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Chapter -1 : Illumination
Introduction
Definitions of important terms
Laws of Illumination
Types of Lamps
Electronic Control of Lamps
Lighting Schemes
Residential, Commercial lighting
Industry, flood and Street lighting.
Calculux Software indoor and Area
Topics to be covered
Define light, discuss its properties, and give the range
Introduction
Human Needs
Visibility
Task Performance
Safety
Light Sources
A Beginning Definition
All objects are emitting and
absorbing EM radiation.
Consider a poker placed in a
fire.
As heating occurs, the emitted EM
waves have higher energy and
eventually become visible.
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Electromagnetic Waves
Wave Properties:
3 x 108 m/s
Electric E
Magnetic B
c = fl
c = 3 x 108 m/s
Those EM waves that are visible (light) have wavelengths that range from 0.00004 to 0.00007 cm.
Red, l
0.00007 cm
Violet, l
0.00004 cm
Frequency wavelength
f (Hz)
1024
1023
1022
1021
10201
01910
18101
71016
10151
01410
13101
21011
10101
09
108
107
106
105
104
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The EM Spectrum
l ( nm)
Gamma rays
X-rays
Ultraviolet
Infrared rays
Short Radio
waves
Broadcast Radio
Long Radio
waves
10-7
10-6
10-4
10-3
10-1 1
10
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
10101
01110
12101
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1 nm = 1 x 10-9 m
Visible Spectrum
400 nm 700 nm
c = fl
c = 3 x 108 m/s
Cosmic
Rays
Gamma
X-Rays
Rays
.00001 nm .001 nm
1 nm
10 nm
Ultraviolet
InfraRed
UV
.0001 ft.
MicroWaves TV
. 01 ft.
1 ft.
Visible Spectrum
100 ft.
1 mi.
Electric
Power
3100 mi.
Infrared
A
300
HEAT
400
500
600
700
Wavelength (Nanometers)
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Radio
1000
1500
555 nm
Sensitivity
400 nm
700 nm
Wavelength l
40 W
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40 W
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Electrical Lighting
Electrical lighting has following advantages :
Cleanliness
Easy to control
Economical
Easy to handle
Steady output
Better reliability
Suitable for almost all purposes
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Light
Radiant energy from a hot body which
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Solid Angle
The angle subtended by the partial surface area of a sphere at its
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Solid Angle
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W
The Steradian
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A
W 2
R
ISOTROPIC SOURCE
Theoretical source which radiates all its
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Illuminance (lux)
Luminance (candela/m2)
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Luminous Flux
The total quantity of radiant energy per second
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Luminous Flux
Luminous flux is the portion of total radiant power that is
capable of affecting the sense of sight..
Lumen
It is the unit of luminous flux. One
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Luminous Intensity
The luminous intensity I for a light source is the luminous
flux per unit solid angle.
Luminous intensity:
W
F
I
W
F
I
W
Unit is the candela (cd)
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Candela
It is the unit of luminous intensity. It is defined as 1/60th
of the luminous intensity per cm2 of a black body
radiator at the temperature of solidification of
platinum.
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F F
I
W 4
Luminous flux: F = 4I
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W = 4p sr
Illumination of a Surface
The illumination E of a surface A is defined as the luminous
flux per unit area (F/A)
(
in lumens per square meter which is
renamed a lux (lx).
Illumination, E
F
E
Unit: lux (lx)
A
Area A
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Illuminance (E)
Quantity of luminous flux falling on a unit area of surface
E = F / A , unit is lux (lumens/m2 or meter candle)
Summer noon, under a cloudless sky
Ditto, but in the shade
10 000 lux
5000 lux
1000 lux
30
100lux
Street lighting
5-30 lux
0,25 lux
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Foot-Candle
It is unit of illumination and is defined as the luminous
flux falling per square foot on the surface which is
every where perpendicular to the rays of light from a
source of one candle power and one foot away from it.
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Illuminance
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Luminance ( candles/m2 )
Amount of light reflected back from the surface and
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Important Terms
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Lamp Efficacy
Luminous Efficacy or efficiency
- measure of a lamps efficiency
-Ratio of the luminous flux to the electrical
power consumed
-- Unit is in lm/W
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Candle Power
Mean Spherical Candle Power
Reduction Factor
Reduction factor of a source of light is
the ratio of its mean spherical candle
power to its mean horizontal candle
power.
Reduction factor = MSCP/ MHCP
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Important terms
Specific Consumption
It is defined as the ratio of the input to the average candle power.
Glare
It is defined as the brightness within the field of vision of such a
character as to cause annoyance, dis-comfort, interference with
vision or eye fatigue.
Space Height Ratio
It is defined as the ratio of horizontal distance between adjacent
lamps and height of their mountings
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Important terms
Utilization Factor or Coefficient of Utilization
It is defined as the ratio of total lumens reaching the
working plane to total lumens given out by the lamp.
Maintenance Factor
The ratio of illumination under normal working
conditions to the illumination when the things are perfectly
clean is known as maintenance factor.
Depreciation Factor
It is defined as the ratio of initial meter-candles to the
ultimate maintained meter-candles on the working plane.
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Important terms
Waste Light Factor:
Whenever a surface is illuminated by a number of sources of
light, there is always a certain amount of waste of light on
account of overlapping and falling of light outside the edges of
the surface. (1.2 for rectangular area, 1.5 for irregular area)
Absorption Factor:
The ratio of total lumens available after absorption to the
total lumens emitted by the source of light is called the absorption
factor.(unity for clean atmosphere and 0.5 for foundries)
Beam Factor:
The ratio of lumens in the beam of a projector to the lumens
given out by lamps is called Beam Factor(0.3-0.6)
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Important terms
Reflection Factor
The ratio of reflected light to the incident light is called
the reflection factor.
Solid Angle
It is angle generated by the line passing through the point
in space and the periphery of the area.it is denoted by W.
Steradian
It is the unit of solid angle and is defined as the solid
angle that subtends a surface on the sphere equivalent to the
square of the Radius.
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