buttons utilized in sonic data
communications
Network's sever programs used for electronic mails, database,
storage and other host services.

Information technology can thus be defined as that field of engineering

which is related with, transmission, storage and retrieval of information
through computers and telecommunications.
Smart consultants know well that no one knows the trades better than
those who stay in it daily, and, consequently, assume more of a key role in
assisting a firm unite its internal and market knowledge with the
expertness it has, to bring to the client. They strive to explore the milieu,
culture, ethics and of course the politics of the setup, and determine the
tolerance standard of the organization for the anticipated change. This
demands transparency and that might be hard to attain, but indispensable
to success. In the absence of the such information as to where an
organization stands right now, and where it has come from, it is
improbable to pave the path for the future without being established as the
hackneyed, omniscient, pliant consultant ready to sort out everyone's
problems without having an iota of hint about the actual workings of the
hiring firm.
It is only after that one has done this homework, that one can discuss
"innovation" in a manner that isn't empty and self-evident; and that doesn't
mix the consultant's idea of innovation with that of the hiring firm. When
executives don't rightly understand this innovation process, they fail to
appreciate the manifold advantages a simple innovation can generate.
Being thus uncertain, they fail to recognize the returns on its investments
in the new concepts.

The world leaders of tomorrow will figure from among the companies that
today best manage the innovation process. Innovation can be a doubleedged sword; for the more the things change,
the more they remain the same...

Communication
All of us know that man is a social animal. He
cannot survive in isolation. As a member of the
society he is dependent on others. For most of the things he has to take
help from others. But the question is, how does one know what the other
wants? One has to convey his feelings, thoughts, ideas, requirements,
experiences, etc. to another in such a way that the latter understands those
correctly. The important media of convey his feelings, thoughts, and ideas
are communication. The same thing happens with business also. It provides
information to the customers, government, owners, employees, etc. and at
the same time receives information from them.

Communication may be defined as

A process of sharing facts, ideas, opinions, thoughts and information
through speech, writing, gestures or symbols between two or more
persons.
Now a days mobile has become our
basic need of communication. So lets
have a look on how the service has
progressed so far.

4G
In telecommunications, 4G is the fourth generation of cell phone mobile
communications standards. It is a successor of the third generation (3G)
standards. It is sometimes referred to as 'MAGIC' which stand for Mobile

Multimedia Anytime Anywhere Global Mobility support integrated wireless

and customized wireless service. A 4G system provides mobile ultrabroadband Internet access, for example to laptops with USB wireless
modems, to smart phones, and to other mobile devices. These 4G mobiles
gives 3D virtual reality in which people, places, products will be able to
interact as the cyber and real world are merged. It provides the ability to
feel as if we are present at an event even if we are not. It combines
applications and technologies like Wi-Fi and WiMax, so that highest
throughout and lowest cost wireless network is possible, providing high
quality, high security and any kind of services, anytime, anywhere to users.

What Are the Advantages of Using 4G?

Pure Data Network

The current 3G mobile network handle both voice and data separately. One
of the most significant changes to the 4G network is that is a data network,
transferring Internet Protocol (IP) data packets. A completely data based
network will allow for more bandwidth which means more data can be
passed through the network.

Speed
In October 2010, the ITU set the standard for 4G networks to have a peak
data download speed of 100 Megabits per second (Mbps) in mobile
applications such as mobile phones and roaming network devices and 1
Gigabit per second (Gbps) in local, fixed locations.
As of November 2010, no network technology can claim that it meets these
standards though all the networks currently marketed as 4G do surpass
current 3G speeds which tops out at 1 Mbps. The current WiMAX 802.16
standard, used mostly by Sprint and Clear Mobile, has a current top speed
of 3.0 Mbps while LTE has a theoretical maximum top speed of 12 Mbps.

Range

Current 3G network technology range is approximately 10 miles under

optimum conditions. 4G candidate WiMAX currently has a range of up to 31
miles under optimum conditions.

Hand Off
Though current 3G networks do have the ability to transfer data, when a
user leaves a 3G coverage area for another, the data transfer may be halted
or stopped due compatibility issues. The improved 4G network standards
will eliminate this, allowing for smooth hand off from one coverage area to
another without interruption to any ongoing data transfers. This will result
in smooth streaming data for the user.

More Devices and Applications

4G network devices can take advantage of the higher bandwidth and
speeds to deliver more robust and data heavy applications. One of the most
anticipated uses of the 4G network is to be able to deliver high definition,
digital television to a handheld device. Other anticipated applications
include
portable
online
gaming,
improved
GPS and

telemedicine.

Transport
Introduction
Transport or transportation is the movement of people, animals and goods
from one location to another. Modes of transport include air, rail, road,
water, cable, pipeline, and space. The field can be divided into
infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. Transport is important since it
enables trade between peoples, which in turn establishes civilizations.
Transport infrastructure consists of the fixed installations necessary for
transport, and may be roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and
pipelines, and terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations,
warehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks
and fuel stations), and seaports. Terminals may be used both for
interchange of passengers and cargo and for maintenance.
Railways. Indian Railways is one of the largest
railways under single management. It carries
some 17 million passengers and 2 million tonnes
of freight a day in year 2007 and is one of the
worlds largest employers. The railways play a
leading role in carrying passengers and cargo
across India's vast territory. However, most of its
major corridors have capacity constraint
requiring capacity enhancement plans.
Roads. Roads are the dominant mode of
transportation in India today. They carry almost
90 percent of the countrys passenger traffic and
65 percent of its freight. The density of Indias
highway network -- at 0.66 km of highway per
square kilometer of land is similar to that of the
United States (0.65) and much greater than
China's (0.16) or Brazil's (0.20). However, most highways in India are
narrow and congested with poor surface quality, and 40 percent of Indias
villages do not have access to all-weather roads.

Shipping
Shipping plays an important role in the transport
sector of India's economy. Approximately, 90
percent of the country's trade by volume (70 per
cent in terms of value) is moved by sea. India has
the largest merchant shipping fleet among the
developing countries and ranks 20th amongst
the countries with the largest cargo carrying fleet with 8.83 million GT as
on 01.06.2008 and the average of the fleet being 18 years.
Ports. India has 12 major and 187 minor and
intermediate ports along its more than 7500 km long
coastline. These ports serve the countrys growing
foreign trade in petroleum products, iron ore, and
coal, as well as the increasing movement of containers.
Inland water transportation remains largely
undeveloped despite India's 14,000 kilometers of
navigable rivers and canals.
Aviation. India has 125 airports, including 11
international airports. The Indian airports handled 96
million passengers and 1.5 million tonnes of cargo in
year 2006-2007, an increase of 31.4% for passenger
and 10.6% for cargo traffic over previous year. The
dramatic increase in air traffic for both passengers and
cargo in recent years has placed a heavy strain on the
country's major airports.
Passenger traffic is projected to cross 100 million and cargo to cross 3.3
million tonnes by year 2010.
Mumbai Monorail
The Mumbai Monorail is a monorail system currently
under construction for the city of Mumbai, India.
Once completed, it will be worlds second
longest monorail corridor, the longest being
Japans Osaka Monorail corridor which is 23.8
km. The project is being implemented by Mumbai
Metropolitan Region Development
Authority MMRDA, with Larsen & Toubro (L&T) and

a consortium of Malaysian infrastructure Scomi Engineering. It will be the

first monorail in India. Construction began in January 2009. Phase I of
monorail project will be commissioned in December 2012.
Transport infrastructure in India is better developed in the southern and
southwestern parts of the country.

New Technology Serving Healthcare

There are many examples of how modern technology is used to serve the
healthcare, such as the advanced equipment used every day in the
examination and treatment processes.
In recent decades, information technology has provided significant
improvements for patients. The overall aim is to ensure that the right
information is available at the right place and the right time. Electronic medical
records which gather all the information about each patient are a good
example of this. Great strides have also been made in streamlining the flow of
information between all the parties involved: the various hospital departments
and wards, general practitioners, municipalities, and patients, etc. Every day,
millions of messages are exchanged within the healthcare system through the
Internet based healthcare data grid.
Information searches in special databases with examination results, etc., are an
important tool in modern medical treatment.

OUH is also a strong player in the field of

telemedicine where solutions are used for
various types of online collaboration between
specialists. Telemedicine solutions are also
used for video conferencing, telepathology
interpretation via webcam, etc., and there are
also more and more examples of patient groups
receiving medical consultations and check-ups
in their own home using telemedicine equipment.

Tele-sores an example of telemedicine

One of the major current telemedicine

development projects is a joint effort involving the
hospitals in the Region of Southern Denmark,
Region Zealand and the municipal home-care
systems of eight municipalities. This project
enables homecare nurses to receive advice from
bed-sore specialists at hospitals by
communicating images and texts.
COPD cases: medical check-ups and consultations in the patients own home

Telemedicine consultations for COPD patients can

dramatically reduce the number of hospital
readmissions, saving a lot of money. The use of the
COPD case for patients with chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease has demonstrated its
appreciably positive effect on the number of
hospital readmissions, on the level of patient
satisfaction and on the resources required. Using
the COPD case has produced such good results
that it is now being used on a daily basis for many of Funens COPD
patients. The solution meets the chronic patients wish to be hospitalised
no longer than necessary. At the same time, it frees up resources at
hospitals by reducing overcrowding problems, especially on medical
wards.
OUH and EMR (electronic medical records)