UNIVERSITY

OF

W O LV E RH AMP T O N

,ry' \,,""

Schoolof Engineering
& the Built
Environment
ModuleNumber
ET2006

ModuleTitle
Sustainable
Technology
2

ModuleGuide

@ThUnivEityof Wotvefiamrto.
SchoolofEnghoingandtne Bui[ Enviranment
SchoolAss63smnt
Handbook

ModuleGuide
ModuleTitle:

Sustainable
Technology
2

ModuleCode;

ET2006

Pre-rsqulsites:

None

Co-roqulsit:

None

Somg3tsr/Acad6mic
Year:

2006t07

CrsditValue:

15

Lsvolof study:

Level2

ModuleLeader:

KaddaYahiaoui
Room:MA109
Phone:1664
Fax:01902322743
E-mail:k.Yahiaoui@wlv.ac,uk

IntgrnalModrator:

GrahamOakes

Rationale

The principal
aim of this moduleis to use casestudiesof sustainable
technologies
to:
.
.

Further
developknowledge
andunderstanding
principles
of thescrentific
thatqovern
thebehaviour
of products
ndengineering
sysiems.
Furtherdevetopknowledge
and understanding
of methodsfor the anatvsjsof
engineering
components
andsystems,
whichar; thenapptieC
to sotvewett-i-Rnea
proDtems.

Learningoutcomoa
By successful
completion
of themodule,students
willbe able:
1. Apply scientificand mathernaticai
principlesto the design and evaluationot
engineering
components
andsystems.
2. AppJyroutinesolutionmethodsto the synthesisand analysisof engineeingsystems
andcomponents.
@TheUniversily
ol Wotverhampton
Schooiof Engineering
andihe BuiltEnvironment
SchoolAssessment
Handbook

3. Evaluatethe strengthand retiabilityof rigid body systemssubject to tension,

comp.essiorshear.bendngano torsionby using analyUcal
and finjte eiements
metnoos.

Weeklytopic guide

(Pieasenotethaton occasionsit maybe necessary

to amendthe schedule)

tqughtusrngan..apprications
approach,
wherebythe scientiric
prjnciptes
of
Il", Td!9_y'l-1"
prooucrs
anoengtneenng
systenswillbe deveroped
for vai6u5,aah;.a technoloqies
Tl.ecase
studies
wirrconcenkate
on sustainabre
technologies
in whichtheemphasis
wi be io demonstrate
howthe application
of scientjfic
principles.
can improve
the pedofmance
and efficiency
of these
products
andengineedng
systems.
Usingthisapproach,
thefolbwing
topicswillbeaddiesseo:
[/]odelling
engineering
systems
. Behaviollral
models
forengineering
systems
intosub_systems
- decomposition
.
Static
and
Dynamic
forces
- frcebodydiagrams
,
Design
forSkength
andReljabitity
. Stresssystems
djrectshear,to|sional
- axial,bending,
shear,longitudinal
shearandcontact
(Hertzian)stress.
. Cornbined
stfesses
shesses,
maximum
- principal
shearstfesses
andMohlsctrcte
. Theories
offailure- yielding
incomplex
stresssystems
. Fatigue
S-Ncurves
- cyclicloading,
. Skessconcentration
factors
forreduclng
stress
- strategies
^
Design
forRigidity
andStability
. Factors
affecting
rigidity-load,material
properties
properties
andgeometfic
. Euckling
modes- EulrandRankine
mooets
.
of natural
vibration
- principles
andwhirling
of shafts
_. . _.Vib|atior
FiniteElement
Aoolications
. Th.finite
element
analysis
method
choice,
meshing
- element
stretegies,
constratnts,
toads,
solution
andpogt-processing
.

ADplicatio[ofFEAto welLdefined
desiqnproblems.

llst Resource3(Schoolprovided
3D solidmodelling
CADsoftware
IntegEtedfiniteelementmodellingsoftwafe
presentation
Graphical
softwa

5 SpecialistResources(Studentprovidedwith cost IndicaGd)NotAppljcable

lndicativReadi

and LearninE
Su ort List

Lecture
notesandtutorial
handouts
Ashby,[4ike.- Materials
Selectionin Engineering
Design.ButteMorth-Heinemann,
1999._

0750643579
Shigley,
J.E.- Mechanical
Engineering
Design- Mccraw-Hill
Education
- EuroDe.
2001._
0 0 7 1 1 8 1865
Ogrodni(PeterJ. - Fundamentat
Engneeringt\,,techanics
- Longman,
1997._0582297990
ylll?l, D"ulqG - The l\,4echanical
Designprocess._2nd ed. _ Newyork; London:tvccraw_
Hi[,1997.- 0071155767
and productDesign_ London:I\rccraw)1/-liSlrl,-l-an
9lil9lq. - DesignMethodsin Engineedng
Hi||,1998.- 0077093763
DreterGeorgeElrwold - Engh-ering
Design:A Materials
ard FrocessirgApproach_3ro eo.;
LondonIVlcGraw-Hlll.
2000.- 0071162046
OTheL,hjverslly
oiwolverhampton
SchoolorEngineerng
andtheBuittEnvironmenl
SchoolAssessment
Handbook

3 or 6

Fagan,M. J. - FiniteElement
Anatysis:
Theoryand Practice.- HarJow:
LongmanScientific&
Technical,
1992.- 0582022479
Mottram,J. Toby, James Toby; Usingfiniteelementsin mechanicaldesign. London:
lvccfaw-Hill,1996.- 0077090934
V ; BuildingbettefproductswjthFiniteEtementAna\,!]e _Onwordpress,1998.
)kldams,

........._-'

Teachingand LearningMethods

--

Thismoduleintroduces
the studentto fudherscientific
principles
and provides
an opportunrry
to applyfinjteelenentmethodsandtechniques
to analisewelldefineddeslqnp.ooi.ir.. fn"
mooL,te
wtflusecasestudiesofsustiainable
technoiogies
to demonstrate
hoir theseprincrptes
can beappljedin thedesignof products
and engineering
systems.
It is coreto the CAPDandCAEDpathways.

ancrseminar
activity
wiltinvotve
youin investigarions,
presentatrons,
LilgiiTt_f|.::f"l:
orscussrons
ano/or
exerctses
onsettopics
andmayinvolve
selfardpeerassessment.
This approchsees the leam,ngneeds as the focus of the leamingactjvitywttn
rne
unoersranqrng
tnatyouwil needto takeon someresponsibility
for yourownlearnind

A$Eslmont

E,l Msthods:
Learning
Outcome
1,2,3

LeamingActivity
1.Lecture

Explanation
ToptovidethetneoM
thepafticularsubjectcoveredwithinthet
S!.ecifrctine perbd,

2. Casestudies

To showhowne knowteage-mA-$
mplanented
intop.8'ctical
siluations
and
vaiousscenarios.

3.Tutodals

To suppott ke lectureiateiat.- aii

enaura that tudenb have gained
enough und1rctandingof the subject
na$er

4. Projct
Work

To atlow student{-n-ifipty-ien

Knowtedgeand sfills to salve a Drcblem.

8.2

Asssssment
Components
andW-igh ffi

Learning
Outcome Assssment
Tasks
1t

1,3

hahd-in
dte
(university
weeK)

%
weighting

Componeni
1.
50%
In classopenbook
examination
Component
2.
500/"
Design
and
analysis project
usinqFEAmethods

Rationale
forthetask

To ptovidethe oiiortunnlx
apply routine analyticat

methodsto solve well defin^d

QrcOtens.

Tp . provide oppottunity A
oesrgnsysfemsand pafts by
application
of FEAnethods

To pass the moduleyou must achievea minimumgrade of E4 for

Cgq[ Elementof
Assessrnent
g!4 a minimumgradeof DSfor Caq[Compo;entof Assessm"nT- - - @ThsUnive|sity
of WoJvedampron
SchoolorEngineeig andtheBuitrEnvnonmenl
SchoolAssessment
Handbook

8.3 MarkingCriteria
Fulldetailsof the narkingcritea wll be lssuedto youas partof theassignment
briefat the
startof the rnodule.

8.4 Submission
of Coursework
Theassignments
shouldbe handedin at the CityCarnpusStudentRegistry([4TBlock anda
)
receiptobtained.

8.5 Extensions
Extensjons
willonlybe allowedin exceptronal
circ!mstances
andyoumusthavea validcause
(normallycovered,for exan]ple,by a medicalcedificate).
Applications
for extensions
needto
be rnadeusingtheAU33formobtainabte
fromthe CttyCampusStudentnegistry,(lvli atock;.
As6ignm6ntssubmlttodtatewithouta sanctionedxtenBlonwlll bo maif"jfb.
lf yo! are unableto submityourworkbythe deadlineor wtthinanyextensiongranted;or ifyou
consideryourperformance
has beenaffectedby someexceptional
you
circumsta_nces
consrder
applyingfor Extenuating/M
itgatingCircumstances.
"nou,q
in suchcasesyousho'uldconsutt
yourtseEonattutof or a unNersttv
counsellotfor advice

8.6 Returnof Coursework

Thepinkcopyof the Student
Assessrfient
formwi nomaltybe returned
to youwthinmree
wofking
weeks.Student
workis notnofmally
returned
andy;u areadvtsed
to'keepvourown
hardandsoftcopyof anyworksubmitted.

8.7 Rstrievalof Failurs

Regllations
governing
retrieval
of failurevarydependjng
on youraward,in particutar
upon
you.are
whether
p
for
a
degree
or
a
higher
quatification.
national
ease
refer
your
to
,studying
AwardHandbook
or theUniversirys,Undergfaduate
Modular
Scheme
Guide,for
Stud;nts
2406t07.

8,8 Moderation
A representative
sampleof allelemenls
of assessment
withinthemodule
willbemoderaieo
In
accordance
withtheprocedures
setoutintheSchool
Assessment
Handbook.

larism

Collusion

Plagiarisrn
and collusjonare very seriousoffencesthat can resllt in expulsionffom rne
University.
Thrs is becausethosefoJndguirtyot ptagiansm
or colJusiolw,
onlv t ave
anemptedto presentsomeoreelse'sworkas theirowl but havealsosoLghtro-ot
gaina; unfar.
advanlage
overthekfellowstudents.

9,1 AvoidingPlagiarismand Collusion

1. In the caseof groupworkyou afe activelyencouraged

to work jn a team.Howeverthe
sections
oftheassignment
thatyouanswermustbeVourownindividualwork.
2. You sho,uldmake it very clear what solrces of informationhave been used;wherc
mate allinformation
fromthesesourcesjs quotedit mustbe clearlyreferenced
usingrne
HarvardReferencing
System.(Detailscan be obtainedfrom LearningCentresor on_lne
the
Learning
yi9 ..
page:
Centre
no-me
httpi//asp.wlv.ac.
uk/Level5.asp?userType=4&Level5=31
65).
3. Neverattemptto copyor paraphfase
anotnerstudents work.

AwardHandbookandAcademic
oThe UniveEllyof Wotverhampron
Schoolof Engineeang
a.d ihe BuiltEnvirofmeni
SchoolAssessment
Handbook

ulationsfor Students2006/07

This module_guide
shoutdbe readin conjunction
withthe termsand conditions
containeorn
,Undergraduate
yourAwaro pahwaycuide and the University's
lrlodularSchemeGuide,for
Students2006/07.

tl Modulepartlcipantr
ModuleLeader:
Kadda
Yahiaoui
RoomrMA109
Phone:1664
Fat 2743
E-mailr
k.Yahlaoui@wlv.ac.uk

ModuleTeam:

NotAppllcable

12 Reqlrtatlon
tllt gntystudents
whoheveformay registered
asparticipants
ona modute
Lo,"""jjpT!!r9
w[ Deaorerc gatncrudf8.
13 lloblle Phone!
ln theInterest
of courtogy
to otherstudents
ndstflpleaseenEuE0tatmobilephon$ are
swrcneoor ounngEcturesandtutorlal
classss.In xcepflonal
clrcumotanceE
ihe module
leadertrey allowindtvlduat
phoneE
to b kepton tf I va d reasoni8 glven.Anvsiuajntwno
consEers
mgynavea va ct rgasonmustdiscussthj6wfththe lec{urer
priorio th lecture
startlng.

t
I

I
@Th. Unlvollyot Wolv.rh.mplon
Schoolot Enginocdng
andrhr BuittEnvtEnm.nr
SchoolAt363sm.nt Handbook

6 ol6

lI
ll

OF
UNIVERSITY

W O LV E RH A M PT ON
andthe BuiltEnvironment
SchoolofEngineering

ASSESSMENT
BRIEF
Module
Titler

SustainablETochnology 2

Module
Code:

ET 2006

Component
Number:

1of2

Weightingr

50%

Element
Number

I of 'l

Finite Elemgnt AsSlgnment

Assignment
one-coursework:
to beassessedl
Learning
Outcomes
1.

Technologyi
Usecommercial
levelsoftware
UseInformation

-^

to analfzepartsor components
byapplicalion
of
To provide
theopportunity
FEAmethods

r
-

withroutine
analytical
methods
andapplyappropriate
Analyse:
Compare
solutions

lvlarking
Criteria:
Seeassignment
brieffordetail
Th. mlnlmum
fiBE mrrktorthl. componlntb 05.
youwlllp.ssth. modul6ffyouachi.vsa minimum
gradof E torthisolenonlandan
lfthisB sn elem6nt,
av.Bg6 g|!d of D5ior lh. wholccompon.nl.

Assignmnt
handed
out

We3k 7

Latestdateforsubmission:

We6k1l

en althoftd gxtsrclonof 0mswlllbt maiGd F0.

&sllnmont3lubmilt d 5fi$ th. d.adlin.sndwithout

Plo|semr*your alllgnmsntfor the.ttontlonotr

Kadda

You .hould mrk. lt v.ry cllar whatlourc63 of intoinationh.v b6nu3.di wharumat.dallnfomatlonfiom th$.
sourc6 B quotcdlr musl b. cl!.rly blonced usingth He ad Roblcnclngswtlm. (o.tall! c.n b. oblain.d trom

lhe .sslgnmontmustbo handgdIn to siudontReglltry,MTBlock,clty campus.

You.houldkoop
mustbeobtained
whentheassignments
aresubmitted.
A signedreceipt
yourrgcglPtIn a.ef6 plac6.
Youareadvised
to keepyourowrlelectronic
& 'hard'copyof anyworksubmitted.

@The UnivaBit of Wolverhampton

andtheBuiltEnvionrnenl
schooloiEnginaering
ScnoolAssessmeni
Handbook

lt)...'^.V
"

:,' t n .> ;2

o : .io "
I ov "..,,1.

" /rtJ
?n'-K,-

3 ir o q vi

( t o' it ?\

8T2006:SustairableTechtrolog/2
Assignment1: Finit Element Modelling

.K-

t.

'

l c!z.t-=

F \.ttt .s - - .-

cl."*

Ltyc"' hIt.

' ..\.^' 9

c- n q
*
I
Geometricmodelling of complexpafis canbe time consumingat the or"-o'rocJ#t?,|
stageofa Finite ElementAnalysis.Consequently,the geometrychosenfor this
assig nentis not socomplex.Theaimofthis exercise
you! understanding
is to assess
of the FE methodandits applicationto solveengineeringproblems.

. !",-",,t
. glnt

Fig.I showsa slottedbar madeof steelhaving a Young'smodulusof 200 GPa"a

Poissol'slatio of 0.3anda leld stessof250 MPa,It will be assumed
thatthebar
(encastre)
will be fully frxed
at oneendandsubjectedto a tensileloadthat you will
decideat the other.

Eachstudentwill begivena setofdimensions

ro complete
hisArerspecificgeomeLry.
.
t
. t | e " . , - t ' - - t r " , l, l
r
,
|
I lt L r 1 5 4 "vl ) Aftercreatingthegometry,
selecta ilane stresVwith
thickness
elementgpe
6g
andusethesrnartsizefacilityto meshthemodel.Notefie numberofelemenrs
generated.
thathavebeenautomatically
Next,applytheappropriate
boundary
conditionsandloadingandperforma staticelasticanalysis.
Fromthepost
processing
produce
session,
a hardcopy
of themagnified'deformed
shape'
plots
you
and
some
cotrtour
that
considq
(20%\
important.
/
2) FromtheFE output,deteminetherelevantstessesin thelargeandreduced
, r' \ 6
sections
andthepeakstressat theslotend.Deducethevalueofthe stless
t4
bL
"
J^ ^t
:r'',r .,9r."(lSZ)
concentration
factor(SCF).
3) Usingyourlechuenotes,or a reference
book,find thenominalstessesaad
youwereallocatedandcompare
SCFfor thegometry
thesewith theFE
pledictedvalues.Commenton both setsof data.
(r0%)
4) Next try to investigatethe effectof meshdensityon youl FE results.Repeat
with. at least,fou.rdiffelentmeshdensiries.
the.exercise
[n rhispartofrhe
youmaychooseto usetewerelements
asslgnment.
(coarsemesh)or a laJger
numberofelements(a finermesh)rlroughour,or eleclto usemapped
meshiq-Jou are free-6EEElTeasonable numberof el.-.Ei*
The outcomefrom this part ofthe assignmentwill be plots ofthe thrcemain
variablesono., off'r and SCFagainstnumberof elementsused.Commenton

theresults.

(20%)

5) Discusshow you would expectthe SCFto vary ifthe slot width wereto be
reduced.Consideringthe time to perform a staticlinear stess ofsuch simple
component,you areadvisedto modela casewith a 'cmck like' slot to
compareyour results.
(20%)
6) By referenceto the Arsys o ine elementlibrary documentation,investigate
whethersomeothertype ofelementscould havebeenusedto analysethis
problemandindicatethe relativemeritsofthe altemativeelements,if any.

Iut,yo6

Also,by consideration
of thegcornetry
ofthe modelandtheloadingto which
it wassubjcctcd,
couldsymmetrybavcbencxploitedto simp[rythc analysis?
Provideexplanations
andskctphes
demonstating
howthis canbedone.
(10%\

Yourrcportshouldcontainnomorcthan3 or 4 sidesoftext besidcsthrequcstcd

idomution i! bothtabularandgmphicalforE. Foranyhandcalculation,
the
formulaeusedandoatculation
detailsmustbincludcd.Hardcopies
ofthc meshes,
dcformcdshapcandsomccontourplotsarealsorequested.
Wibcsscdcffod at thc computcrterminalcarics l0% of thefinal malkfo! this
compotrcot
Thcreportshouldbchandcdinto registyby thc ducdate,anda datcdlccsipt
obt&ired.It shouldbnalked for thcattlNrtion
of KaddaWorkhandedin aftcrthis
datewill Dotbcassesscd
udessthercis a validreason.
Thispieceof workcoDtibutes5oolo
towadstheovcrallassc$mcntfor thismodule,
lJarc or tssuc: wccK /
IIad-iD Dat!: Wcek l1

Dr, K. Yahiaoui

']UM

ibsnu

Cc,.ce'rfr

I'tr::' ,

ii i.r -,.,,,",
<te.,,

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Introduction
to StressConcentationFacrors

Page1 of2

Introductionto StressConcentration
Factors
Home
Introduction
to SCF'!
Iadex

-J
Figl - Uniform Plate
Theunifom plateshownin theFigl is subjecred
ro a tensileforcep. Thesrressq m
ue platels unltormeverywhere
with:
o = PA\II

It is oftennecessary
to drill a holein theplate(Fig 2a).Whentheloadp is applied
thepresence
ofthe holedisturbsthe uniformstreJses
in theplate.
tig ?a

Theprofileofthe stressat the section

thtoughthecenterofthe holehasthe
form shownin Fig 2b whenthe
diameterD is smallby comDarison
o with the width W.
Noticethemaximumstressc

F,s2b

iq

3o andoccursat theedgeof thehole

In theexpression
- m sr - The factor3 is known asthe stress
cotrcertrationfactor (SCF).

. = Foinlol maximurn
stress

Refeningto Fig2 it canbe seenthat

rocarised
roa region
whose
sizeisapproxim.,.tf
;:T#[ti3':ser

6 aJeare

Fajlurcs5u"1l* lutttue brittle_cracking

andplasticdeformation
iequentlyoccurat
ponts ot stessconcentalion.
Il is for tlis reasonthatstxess
concennariorrfactors
play an importantrole in design.
ThevalueofSCFs dependon fte shapeanddimensions
ofrhe comDonent
beine
deslgned
andcante calculared
usinglLnireelemeutmethods.
burtherearemari
e\amptes\rhere(ie equations
areknownandthevaluescanbeeasilycalculared.

http://www.engineering.ucsb.edu,/-me1
5web/scf,/intoduction
to_stressconcentration...
08/11/2005

Intro,luctionto Stess ConcentationFacrors

Page2 of 2

SCFFORCOMPONENTSWITH HOLES

Holesue necessary
for a numberof purproses.
ForexampleHolesarenecessary
to
accommooate
tfleboltsor nvetswhicbtratrsmitloadberween
adiacenr
elementi.
Sometypical examplesareillustratedin the accompanyingdiagiams:

inrorsion
with
a
fi*;"'"o'*oed

@@
throughcircular

hole

Reidorcing
Ring

?
r)l

Cylindricalpressure
vesselwith

lnl8rnal
Pressure
P

reinforcingring.

Pin
\

Plateloadedby tensionpin throughhole.

oad

LoadP

http://www.engineering.ucsb.edu,/^-mel
5web/sc?intoduction to_srresscotrcentratlon...
08/l l/2005

ho,-

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i.

d"(L.t,t,

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folflr

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U

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fo

ur.l

ytsiaii'

{Jeor'le.tz
"l

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tr

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L,-.e'ti f

of

,,^ *u n

tl1.

F1" r\c''\f,

ii n.Cry'J

g\-9"

w4\\

i=

p'eJ".t

l"enl-6 .
6-

it

mnn<ntsol a(<. t,

Yeebt lovtt6n.

a{

f nertt-'-2

fy- .fx

-u ^,

r^rn :

ca,, b.

o- p o r t c - L v . g e " ^ " t 1 c l o . a e ^ - i: .-.1

1

2-rx/
tc, n 2x =
f

o[

!+,+/A *,i

or-

v"ti.tn,'"" t" b..L,-.

c,.l e../ee.: ts 0-mea-tore ol

ilo''net1t5

p"'oFeYtJ

an

oL;jectls

7,o
-)

Qr)

Ro=50 na

Kt = 45

-*.
w= loo KI xc.6t -/62=181 N
P = IK " J
N= IOOo rPn

r)

Bend*r,a t+,ve*$ =?

A6 ,^ \

-1fY'r

>

D=_--=-

rc ttooq-qoe1,,-+

rc (D,\ - D.\)

I=

6q

I = l. +x \o d

ot

-*+

f=5om'"
t\=L+5 N.m
( - Lt+5t o 'o5
o=;7 ;;'; ; a=

2) forsi.n"I

l'
-.r'
_!,- -- -=

-+.'t''"

Alo-

SLress-'Z.
*

T.R "

-:.> L = -----<-

d Ko
c\:'
*'
1
"
"
J--E
J= 1 x t . ( 1 x \o - ' - - r
.

lL

t'*r \

l ooo =\.52
P
=
,---6"
-G-

w . "n

YJ
cJ=\o o o*L. n = \ o5 -3 4
?
6o ..-,-..
V -- \.szxo.o5.. =6f =i.,- *fiP*'t,
"
1r \ ' 61x\65r'ro-'' \
-.-------J

qgt N

6y,-b"il'n(,) 3't{<,tt
/)\-=:
0 Strczs
'L
ovW,J"
fotgr

4 \/

---.-,>- 6 ,, -( ..,,
",i.^"..,

M84041HW1'FaU2003

Page1 ofi

ME 404l InteractiveComputerGraphicsand
Computer-AidedDesign
Ifomework #5
Due:Oct.9,2003
1) FiSure I shows charrs of Theoretical

Stressconcen!ra!ron

Factors iKt)
barr. ."."i"".--u"i"j"Jii,,,,o,^".io,,
i:',:"1:.;1":.::::a:sl+a:
e,,,"n
determi""ir,""ii"""::li::.:';::1..1:";:,:1."i:.f;;T"";;;;;;i"';;"
;:li";#i;i:1"::.ii'"J5i,;,"'i;ji:1,il;:":1"_:: ru.".,itr, 3 differenr

submi!:

i5 the- v'<...r-'c- ,.+ $.^ J-C-"-c- t*6

L your c a-c u-ari os c r?5 5 \ 3 * - g q t . . 8 o f t h e-\i t . .-!.
p *
your

2.
nodel wiln slress conlouxs
3. Discuss:pn pn your approach and resrlrs
3r'.'r

i" v:!,*t"

rirlll

Hrnt{ =py4.
*6.,.o=oi

/L

A=--l

aL

l--:1'---

- sre+r 15
e (lio"J)
"4....1__
Ar4
ot:. t
{>

R - o-

Trble1

NotchcdRectangular
Dimrnsions/pata!trr6

1.2rn
f

u.lm

0 . 0 5m
2m
Ooo
-5oo
6B

=,0 ,/,f

(^

f'c,F

=
"1-.,*,nr,n,.n"*r.
"* /"1

- j-li

ni*f . A ,

e,.t",r.._t
."^ *.
^,-.t,

. -rt.6!

t(t z-Lxo.t)

.= w*

500,000
N
?0E9N/m-

3c F= ? .3

n.*'

0
http://wit1v.ecs.gatech.edu./courses/me404
1/sitar4lw5.htnll

08/11/2005

i-

t*z+5xlo-5

- 6il

-_

,"r.1

.a

gorro6it.!,rrro-?
4 o .6 r ro =

lco*to5.t.s)^ld?

CAD htpj

rs ,*f

FEn m"/"!.

DESIGNING COMPONENTSTO WITHSTAND STATIC LOADS

st'!esses
d u e to
f o l l o w i n g typ e s: {a )
( b)
( c)
l d)
( e)
( f)

e xte rn a l

loading

a xia l
loading stresses
be n d ing stresses
dir e ct
shear stresses
tor sional
shear stlesses
lo n g itudinal
shea! stre s s e s
co n tact or llertzian
stle s s e s

I
)
I
t

can

be

d iv id e d

in t o

the

Lonltl,-sk"K

V,=\,.^k\'=t"'i*

A x i a I L o a d i n q S tre ss e s

loees
lt= nussxit"uittr

lr-

w=h0

raJ+
-t,1

6 e'
=a-.fr..
a

,lo^

1's v^.Julus

T h e s i m p l e st typ e o f stre ss encounter ed

t=

str ess

lo a d
atea

A p a r t f r o n a ssu mp ti o n s a b o ut the mater ial, this

equation assum es
t h a t t h e l o a d 'P '
i s a xi a l l y
applied witi,ouianv- l""ah+ Fi^i+ !,

i.s.not c6rredr,tn." lt
I:
be :ll:
sub je ^i"-"-'.^?ri?n
cted
to bendinq st resses due to the"-i"ipi;;;=;ii
eqcejltlqjlty
r^.r
load. (for a qircular i,.,
un .iio.-Jr-it-ii .?if,fi#ffiJi
lo a d w i l l

ca u se a n B t i n cre ase ro
in naxim
nraxrmum
um sEle
/
"tr .".i"'
7- - '

k". g,,t"o-.**o1"fu,5
- C"-*r-

)'l'
"t

pr

i"jiJ;
iffE

of the

Ben d in q S tresses

/" -g/
W h e n a c o mp o n e n t i s su b j e cted
t
?
"
.
r
jg
lg y e f : C lo a d a n d h e n ce
oe n c l s . t h e stre ss d i stri .b u ti on
a s s h o wn , a n d t h e
s t l e s s e s a re g i ve n b y th e s i mple L
r sn,dttrnnge a r ,
De
equati on:
c , r=

My
I

h r he r e

I
y

applied

bending mo me n t

(N-m)
= s ec ond moment5f a r e a
i; 4 i'
= di s tanc e from ne u t r a l
a * j. s io wt . r .

Th e ab o ve

str a ish t.

formula
-a;;;;

applj^es

cornponents

stress 1s req-d

- wh ic h a r e . . in it ia llv

";;;;;:--t:
J*"i:";i,".
;:a;";
;j::*lj.::#li.'=:"i#:,:",i.:,":?,:,,i'i"',"i,i.".'"Tl:

F o r c o m p o n en ts su b j e cte d to
it
,dir - ect shear - for ces
a s s u m e d t h a t th e sh e a r stl e ss ts
unifor
m
ly
distr
ibuted
section and is given by!
F

f=

A
In .practice

th e

=
=

a p p lie d
a re a ih

is usually
acr oss the

s h e a r f o (c e
s h e a r (mz )

(N)

jj
1T
I
1,.,
i!.3;
:*,","::,.."''?
i
:
i
I
:
l!'.r
!:if
{
:*.,
"]i,
I
ru;
!
I
..lJ::*:',"":.'::.ff
",*'
j:;1":,;:j:"f":,"T:','"#1::1.ff
i!

sh e a r

st

:\".iJ,.''li

Tors iona 1 shear Stre ss e s

l1r

8"
(l.t"t(,- e\4i

-a(J

For a so
m o m en t ) t h e to rs i o n a I

,t
U

,f

whele

=
=
=

,t

r'"4('-''

r- .
,e"
='
--'r-E
-Y-ZFiaTg;&&
.\,
E
teotoa-Kt
k, RtT
)
",. :{-x-=".
EU6T)
y'
bar subjecred .o
.'i*i/ffi).,,-,,--"I,'"="HLL""
I" nlfrffi:?li's
wn to be given byr "i!".
T' -= =:-4
GgY'*""
lt
.t
.
I .,
---:-- e
---==zr

'r

Y
^

'',-

l,r *,t( hr r h |)

a p p l j .e d to rq u e
{ N ft)
p o l a r E e co n d honent of
ra d i u s to l rh e r e str ess

ol

S^^ i E

r-#;
Z1*

where for a so l 1 d sh a ft

t
for

a h o l l o w sh a f,t

-\lne

<.\tcv

rt

to re a l i se

l s l m p orta n t

_=

(d,.-A,.)

v rcT.z
( Ro a- P' .h)

"l
that

the above equatlon

tl,e- o*siJ.
daoa'* r r '

a
to compo-nentJ
seqrion.
,n
.r.,;
a"ri""ff#Troli5
sim p r e to r s i on "i-"1;-";i;;
fo!mura gu o t e d . a b o v e i. - ' i" 1 " ' J " , i" a

t or sio n a l s hear s rres s i s d ir e c t ly

lro m th e ax i s of the bar an

p r o p o r iio n lT

lf

that the
r n e r a a iu s

tili;;";
,,on-circ,.,iii-"l"tilii"-ii;iiE!'1rtiTil""";i:"iJil1T"f

ili:ii,J.,"rli"3,"'.'n""*"::.1""'.i':ff
;i.".":iiir1;[it"*]fj"n:l

i s , v ery c ompl ex and i- s

! r it ii i; - b o ; is . ; n c la s s ic a l
: :::::1 :
e.!asrrcrty
theory.
- d to
e a ltn."e -a" Jta-iiJ-"io".ron"
It is ,_qefu1.
to.
-6)
:l:_
.1 ta
1 *ir *usec
tn ti.s
hear s rres s a n d . r h e
f
o
.
n
o
n_
crr cu
ons
s ubj ec ted t o t o r q u e" n
" iq r ; s )
. 9 r "( s e"eii*d1ia
o-pplieJ, -1-or1.g,

p.l^.

s"--)

ek.-.-

1.r^

*.^..t

slt'-ss

ut

a.c*., J."r
Irs p.le
t J"i'.3 .
{ .-* +L- p.t .
uI

r-- r*J;. 1,"- tl- g"\. 3

G.n"Lt"s ol RiJiq o{ t\. ,--t*,.,J
P= o.yt

o{

u=Q-gl,"l

f,,i.tr*r-J^^

sl4t

"

-i
F'

'f o<$.t2,

At = o(pp[J

.i

\)

tt/,n

oFrwlsrFoR
solrE

1.-l$*:*liT,i"i"t$f

Solidcircularsection
= l6M,

.-t4

= t-:!,1
s
3,L

r"*

-,-ZE32M,1
^ - -c:tdl

I =<,

,1

"

- . \1

d"

"-=i

--FJ-\"4
\LL!
)'

Eollow c cular tection

t6Mp

>T^^^=.'J!!I_

(Dt - dt)

lt

32t!.t

o^ = ---=-.:G.t(Dt - d.)

Av

Soltdelliptical section
2M,

'.*= -;#
^
o=

%7"

M,l(d+b,\'
G:tdb.

Solldsquaresecrlon
= -;-

?-,

M'l
2'25Gal

Solid rcctahgular scctlon

'",,= ''t::d!ut'
0=

^t,l
coa, - r.te1a,o1,
- tl trrl
[f

--l-I

Thin rcctangular section (plote)

= 3^t,
"",. at
3MJ
v^ = zzFSolid triangular section

lPo."r Ra"1
flbdJ

"*

sF&I

fotatioa-f)

fr*

-- I-oque f
.tt )
L'v -)

20M,
= --Fa
_ 80Mtl
u=ffi

*v

0'
w11u L^,r
Vk-x-o
v 4 r .,.r '
.

P=-t.cD

Po*",=

ol*.uvJ"ri11

(p:r.D

Rarf;^** =4
5ot"o

f
j

7arq,y6,, N,rt
s"*noL' mote"r o/

ner/'rl

-- f.!^"

( = Sl.^"

Strse

fi - y^&,s

d,t

ro"L:w Y-

1""," .ih. go\e, ,..

lL

G = AoJ,,lu'o{
t{
4,rlry

^utarrL!-

o( ta''ist',@:=
! YL
t- - X.3t\
"{ sA^{q ,n
ljJ. sl*tt=r= rcJh
IJ

VL

. rl-/t=j=!-(d,+-rL+)

&=r=

Ri--nR"

!=*--

2T
rc tRo4-R,'+1

=+*

'./l- |

t zt 4q-"+p! )

a1-

17 Lr-oa)t

(*)
^tr!;#*s

Power- fir

Rev ?-rc

-:-rv.n

0o <3c.)

-?ocuur

2:::!.!"

"5 t !,;^" S

T
R-

Rosrer ,*U
-==> U) I ll

! t ve4

be.

-r^

d8 rqn

\^\'

kkh;*!

IJ

s\c+tsr tc-

sfeel-

T-ur brvls- -

Ua4k -- mae3
SolJ

h)3

"L
.

4 ^A'

9s

Pr-*A,
^

NH

.zr-D
d?A2

^ ? \ ,,
tLLr\o - rr(

HoUo,.t

.-J

t--

w1
..--ii----

-=

Ro'- Rr'

w fi

{t

4d

(e

13

-=

i^

ttJ

sLdt

s'!;t

':)>

Ti
j*

T't
Ro

_:

7ir-rll-= Ts xR"
i
R4
'Js.Tu

r+,il..-"eU+
$\;,8d,-1.4
R -=

u7" (Ro+- R;"a)

, il .trlrc.,*;,ry;, il;i," strass

is

SeF

.t*".bt: =

-- 3c,rL(t) x' 6r'","

b,t|' sh.fu
" s^-a -4"

=-_

K.

isto bcrceraccq
6. A solidcircularshaftof250mrrdiamcter
lvjlhgqow $"ft-q* **
beiag2l F-|!dt!-e srzcot $' loxow
diaincters
the ratio ofcidlmal to iatcrlal
material,

strcssis thcsarncfor botbshaftsCalculatealso6e ntio of

.;;;;il
il;'F,L
wights of theholowto solidshaft.
{A.ns$sr:OD = 255.5mn' lD = 12775N'

Dob- Dr'|

0'7E2'l)

=Oo

D3
6.

A solidsteelshaftof 300mm diameteris to bereplaced

by a hollowshaft,theratio of
extemalto intcmaldiaEretels
being1.5:1. Fhd th sizcof the bollow shaftif thc
maximumshearstcss is to be thc sameas for the solid shaft. Whatpcrcetrtage
cconomyin weightwill this changeeffcct?
Als

D = 327nur andd=218611134%
,tL

w_

R"

6. D= lss

+pi'- pi .-v ^ . z

oj - oi'

- /4t
PV

Ef

D2

-'.
Djr-G iD)4_n

_---...--.-.d_---o

D .- -zo 1

D-

ooq)
b"4. - (o. o)4 t

Ts=r-u

6147

xf

Ts-- (t

-1 ---2

.t -.lo4 r .L l- o . . / ^ r
B

5{

D.

$ ) =" ' 7g

D
l-o.5-

-->

Do

/n
\rr'

= f)o

a<\3
: -/

\>-

=---_--.,Fe>

l- o 5 +
.:;,

-b6

Do

t-o,5e

Quutrctn:

HoatJou uoull

ol*e,;-

tl"

lu'.,g

ol

o'

prece o/ Or*l
^,1
re d'"
: uetlA l/,e brK to Xef ty ma-{;,
An-scLer
:r?-*tv c"r<
Push tt"i'
$'
ol tf"
',c,t<r
"ytrtJ*'

u"'t
t^tt<{ ustaq aor"tl, 't lkn fl""
Jfh.
voh-"
its"E, 6.7,u *f..-t
^e/d

&rl(

s2'"'t-Ke uP '*J
ol flz' uater 'a cor< tuJs'

to 6c* +lr"
6orK Vob^': ' Oi"'l" tl''
Votr^e-. ori,:.I. tl," &,i< I'-u,5 N +1. c"rf

su[tr*at

h^"" fts d.e"si.

Vo[u"'.
unJ<r

CP{\< t^d+
volu-.

o"I

\
3",

tTe'

3 gcor\f, (^orer't

"

6{ee\.

'-

50

rcJ$
''L=_:67
+

6tg
76

D=too

k-!:!!-----4

t= u,t'-

a=Bo3- uJ3
\x
tL

r t3

Ail dimensions
in mm

ra

f9-bin.,l,

t>tY'e93'"
f *r -- el"-n --1"*e
poi-ti-1 i.
/
tl".

+\"o

r d*".."t' o- aJ
actil o- o. 9w{*-

,6,

^^"-:.r.+"'+@

Tv

alYas'i

6r

J
?t"est.s

fuv^
P4u,b',

3t-r.as<_9

)r,-n
.^ t"e

q'

siii\e- slra+s

'f''

st.at
A

Cio^?t.^..1.tu

oJ

^/--\Jx

'2

\J

n,
lr z | ,r.z-

(-7
-{yr.
., I

fr d,>

f\{'1v'-r @"do

\)

<>I
L

f!.t

P."'It>

6;*

o.t t,.dfJ
D\'.<t

" P,las.\6L
t-:./

(r
)

Stvecs

.,\uI*
C,).'
-r^---

C ve,tij
f ld'onz"t'
^
Y

3\re+z>

71

h-- I -..
AryL.=it 6- trte.a-!t)y
sf,

Z p rl ^ t,

? ) 9eg.;c gdvishL"tkJr

^y

---$s I
6.oo:

Defi"z-

?u
g'l-".p'!. ofiot,;,

=L(6**6r)-L
C^,.
tr\1 <\
'/

5n^o=L-L

( r "*6r)"--. l

- Vz,fte"+t1z*n1n;-

I f a h o ! j . zo n ta I b e a m, or other com ponent

is suD I ected to
t ! a n s v e r s e o r ve rti ca l l o a d s ,a shear .for i.
aiijr u*
m "a- Ue
y aer !v ea
a n d t h e va l u e o f th e ve r tical
str e"r toiJe- at
l,oy
section
dete!mined.
? h i .s fo rce tends to p."do;;- ;- r ;;jive
a;;tI
sr iaing
b e t w e e n e e l ti ca l
se cri o n s ot the beam l;:' ;;;",
later
ir
a cco rn tl a n i e d b y co mplem entar v
this cas e
.hrllt
lill
P
be: hori.zontal.
"t..,
"f,ici' i- n
1 o i l l u s t r ate
th i s, co n si d er two. r ectangular section beams
Lyi ng
o n e o n t o p o f th e o th e r a n d r esting on s- ir nptu
as
shoe/n
b e1 o w .
"ulpor ts

If

s o m e ve rti ca l

to a d i n g .

appl ied

beams wit I ben d

independ e n t l y a n d a s a r e s u lr.is.th e lt" " i- "u .i-the
"-t.- "' Ji' in "
to p u .".
wiIl slide retarive ro the upper surtucJ of ti- I oiru-"r''o"u..

I f t h e l e f o re th e b e a ms a l e replaced. by a
single solid bar of th e
s a m e o v e r a l l d j .me n si o n s a s !h_e t_wo beims thei
ther e
in t e r n a l
syste m o f fo rce s ( and he;;;- s- h;;;' "ii!"1""t r nusc De som e
up
within
t h e b e a m to D re ve n t the abover n"r t.""Jiii"ln9
""t
taking
-is
p1ace. The horizontjl
-a-cLmpanied
shea! stress in tfre
Ueam
"itiJ*."frirlilnt.ry
by
shearsrress of

esua]u.io..

:.J:I:i".t

sr,eui

Th e w a y i n w h i ch th e sh e a r s tr esses var y
ac!oss the secti.on can
b e c a l c u l a t e d b y u si n g th e equat t-on!

=
=

where

snear stress
(N,/mz)
sh e a _ rfo rce a p p lied
( N)

second

B=

monent

of cr6<<_.a-+i^F
, 4,
wi gr.h+ a;;s;of--area
",
:
;
;
i
"""n:','J
:';."i#
i;
I
:
" ";'.
is to be determi.ned
{rn)
"Xo"""ltf"

o ve th e point wher e- the str ess j.sr equir ed.( m 2)

l re a anbce
crr,sta
fro n
the neutr al axis to the centr oid oi
th e a re a o f A (r n)

t*,4,.^
I

(t ut\.c( s\.ay 1b..s(' rE r{tqr.ra

o l th e a b o ve - e q u a ti o n indicates
that for a given stze o f
:!
u d y and
beam
shear load the maxi_murn.
va Iue of shear streis
will occur
where
i s a ma xi n u n a nd this is at the ner r t.al ixr s. et the
Aye s, l rh e re tA f
o u t e ! f- Z
i b. !_
i s zer o, the sne"r
oUviouiiy
ze!o.
co n se q u e n tl y,
eis- is.
i t may be seen that "trthe
naxlr num shear
s t r e s s o c cu rs w h e re th e b " :9- 11_9
s i:s ,".o
that tbe_maxinum berding stress occuls
- s- t]!e6 where the"nd,'
.onuer
sely,
shea!
stress
zero.
I t i s th e re fo re u sual to conaider the bending and sheaisr
st r e s s e s
se p a _ ra te l y a n d enaur e that they ar e tels
than th e
respective
a l Io w a b Ie
stre s.ses,
At any intLr .eaiate
poini
between the neulral axis and th_e.outer edg'e ine-coriiinea
etfect
o f t h e s h ea ! stre a E a l l d th r

but thi s r equ

ri e! ; i ;;" rd s:":i' lrt rl'.'r?""ii?l j:
of the next l ecture.

":t

";r"".'"r,i::3i

For eonvenience the results_.o-btained fron the above equatton

may
be compared to the average shear stress obtainect irornI

^,,

For sone commongectionE thrs

\
l(

r elatlonghip

ctrcular section

t'^n

n".tans,-,rat

I tav

{
Lrhin tube

""ction

Shear streEE dist!ibution

isr

Z7x

in sone exanple sections

i
I
I
I

l-

C o n t a c t o! H e rtzi a n S tre sses

W h e n t w o e l a sti c

bodies

exrer-n
a-rr y appr ied r

ii3"i'.3;;::::

r"#:i.:::*':l:'":i
il
a n d d e f o r ma ti o n
o f "ia,
th e sur .face - occur E.
Even though the
externally
a p p l i e d fo rce may-be quite sm all, the consequential
ma y.n e ve rrheless be quir e high owing to ihe ver y
:s:n: la?r":l _ :a! r. :g:"_a
" so t
.q o n ra cl ^ F u r ther , these str esses ar e ver y local i i
n a t u r e , s i n ce th e e ffe cti ve ar ea over which the for ce i! diffused
r . n c r e a s e s ra p i d l y w i th j .n cr ease beneath the sur face,
r ' n e c r a s s r ca l
so L u ti o n fo r point contact under Ioad is
H e r t z a n d fo r th i s re a so n tha st.r esses ar e ott!n ieier r ea due to
to as

""""'*r".lLli"-:"::""'%

:e\et's of

-ns^t

'l'ti*)

Stress Conceniration

The effect of a sudden change in Bection due to a sharp corner,

a
h o le o r- _ a k ey ,w ay , i .s to c j u s e a lo c a l in c r e i" " - o i- " . . " " " .
r
n.
exa ct e .ffe c t dependsupon the s h a p e a n d a j. m e n s io n s - o f ' t n "
"""
a nd i s ex pres E ed in t e in s o f a s t r e s J c o n c e n t"r"at trio
n
:! al-ctor
i ^ " ^. " _" .

$\tess
6r c e . 't ro h t o a

K!

n4ximun local ised

lncbr'
I t i s g e n e ra l l y ve l y d i ffi cu lt
to calculate,
s E r e g s c o nce n tra ti -o n fa cto r and so m ost ilata
(u su a L l y U y pnoto- etasticitv) .experinantally
reference books on stress -and strain formuiie
on a wide variety of stress concentrations but
a l e a s f o l l o w s.

theor etically.
the
has been o b tai ne d
There are standard
which contain data
the most important

{a} cir cu la r

hole

Hole s i n both flat

anal circul, a r
bats can
p ro b le rh s d e p e n d ing
on th e type of loading
ie t e n s io n ,
b e n d-c
inagu s eo ; t ; ; ; i" n .
T he
exa ct
st!ess
concentration_
factor
will
if s o a " p ln a
o
n
t ne
r e la ti ve
dimensions of the h o le a n d b a r-

Kt', 6 ,^ ^ t
6" " -

(o

P
".* ":.i -i

(t^.,- c")h

1r
l1

I
.

(b) Fi l Ie t

srd codirE,bi
F6d Ii a4
Firirhtdrh Ptr4 qrh. Tturn*

ut l.4di.. or I
ri..

radi us

gli"q ii.i I . componenrEdo n_ot normally have a uniforn diameter

lro m o n e e nd to the other.
a c h a n g e in s e c t io n - a - s n a r p c o r n er
_At
w ou ld in tro duc e an i ntol erab
le
c o n c e n t r a t io n
ic h c o u ld
lea d to fai l ure bv fati due,. . T
- shter epsri o b le n is - ie - s t e nwn
e
a
Uy t f r e
intlo d u crio n of a -fi l Iet- r-a diu s t o ' Ut e n a - - o r ls
m
o o t h ly
-*i
into the next.
Ever a f iI let ,Jir"
" . ; ii;'i""
,
fi"'g
li,=""
ao
stl e ss. co n c entrati on, how ev e r t h is wilI UJ
" I e s s "or"
than
vith th e shal p c orner.
" o . J ijJ r " Uiv

( c ) K e y w a ys a n d sp l i n e s
j.s the keyway or
A n o t h e r f ea tu re w h i ch n e e ds ca!eful
attention
s p l i n e i n a sh a ft su b j e ct to tor sion.
The str e6s co ncent r at ion
factoi variea fron between 2 and 4 depending on the depth of lhe
ke!'!,ay.

( d ) G e a r te e th
T h e s t r e a s d i stri b u ti o n
i n a laaded gear taath iB a cor nple x
problen.
fhere i8 a Btresa concentration
at the poj.nt of maling
o f l h e t w o te e th d u e l o th e contact str esses and a fur ther str ess
co n c e n t ! a t 1 o n a t th e ro o t fillets
of a tooth, the tatter
being
t h e n o r e a e ri o u s.

(e) screw threads

A c o n n o n ca u se o f ma ch i n e l y or plant br eakdown ls the fatigue
fa i l u r e
o f b o l ts o r E l u d a due p!incipally
to the high str ess
concentration
at the loot of the thread.
For situationE where a
b o l t l s t o b e h i g h l y stre ssed then Epecial designs of bolt hav e
b e e n p r o d u q e i l to l e l i e ve
the high str eaE concenlr ation
of th e
normal bolt.

(f)

Str ess- iel

ieving

holes

and g ro o v e s

A surprising
fe a tu re o f stress concedt!atj.on
is thaE a s].ng]e
discontinuity
i s n o l e se ri o u s. than closely spaced m uiir pte str ess
ra i s e r s - o f . th e _ sa n e p ro p o rtj -ons.
Thij h;s leen eiplainea
in
t e r m s o f t he " fIo w o f f o rce ', thtough the
Although
nultiple
,,f Iow,, thele
no tch e s sa u se a d i s tur bance
in "or
thepon"nt.
is a
s n o o t h e ! t r an si ti o n
a n d stre ar dlining than with a single
4o!cn.
/-"-'.,/."

A s t l e s s r e Ii e vi n g groov e i s a ls o u s e f u l wh e n p la c e d a d ja c e n t
to
a s h o u l d e r w h e re i t i s not p o s s ib le t o in c d r p o / g ie i
t iir e i
rad i u s o f s u l ta b l e proportions.
.

f7.

get<;/'ol4

S t r e s s C o n ce n tra ti o n a n d p l a sticity

tr at i on e ff e ct so far described lel ates to

1l:-.".t1.-1"_
-:",n-cen
-.he n . ac o m p o n e n t is lo a d e d
t- 1 " _
s
onIy
,
W
so that the
:p1:,:
-u.,1-pr
- " _ st-r1"i
e
peaK
e aK stlesses
stle sse
exceei
exceeC
the elastic
the
elasti c
lin it
tinir
ie enr.er
i"
ie
e n t e r iih e h : . l. i^

ffi:k."^::"_"-"::,,:::""9a:j-".
"t::!i: _Liii. s
:f:^ : _. " : ^ 1?? l l r n s . t 5 t 8t i c . f t ov c_ a u se

tne. ptastic
astic ian!!
lanse
-. -_ ^
",t"i
r " a i" tl1 1 ii.o n
o f th e

" e""";iyi"iai.e in the

roaaineiire
::::::^l:.11+{._-Ii'lroei:1.:'
carchup ana e:ncompisJ

iir!J!

::l!:::::-y^'--It_rend
c o n c e n !t r a rt iLoonn.,i
.,ire
reaa. .

In D ractice. ther afole, "rlJt'ii"*iii3

jt has been found
t h a t E !f o r d uctl
Eoa
ud (i
{ite
Ie
te
r te
reri a l s-th
s ethe str ess concentr
ma
.c' n"lni;";i:"
ation
does not
- - - ;;i;1"
- ^sta
tj
.c
^^" iiar
stre
n
g
th
"ir
""J
o
f
r
be
comfoneni,
Br
ittle
m
ater
::9y.:.!l
:
alss
o
r
n
o
.
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
f o r. p la sti6 a " io ;." tio i- " n a th e r e fo r e
fi
:.
_li!
!
1"
ln e s t l e s s co n ce n tra ti o n i s maintained upto fr actu!e.
Th u s - i t - l r o u l d
a p p e a ! th a t stress concentr ation does not pr e6ent
t o s e l r o u - s a p ro b l e n i n se rvi ce.
Holr eve!, tneie ai. Er 4/onaln
aspects of nate!iaI
behaviour in ,^,hich
."n"*t
piiys
a m ajor part i n c a u s i n s f a i r u r e .
r h e"tr""i
;;- ;;; iliiliJa n a"tiorru r ittr e

f racture (norch brittr6 reacrion

;-';;;;iiy-;,liiiie'
materiar I
In bot h c as e s a c r a c k c a n b e i n itia"fte d a t s ti6 s - f- e ir T is
b e lo w th e
ela s t i c
l i m it
i e b e fo re a ny 6tr ess
"
concentlation
has been
reli e v e d .

rO

UNIVESRITY OF WOLVERHAMPTON
SCHOOLOF CONSTRUCTION.ENGINEERINGAND TECHNOLOGY
B Sc COMPUTSRAIDED PRODUCTDESIGN

TUTORIAL SHEET

I)

What' type of stresses ale present in the fot lowinq products

- a n d w h i ch i s th e mo st. significant
?
(D

(c
(d

2J

SIRESS ANALYSIS.

a plyh'ood topped table Ari^[ L-^aL"1 -r--t"":;

a conventional
ironinq board l-^.1it.i{;-jl
s\<^r
-.>Itets
a ladder b""cl.r "sitr]
an electlic
m&or shaft
T".si"^-[
S\*r
at-..e >
c!."a')
a ball bearing Cont<t

j o i st n 'hele witl t.he m aximum bending str es s

I n a fl o o r
occur ? Where will the maxinum shear stress occur ;
H e n ce w h e re i s th e b est place to dr ill
a hole thr ouqh the
j o i s t ? a t th e ce n tre o! near the edge ?
If
a V n o tch i s
to be cut
in
the top of the iois l w h e re a b o u ts sh o u l d th i s be placed for least- effect
?

which ra'ouId be nore significant,

s h a f t o r a fl a w a t th e sur face ?

a flavJ at the centr e of a

4l

Ex p l a i n w h y_ th e stre E s concentr ation in an engine

head stud is rnole important than the bolts in a
s i t e cra n e .

5)

Exp l ai n s t V enapt's pr j. n c ip le , , a lr a j. 1 1 lle " . ^ r e

cylinde r
biildinq

t\e- s\:resse

l+*:::
sp'Lent i: loU,, t,'tu"t a.t: oJ":t^..t
. ( q*seoI b1 s<.^'.gtr\ z?,,v^Jle"rlLJ
,
J1,.t* th^"Q thL y,,ftx ,L.,",.," "{ +1, r-,,.. 11.te,
ll.. tlo")5 . r. ao1,,
,16)

what are the"advantages and disadvantages

e l e me n t stre ss a n a l ysi s nethod ?

is k.

tl'"

deter*^-ti"n

.,1

9".,;-i

a^1,

of

-L.t
the

f in it e

hrfrrLr"-"^r,

in

obj
o^d sJr\(-s
'"".|^*U
^".|.^;"!tr cL1".c
"""v1.. o[ hc.r \,*3q". ,.[tr
FEA

tr^ ';C;,"";:
h".kl.
,t"t" tr"

co-llrn tlrle*,

tLr /.t "lrA,+"

/ *,o.r' i"r:u:,
"rr,i'.'

out of 5 mm thick aluminiun plate and i r

3 0 kN.
W hat must the width of the ba!
if
th e ma xi n q n a l l o w able str ess in the aluminiur n m ust not
exceed 50 MN/m! ?
100 nlrr

Ans

A chai! Ieg nust carry a begding moment of 200 N n and a

bending stress
of 50 l"lN/n" must not be exceeded.
A
rectangula!
se cti o n o f deplh 40 m m is to be uaed so wna c
nust be the bleadth to satisfy this requirement ?
Ans

15 mm

A s o cke t se t b l a ce i s intended to car r y a tor que of I00 N m

and to be Sade of a s!ee1 lrith a maximun allowable
stless
of
3 0 0 U N /mz.
C a l cu late a suitable dianete! of bar fr om
which to rnake the brace.
AnE

1 5 mn

A plastic
rectangular
shape with
_94tru sion is of solid
dinensiona - 25 rnn breadlh and 30 nn depth,
what is
the
maximum shear force that nay be applied if the longitudinal
s h e a r stre ss i s n o t to exceed 30 MN/n' ?

An s

15 k N

-i'=

tr*AtY
----'

,/

, ! / L LI

/'
Vl)

i<o
ot5\toC)t<1" -J lorrd= --::t.r;;';": ;:::t:

' > -t

A d i y e l e ctri c d ri l l m otbr Bhaft br eaks in ser vice

and a n
investigatign
reveals
that
it ha6 been made frorn a low
d u c t i L i ty
n a te ri a l
a nd designed without r efer ence to the
stress concentralion of a keyway.
The design snear stress
used was 95 MN,h' and.the known maxinrnn shear atres for the
material
is 240 MN,/h",
Hence, what nust have been the
stless concentration factor of the kel'way ?
r
.c.F= a4o Y- L
A n s 2 .5

\(:2"

A plate
of
6teel 100 nn width and 5 nn
circula!
hole of 25 nm dianeler in the
stress
concentration factor due to a hole
reference
chart
to be 2.4 then calculate
that
can be carried if the tensil.e stress
16 5 !,lN.h' '
An s

2 5 .7 8 kN

7" q =_

t_61;19
;;15^o-*

C
_ _ > t j. 1 + . | d lz " r

thickness
has a
centre.
If
the
is found ft:on a
the rnaximun load
is not to exceed

{...iu

.r'' tL-g

o,ie^tot

a.,e - cn[(...1- {,1.-

(.Hdj,*rs-|ii;#
d "ffi { :"*.t?H#l*A;t.,
v
zJJ*;t-.

""f

,g^

"J""""f

of a qenera l

A nalysis

- I
\

t wo -d ime n s io n a l

-r

svsteft- r^4 resb

st!esd

T h e d i a g ra mma ti c w a y o f showing the r nost genet.aL case of a tw o

d i m e n si o n a l stre ss syste m is as shoeJnin fig ( a) .

,_1

._lf---lr+6r
rt

lo"
I f w e r o ta te th ro u g h a n y angle e' then l{ e sha} 1 find a new se t of
p l a n e 6 a n d w e w i l l fi n d that the st!esses on these planes ar e now
d i f f e r e n t.
and shear 5tless
It

o n anY plane

m a y b e sh o w n h a th e ma tically

that

the new str esses ar e give n by

+ T si.h?

n",o'", i',
o,(,,.rP"rp".I."l.
rhe'i^/i;;
The maxinui --"^l-;;7)-"",7J
u^'I
not^"L 3tresze"'
Y' .^ .p\.^".,
.P!crhe.,o(\dct'l:
f
/
e
a
c
h
,
-i;**'
pr
l.
n
c
ip
a
l
p
t
a
n
e
s
a ' ; H,' J *
p rin ci pat
s tres s es and

ror

"rt"

_r-.,.\ +r

^"'1

shcfttz : ("r7.>.rr.

' t"*' ti

I f , a s w e co n ti n u e ch a nging the angle e, the str esses a!e al s o ?.r a.

c h a n g i n g th e n w h a t w e a le nor m ally inter ested in,is the r oax i m um
v a l u e o f stl e ss th a t tl i g ht be pr esent and som etimes the plane ( or
The mather natical analysis gives tw o
a n g l e ) a t w h i ch i t o ccu rs,
( this is because it is based on the
a n s w e rs fo r th e stl e sse s
One of the answers i E
c a l c u l u s me th o d fo r ma xim a and niniIlla) .
t h e l a r g e st sl re ss p re sent ( ie the m aximuln) and the other is the
s l l l a l l e st sl re ss p re se n t ( ie the m iniqum) ., These ar e r efer r e- d to \
stresEes. tYl a' ,qiuan !|anlatr 3ttu4.'r!,,
as !h. p4!gj!e]
zb^.nA
futt'.n'Io.
,
Orier\b lon {x\51: :[.r trV,<]t e\\ the 3\.6,/ 3&.4 c.6nfuFua5 o\av zz{o.^ fi.
ttL.
'
"".*ts
r ha
n' in ^ i r:l
.+ y a s 6 e s
ale

gi ven

by:-

'

b r' c t l.

\--l\/.'

c\tsa.ral,ve\r

6r

-r

o\

One-

_ XeXoAY

-Q

Pr"L0er":

t
rJ^a
I

f,aJ-ad-

o-

5i'"','1tl

ol

LJ iL

et<t^qg

elene"t

^""1,^;,^L
("J'.

J-3"
tl"

{",.-9-t

is

t\",e "q

inten^!- 3trcss.s
",,51

zC"y') \:

't anL94z
"-7-..|-

w""r.

T h e a n g l e s a t rrh i ch the ptincipal

c a l c u l a te d fro m th e fo rmul a:

str esses

(o-or)
7

occu!

----e:W

\a

cqn

be

I h i s f ol mu l a g i ve s a n a ngle fr om the inj.tial

inciPal
anes o
which
f c n tthe
n e pr
lan
e.
on
n wn
Tlne
he p
n ew
ne
L' p
P rrn
c rP a r
P lranes
PIa
ne.

datum axiE to the

act a!e
sstr
E re
esses
r
p
rin
c
iDa
l
p
la
n
g
s
.
It
al s o
pr e d ictabty
to a s t h e
referred
(
cor
r
esponding
planes
to
the
th'o
h a p p e n s th a t th e tw o P l i ncipal
( ib
per pindicular
t
90o to
ie alwjys
always at
p l a n e s) a l e i a
l wl r.'
ayj
ays peipindicuLar
p
o r i .ni cr ci oi pala l g
Pr
Plr,ncrpar
each othe! ) .
An o t h e r cu rl o u s fa q t i s that ther e
a c t i n g o n a p ri n ci p a l p l a ne, so this
i d e n t i f y i n g p ri n ci P a l s tresses.

is never any thear stres s

fact is som etines usef,ul i n

Shear StresEea and Shear Planes

r nater ials fall du e to
I t h a s b e e n a b se rve d th at some netallic
for
these
mater ials we ar e
s h e a r ra th e r th a n te n si o n and hence
par ticular
the
var
lea
and
ln
t n t e r e s te d i n h o w th e shear Etr esE
posslbl
y
may
occu!
and
also
that
m a x i n u r n va l u e o f sh e a r 9tless
(o
r
occur
s.
o
n
which
it
angle)
the plane

,dv4'.

The

( da - tr :) a + 4 "1 e
bul if
usefu I

th e p ri n ci p a l
^r-

str egaes

have alr eady

been found the n a

(d, - 6.r)

f h e p l a n e s o maxLnum
shear glre gse

(le

the

p la n e g on whlch the naximurn

pl a n e s ar e a I r eadv known tHen it is nuc h

t
q u i c k e r to u E e th e fa ct that the r nax shear plane ar e aIwayE at
, i 5 o t o th e p ri n q i p a l p l a nes.
Bu t if

g=9 p :4 5

WOLVERHAMPTON
POLYTECHNIC
SCHOOLOF CONSTRUCTION,INGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

B Sc COMPUTERAIDED PRODUCrDESIGN

TUTORIAI SHEET

-/,,

z9\\l -tt'

,/"

PRINCIPAL STRESSES

Explaj.n what is meant by the ter n "pr incipat

str esses i ,
why are maximum sheai stlesse6 also
impor tant. for
som e
materials

A p i e ce o f ma te ri a l has the str esses shor .,napplied

to
i t . h a s_ a . cra ck a t an angle of 35o as
v a t u e o t th e stre ss tending to open out the
"io*n."- - iina
cr ack,

6e--6.1Co:'b+6","s;*e+Ts:"zal
di

_l-

,*

the

poritive

s tye55 G tnsioh

heddttve-

'3 tr..49

(S Canftz<sta,

, $o utJ^z 6irn-

"'

7:lll-'3

+#.1 45npl-z
A ^5 rosebr'1Nl-z

lull",^. t
6,t
-u

Glt?i-jjrr,\2.r5-4tt6
t2aai)
L a
o
:,
A fa b ri ca ti o n
i s to be nade by cutting out - atslape fr om a
s h e e t o f ste e l th a t h as pr evioul1y been- welded iocliher
trom
! w o o rn e r p i e ce s,
If the stless syster n ta be ap;tied is as
s h o w n i n rh e d i a g ra m deter m ine the value of tir e iir eii
str es s
t e n di n g to sh e a r th e weld.

fr
tl
lt,

d)_._
--- rt
\

"r

A.s

+ 2 9 . 9 9 i ,1 i Jj r.a

ll""-"""-

ll

l^a

"-

bO }1N 164

lso ut-"
"

ttru/^z

J 4 ) l o " t h e ti Jo -d i me n si .o n al str ess systems shown below, deter r ni ne

firstly
b y ca l cu l a ti o n
and then by use of M ohr r s ci.c1e
the
following
:( a ) T h e p rl n cl p a l

stre ss es.

( b ) T h e p o si tl o n

o f th e pr lncipal

planes

( c ) T h e va l u e o f th e l l a xim um shear str esses.

( d ) f h e p o sl tl o n

o f th e planes of maxfunuoshear .

T h e a n g L e s o f th e p l a n e s should be gj.ven r elatlve

(t)

A)
,t'

( t i)

7'Hrl''z

t f------l
..-'llt*
L_t

1-

to the x ax i s .

45 ntr/"

fl

,s_

, ^

" ^,t^'

l3o M l.a
^J

45 F "JJ-"
(i

(rii)

''-'llr*

,t

6ortul^z

l.*

tf--f

- ' l l t| *

')

.....*
IT__-lt-

9onvl'r
4o nl /'z

I tt1l.r/^z

' 5 6 . HNJ ^ !

{ ,o" H ri ldl

An s ( 1 )
+

o (
t e n s lle )
-q.'
? 1. 6
16 1 . 6 " ( c o m p r e s s lv e ) - t lc -

90 MN /n? at
50 MN /nl at

? 5M N /r nAZr r .l lrf f io. 6"

8-, 7p_. (>

'"r -eo.bg6"!{r"}o' 't ' ot 4"'

oz.r+ltNzJ
3 2 .4 l l N / n l

a t 170.8o- ( com pr esslve)

125.8- and 215,80

+ 4 7 .4 MN /n rz a t

67,5" ( lensile)
9 6 .6 MN /m2 a t
1 6 .6 H N /n 2 a t 157,5o ( conpr essive)
5 6 ,6 tl N /n 2 a t 112.50 and 202.5c

( i v)

1 2 0 .4 tl N /n 2 a t
9 9 . 4 MN /o ? a t
1 0 9 ,9 MN i /n z a t

164.60( tensile)
J4.6"( conr pr essive)
29,6' and 119.60

A co n p o n e n t.i s su b j ectd
to the sCr ess system shown.
w hat
1 s. l n e
p e rmissable value for .S.^ if
gr eater
the
xrmu
p r ln crp a l -h astre
ssn i s not to exceed 100 M N,/nz?

.<_

1T---l

_ il

;,..._
_s
tl
l

L_---J

Mirlhl

.+'4o

t| 50

r^ll,r\1

Ans

+89. 3 UN,/nz

(a)

Deteflnine the lalge8t value of Fhear Btres6 that caD be

applied
to th e str eEg systen 6ho$n in the aiaer E;
it
th e g re a te r p ri n cipal str eEs nuet not exceed 126 M N /M Z .

(b)

What wll]
sl re g a ?

( c)

What will then be the value rnaximun shea! stresaeg

a n y p l a n e w i th i n the str ess Byeten ?

then be the velue of

the

other

plj.ncipal
on

r-l

--ll-lt*7sn
?
l-------J

_ ,

r;-;,

Ans (a )
(b )
(c)

?0

Dravr the

se.z r.rNTnl

90 MN/n: ( conpre sBive )

+1 0 5 MN /n z
Etresa

! oJ,r.ow].ng -Iogcllng

(a)

(c)

a te n B l l e

dj.agram for

shaft

subjected

l o a d and e tor sue

trv

It

an axlal thrust, a Uenaingrnqn?tlfiu

"""

"

rotno"

to

the

Is it

p o ssi b l e to state without

(i )
(i i )

for

the stresE systems shown

i--lL_j
t

t-

?sh!l*

fl-1,.
._Tf--l __:s""r.'

4 5|a.,l-t

Je)

what ale

th e p ri .n ci pal str esses

th e n a xi ml r n shear sEr esses

AnE ( 1)

calqulation

l s , l 5 , * t s l , r n 7 .2

I--l--ls''r"l-l
ll

I
-

l-l

45H r^a

|156y|-e

( ir )

No

(rli)

iI 5 , -4 5 ,

+ 4 5 MN / m .

A s h a fl i s su b Je ct to a tongitqdinal
thr us! which pr odr ices a
c o m p l e sE i ve stre E s o f 100 M N/m z.
giv es
,An applied tor iue
'prin;ipat
lise
to a shear stress of 55 lttt,/mz.
find
the
s t r e sse s a n d th e p l a n es on which they act.

An s 124.33 MN ,/ml c o m p r e s B iv ea t . 1 1 3 . 8 5 0
24.33 MN /m. ten s ile
at 23,86c

Examplesof twodimensionalstresssystems
Intemaloressure
in a thincvlinder

-ry/

Tension

Compression

14"*,1^

Torsion

_f FE +
loP
Combined
Loadino
egtgnsionnd torsion

-[]-

middle

bottom

t-

C"w.bit.ol-,

Stre-"s ?
t Xy= she'.'
/

g0roe

Stress

P"i'*i^1(l

In tl^e X d.,ier-tion ej
o'ctlr\'l on o! 5uy{ae hoy"ot
<J

to

thc

o'

$ stie!!a5 -_-+ g sttassz !:....- ! st454

__> | tr"4le 3lt ss5
\-,
Tt y =Tyx
1 z..= L xz
LzY - - tfz

Mohr'g ei"c[u :

Jrr

rN)

-r)

9g {i","

Q- ?oints oo

Ptl{:,
2) o.(i"c
! aris
T Verticol
_

0f
P2Il6
. vii/

y")I e t l
"Ie
4l)(

H"tit-',ro"[

-3) ptot pointl in JY''fht

*6^o.r= &9 Pniip-l

slr.95

fr,ylz- ,"*or" "{ en

t oS ll'a ttor cl

s44) - E(ati.
-, r(J

Li"",t fu^ {<".i0ei.gt

!*Jh43t F,^cf"[

'-;\'ea5,.,

PrincipalStressfor theCaseofPlaneStress

Page1 of2

Principal Directions, Principal Stress

The normal stresses(6x, and oy,) and the shear stress (rx,y,)vary smoothly\,,rithrespect
ta the rotatign angle 0, in accordancewith the coordinatetransformationquations.
There exlst a caupleof particularangleswhere the stressestake on speclalvalues.
First/ there exlsts an angle ep where the shear stress rxy, becomeszero. That angle is
found by setting rx,y,to zero in the above shear transformationequation and solvingfor
(set equal to e/. The result ls,

,'u,|r. = '"o
Theangleepdeflnesthe pflnclpaldlrectlanswhercth. only stfessesare normEl
stresses.Thesestressesare calledpnhclpalstressesand are foundfrom the original
stresses(expressed
In the x,y,z directions)via,
6x+6y

ot,z= ---i--

Thetransformation
to the Drincloal
dlrectionscanbe illustratedas:

L3-ll,Lllt
,'-t1ll ,
'--

ll
'

-,'=*

q.

' l*

StrssesIn glven
oordlr|ab svstem

:-- I \

,\r_a
\,

PrlrclDalstresses

MaximumSharStresgDirection
Another important angle, 0s, is where the maxlmum shear stress occurs.Thls is found
by finding the maximum of the shear stress transformationequation, and solving for 6.
The result is.

http://www.efunda.com/formulae/solid*mechanics/mat_mechanicVplaDe-stessjrinclpal,c,..
3/312007

Principal Stressfor the CaseofPlane Strcss

Page2of2

tuzes:-oJ:2

zNq

+As =AP+4f
Themaximumshearstressls equalto one-halfthe dlfferencebetweenthe two princlpal
svesses,

Thetransformatlon
to the maxlmumshearstressdlrectloncanbe lllustratedast

ef

_b.

c nng

gP*45"

"T

-lFfl-:
Strllscs In glvrn
ffil{lrEE systcm

Maxlrumshcrrstrcss

http;//wwwefunda,con/formula,/solid_mechanics/mat_mechanicVplane_stosslrincipat.c...
3/32007

THEORIES OF EI,AS?IC FAlLIJRE

Intr od u ction
We h a ve seen that
rha w

h ah :wo

in:

\,{hen na t e ria l. s
liFAAr

h: F h A r

a re

'r ^ l - .

lo a d e d

+h a

in

a l : . +i -

s imp le

t e n si o n

li-

!,rha! happens when tle I o;d-*

poj.nE r.t chere is one).
i?:t'.::::
f u r t h e r d e p e n d s o n w h e th e r the m ater ial is ductile or br ittle.
ma te ri a l s,
Ductile
a t Ieast under static
Ioading,
shor .r lar ge
a m o u n t s o f p ]_ a se i c d e fo rnation
befor e fallur e
eg necking of
tensile
te stp i e ce s.
Ob s e!vation seem s to suggest that failur e
o c c u r s a1 o n 9 p l a n e s a t 4 5 e to the dilection of the load and he nc e
i t a p p e ars th a t sh e a r str esses cause the failur e.
Br ittl e
m a t e r i a l s, h o w e ve r d i sp l a y ver y 1ittle plastic defor mation befor e
failure
o ccu rs a n d th e fractur e
occur s on planes at 9Oo to the
direction
o f th e Io a d th us suggesting that pr incipal
str css es
c a u s e t h e fa i l u re '
D uitl\e + s\e' l "' ' - t" '
BYittl'e' .-- priu c,p']l sLrz$5e4'
W h e n d e si g n i n g co mp o n e n ts in Eim ple tension the allowable tens i Le
s t r e s s c o me s d i re ctl y
fro m m easur ements dur idg a tensile test on
a n d th u s this
t h e m a t e ri a l
can be used f,or low dr .!i.i Ii+w
mate!ials.
S i mi l a !1 y,
fo! ductile
m ar er ials.
Ctr " Ji,J"i!^r i' "" i
c a n b e de rj .V e d , i n p ri n ci ple,
fr on a shea! test atthough i n
practj.ce
half
th e tb n si l e
str ength
is often used.
W hen
designing
co tn p o n e n ts su bjected to 2D or 3D str ess systems !,.e
w o u l d l i ke a w a y o f co mp a ring the sever ity of the combined effec t
o f t h e s e ve !a 1 st!e sse s with that of simple tension because i t
w o u l d b e e xtre me l y e xp e n sive to ca!r y out a mate!i.al te6t for
e v e r y p o ssi b l e co mb i n a ti o n of 2D ot 3D str esses.
Yi .e 1 d o r fa i l u re

c!i te ri a

A y i e l d or fa i l u l e
cri te ri o n
is a theor etical
for mula, which c an
o n l y b e ve !i fi e d
b y co rn p a !ison with expe!im ental r esults obtained
f l o m 3 D a tre ss te sts.
It should be Eehehber ed that yield or
failure
th e o !i e s
re fe r to the change fr on elastic
to' plastic
conditions,
w h i ch i s w h a t we would nor r nally consider as fai,lu! e,
r a t h e r t h a n o u tl i g h t
fra ctur e of a componen!.
A I t h o u g h a n u n b e r o f th e o r ies have been developed over the pas t
c e D t u ! y o! so w e 1 {i 1 1 o n l y consider those which have pr oved to be
!eliable
a n d a re cu rre n tl y
in conm on use.
The theolies
are
e x p r e s s e d i n te rms o f th e pr incipal str esses.
Yi e l d

o r fa i l u re

th e o ri e s

for ductile

nater ials

MaximuF Shear Stress Theoly (Tresca) t'ft ts cbnic.vc,r''ve a. ee\ b

^PPl1
Ye-Uevdnt lo drttile t-ral9
T h i s t h e o ry sta te s th a t failur e
will occur in a conplex str e s s
s i t u a t i o n w h e n th e a b so l u te r naxinum shear str ess becones equal to
t h e a b s o lu te sh e a r stre ss at the elastic lihit
point in a sim pl e
tensile
te st.
It i s o ften known as Tlesca' s theor y after t he
French 9F9rtl!e9.It_-Fe
nr i Tresca (I814-I885).

C.r( q> q-)ot

lr
g5e

(r

L;k*

wsu,A4 tk

\.tf l \r
dl{o "s
"qth
l) - 4

o.

('n Y\orn

5;6q:5
o.;-A\'*
f

"fug.

{\^:

.[ sL"-- st""^'1t1"ok kiltl"

\*L:
';llir-io",,n

",-

r'^6+i*"h s\..^r

V c.,\l.u-

{.,-'

tn,ll._ tenii!'zrest.'

a7'p*:tat" +o clv',' tL. yir!"| (oht *'*

^is
i7"iiJ[ +*U...

t!s4!.StI{t!-!.*giT h e a l t e rn a ti ve
theory,
w h i ch

( von Mises)
is

n a me fo r
the Distor tion.
Ener gy
o fE e n ,..::
^thr ., - r l:or
r h,.r _,-USA, best descr loes
]l
rhe

jil:lilii_=',1:;,.l!=ffi
;l:".'.,,:,t"ii:iii.?.."._
i:!r.
a
cri
tic.ai
;;;;;; ;;;' :i" ma
ili'.";"il: t :?T:liX'.'.?T:'-"reriar.
.''"
**'":ri*,* ;:j 1ii"::,:, :+,""i
i.:fr
i;ii "".i:'ii:"i;air ;

ili'-*i:ilil::xTli:'.*"...T+ii3:ii::!.il.

Ge r !na n - A merican

mathemati
rhe rheoryis e*p."s""a'.1;!iiiti"tiiri'"lvonMises (r ss: - r ss: )."-

(c-"f n(".-qF (n-,i1'. *-Z

t":;:.1;::
t
:;i:'$J'i*
i&,a*+:
i
\
#
::'4;"Q
I )r=

An o t h e r

way of

e xp re ssi n q

i,,es rerrr9cr

=r.,__=+=

AL

LUv

rq ai.
ln ef f ective

-rr)'-_5-rL/
+ (nz
d_cf.)"l/ Z t
(! r- ar-,)
-- .L-,
\ E
I
-/
)
I
vz

a n d t a k e fa i l u re

j'v:!l!:i:'=:t"::*";:i:":"
:i:
:i:
;"Eilrii.::i:
iill,
-"
n"t.".:ui"#l
equi.varent t o *, o-.-p
r
j;
r'.*"
:t, : : 1
to o ccu r vi

ti:. ;
"
"^.jii ]ri
"
:i
p.i i'.i"'.?; r,n'I;,""nn
i'.J
:ifj.nite
=
1
It
l:
i:li
;,;sofr$,are
i*: ":
-.t1'"'."
".1".d.,',
in
.r.r""",t
"o#}t,
3,1"t'in"
"t

il*iirilt"ut"ttd

( Rankine)
T h i s t h e o l y a ssu me s th a t f? i l:::
w _ h e nt h e g re a te st p ri n ci D a

"ra"ri +-rffii

6f { >qjqt

"f

a br ittle

m ater ial

witt

occu r
s.'. .,aru. u"
ihe

-5',iriiiE!iuf|ii:";.:L"
' '*r/ et,.reatp.,....r,! t.,og

(a; o l= qt\

or=J'*--

predicts
fai,ure
li: ::::^"f::i:ii:'::^:' ":?'":"il:.;1"'?.'Hsn

M o h r F a i l u re

T h e o rv

str esses this

e d!i n g fo rm for two pr inciPal
T n i t s s i n .:1
-diifi
ffe
te n siLe and cor ' ;r essj' ve Pr ope!ties
J i - l o "i r o .
fo
rmu
l
a
f
,- 2]D stic) ,"' '
the fotlowing

62l
a- -'

-t

cLc

dr"t

t h e o! y

s. *-4-R

SumnarY
T h e t h e ori e s o f fa i l u !e
fro m e l a sti c
i ; "- ""i t - r ; ;
th
e n a te ri a l .
f,racture of
F o r b r i t t le

r ef er to
to Plastic

ie
fa i lur e
el astic
not
an'
l
condltions
str ess

th e naxir ( r uln pr incipal

n a l e ri a l s

the
the

theor y

is

rniierrat where the;e is a -rna!keddif f e!ence in

iiir"-'l'r" iii ioii
c o n P r e s s i v eP lo Pe r tL e sth e M o h ! fa ilu r e th e o r y shoul d
; ; ; ; I ; -" ; e
be used.

F o r t n o s t o th e r

n a te ri a l s

{ distor tion
the von M ises

ener gy" theor y

to be the most--?6lfiu i e theory but. the( ietresca

i!sa fe)
th e o rv gives the m ogt conser vative
; ; *i ; ;"on+a-.""a
;
simpl
e
a
n
d
a
Pp
tie
l
" " "t o s e t h ei *1 th . its e a silv
i"nh ..t
a t n"itt"
; ; ; ; ii;
iormula,

p ro b a b l y

Borl, ln

,..

&,rh

ln

e xP l a i n s its

t<ngron

widesPr ead use r n lnous!r y'

67|o, 62)o

6 1 1 .6 2
a 6 s\6y

r)'6"t 6s2'6e

Qmlressrbn 61{o,69/.o

3. 1 n fenrt;n,6;;n Anpressb,l
6t)ot6t1o
g <l
**
-ot
1" 61 in (o,"g,es.'on,6t
i, fenson 6t<o
o
,6^rit 6,

)t As i., tl,o a+.^ 4

o[

tl"-

G-pdn?,t5

3\,cs:,

^re

vJ^^. ot bi,ri.l.

z!"-.*

zere.v.r\z^

c.Lt's
o
""-'

"^

t\<- v,-*\gto t\,. to..g .i-\l

-a.J!:i"

"r...,'
'
n

;; #

hov--[ etvassa'g as<o.t,*J

.'l"ze- k-s
*'tl"
9i^ce- {."'.
qt l^"e-> +hre
.*""
.orrq tl,V,
p';^"ig.[
4\u*-s. 6,,e, o^oL . .
il"."

61 , 6 -- pti^"i 9^Q

gL-..$teB

6t =o",,*-^l-tLe^srov,
stvlph
6 c" u-o*l$

A,^?v'+sio^ <;Ewnlt|

,^-"t

<\
f
lt^*
n
Par{icol'r
o'io'tor'"n

ok"r'

.11. sL..-- r.--,'

F;"1*i:*;-,-':5';.
&ye d,gr **gJ
n;".p* t *,_,ti" ,
"

8-r

?D

St'.e:l>

r;-r:.:
,"-,t

UNIVERSITY OF WOIVERHAMPTON
SCHOO], OF CONSTRUCTION, ENGINEERING AND IECHNOLOGY

AIDED PRODUCTDESIGN
B Sc COMPUTER

TUIoRIAL SHEE!

Theolies

of

of
f,ailule
tlhich theory
f ol lovring applications.

fallure

is

the best

one

for

the

the

( a ) a ca g t i ro n su mp cove!
(b) an aluminium washing machine water punP
( c ) a b ra E s fi tti n g
( d ) a ri g i d

for a ship

p o l yca rb o nate telephone casing

( e ) a n yl o D b e a ri n g
(f)

2l

a w o o d e n l ro n i n g

boar d

(a)

of
E :<p l a i n h 'h y, i n gener al design wor k, theor ies
fr on elaEliic to plast i c
fa i l u re a p p l y to the tlansitlon
contlitionE.

(b)

for
elaet i c
of failur e
w h y the theor ies
E xp l a i n
give
quite
predlct
will
fracture
to
ised
coitdltione
natelials but
re a se n a b l e !e su l ts for ver y Igw ductility
very poor results for mole ductile naterials.

conditions
how the theorles of f,ailure for elastic
Explaln
can preillct the fracture shape of a shaft subjected to!( a ) te n si l e
( b ) to rsi o n a l

loading
loading

for both a ductile

and a blittle

material.

T h e +re e
p ri n q i p a l
str esses. in a car
M N /m', -B 5 MN /rn z a n d 30M N/m z.
F i n d th e vo o Mi se s e quivalent str ess.
Ans

com ponent ar e I 70

2 2 1 ,1 9 MN /m'

T h e th re e . p ri n ci p a l
F tr esses r n a cohPonent are known !o be
I 0 5 MN ,/n z, -6 0 MN ,/n z 4nd zer o. fhe elastic
liInit str ess i s
k n o w n to b e 3 2 0 MN ,/mz. Find the safety factor s agains !
y i e l di n g a cco !d j .n g to the Tr esca and von Mises cli telia.
Hint:

F of s

e l astic linit
shea! str ess
Lar gestsmax shear stless
?to

VZo

^N/^1

- -174-

= l. q+

el astic limit stless

von Mises equivalenC str ess

=s"2tcD

Vo^ \aae 9

An s

I.9 4

a n d 2 .2 1 2

A f o l k l i ft
tl u ck h a s hydlaulic r am s that m ay be consider ed
t o b e th i n
walled
cylinder s
subjected
to an inter nal
p r e s su re .
T h e p ri n ci p al stlesses will be given by:

(d

Oi = l g

rrL<.<

dc:o

P= r..r",*.r Po"""- (r..t

l.')

r
. r"-'+i* r-^\
- , - , r .O
nEar"I
d:
C .- wort *uck nosr ( .n)
T h e cyl j .n d e rs a re " ma de fr om st.eeL with a tensile
yield
s t r e s s o f, 3 0 0 MN /n ' a nil have a wall thickne6s of 10 m m and aa i r F .r - r ,.,c
I
d i a me te r o f 4 0 0 n m.
N e g I e cti n g th e ]o ca l str esses at the end of the cylinde!
d e t e r mi n e
th e p re ssur e
r equir ed
to pr oduce yielding
a c c q rd i n g to
6 " --

(b

ZC

4'.

th e ma xi mu mp ri n ci pal str ess theor y

the maximurnEhear stress theory
th e d i sto rti o n
e ner gy theor y

An s {a )

1 5 u N /m2

(b)

15 r ' 1N,/m2

A s u b -a q u a d i vi n g o xy
0 . ? 5 n l o n g i s to b e
f o l n uIa e o f q u e sti o n
a y i e l d stre ss fo r th d
t e n s i o n a n d a sa fe ty
i a ' a l l th i ckn e ss o f th e
e n e r gy a s th e cri te ri c
Ans

(c )

17. 32 MN,h2

ot m e t e r a nd
to^h
0 Illntt
tlt o
) x'
<yg n att 4.0
0 M
MN/ n " .
t he
be t s iuILmer
d to
) plI y ') Assurning
m t e rl
r I o rf
MN/
t/r'n '
9r.!1N
! o
i e 1 tr m
d
nill
t h n e c e ss a ry
u
thh e m -tr1ulnn
a r s t r a ln
NK
k a
! i l ii

lo

4 .3 3 mm

(+

(t 5 )

7qo
,;-{n Pxo ' t 5
kt-

'i

An(^r

in

3t,,e<:

n. l

P {essv re,: A e+:

(t<v\ .r,.0a-3
...,.t"t
-d\L PYrstLc/
tr^',1r.,ti..[
o\I__,
cJr{il{
Jeu"l"f tir^J4t,
dLev,loP

iT,n(.j
,lb!'exv\9\-r'r.
**,r
^#o^r
-$
o4)-'1

rii

:t
>h
ih
ire Ftq,
Fi
. -o,n
r.l l
, O
Yo''ua)-./ o.-J
Jl"*;*.4^^lJ-

pi rt"-porJ

A, _

.-

io"I

I an8eat
-

f
"Y ---

st'elta ?.

-yizvY<e"-pi;l r.

Y^'tt

n .*f

r,

StEe'

pi vi'- Poyo'+vio i ( e"- p,)/t"

"

(o&,!- ae,.r:

ra

{"

= 1,.o.7 itr<3>

TT"

olr.

\tftty

C^fs

I3

t\.

tl'"61-"*

C-anrtart

to

l2re*Su

tz-

d n

"6O",1".J

+1.

"^)'

i: q i"*n t,"

t\'-

* irl/, tL,kn,r: (t);

tL'"

o-

For'

P(&'+t)

i"

-!u, tlo.
to,;1ent t ^!

hnz'r,*^'n
in.'^^[

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ot

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bl(45

i",lxv**[
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one- t-"ni,'"tI

oI

bnstaat '("y,*&^^9-

hJl$;Lle odr;Jz
in

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f+i

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s\rpctes

1\,.

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f rcltQrQ- '

a"+e *",tJ. al. t

6e
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tt^1

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ottgJz '

/16.)

stre-ss

3 D

sf,stPis

Thep*'*"I ,'hr'- vo''fu"z

1 '' "t"1*Q- ?'"Y-b
I

----->6 St"estu*

*\tut"-

'I
y;ril

rl"

9"en1thi or

anJ

^*r-.1,

*tente

'

os l.le

( IPY'"QI
poi. ,1,

/t.//

st'zes d7 .kA

et'-5t{'

/"{,"-l tn e,4i.*,iry
o .,--,;1

brr;* *"

r, a.le/",w
'l(

'Ptro:nL
r"j,"n

pvin lpL

3trcs6.s

6w.**-dr

5i*-6n
5;"-(-

It\o\r's
biaxi-l'

Crt \<*
st'"!3.

i\a$i"*-

princi

Stress Cvitorior

T'resco 3
iv(aX

{r-6 n (

5 tr,^n s t r " s s_- f r

^

6r(e

o
X

)na.?(
f-a ^

j
= Gveakest o+- \Cbr-62)/2
-

Lb,f-tu)
122(6,-6')la = (6,-62)/2

I
Von {tlrse<
f
/'t
f
=oeft
= ov|)Ew
t

u V m:

#1
u' *
r/.- (

Ahen

ll

tr

&" . GmPonent
n^Q

:":"%

^' r' 12
(6,-6s;^t(6r-6s):+(6o- 4s)^
-') t

lF

dre

{ui\s.rt is o-e^,-i^,"!

a^ul

%ne. ol'

A,.'t"ls onn b"

In

tJ*",*- +L p'"t_og

si,gle lzns,
a- si.gl.
ahoal"
b

-T)" st _il"
!-r.... -il"
f-a..

L."1., 6,c

s\.,.^g,rlen rL

brJh

*.f^Os.

i"

ol"t""*;J.

.A
()_

Cogt i*n

pol*.,ol )W*". is ,n-,- G^pv**J.

BRITTLE

^Z

lncrcas\B

"nintitre^+ihi"atL, i"5tl. llou?,cr

ftL ,'*u,^9
)iJ,,4-J,""
'\o-. o{ oh.'
h a nu^l"r "{ !"*
tn /tr.u.x ate,bions

tersile

of d.

ft

B"\*

t;!"t.
ic.!"rq 6f
o{ ad- \.
soyje& iv
A,,P,n.'t ,bje&
. Co,,,FA..1t
+v

ltn o,
is x\"r

".p^.or*ol iruto DucTrt-E -.u0r,

E r,,o.*p\cr

"[

o\ &gi"^Q tritt\.

&.U\e

-"b06

|*j"J"

;rJ

*'L

s..,.J,c"p[y

,^.to,9-.

r\"

p'i^"ip^0

o_fe

Q*)
t = .^Ja.\\t\i."l<"..".
n

\o'p st"as19 is
'""1"*a!et'"ae c.pp.0.-Li. * dirt"tr'"gerpe'r&c",fu.rt
t[c- vudir>
ol fh. it.^ n- q'r.tt1;on
rr0l"1 *,tln <*rioJls t"'o, a-l

P = \ntci"n^l

6ry= axiot- 3tress

str"t, it ic c! cbhpor"'t
gtiEts te''rg- ln

"o^JH[
of t\.,

c60.."f.;.*[

6h =ho.? 4,tress

toord;'af,e5 '

---_-_-

6"--v*J*J s*"r,

Rootialf St-egr; is^ st "tt

to,^-'*"J.g or ci/.i\ froY't

tf'-

*
exoY
me-^bq{' "*

ce.ur.[

Corte<L

P{e'95t)1v-

C)r'

ajtstJt'

=-P i' i"'i'L"

r
l\l

/
ot = -n

/-)."'--f'-'"<')

-\

',5J9)
t)

g= o
d,t --

"n

u6.=

n)

P x\oo --L5P
-TIt-

r2-.5P

5r-(u

ii) 6vnn
_

<,

25 P
<6 J

)<A+ry_,*?*
( r< to
^P*,

e5 p_o (L5o

r,-u f.te,-r* f*1eo-.*f"

# [t
Jor=e1

)Lbfl.0
9a=6*

( r.

0r / r= -:-

u0-

.L

"
(er^)\G^,"]'
] (6 t - 6 ^ ) +

h =rG
(

UVfi

( t,z ,' 2 1 to 6 + 6 c^

-ednr**6,^\,
y erri"r-:,q
:
\2

72' "ruv.\ = oI
+6a. - oh'6^

=4dA6J,,--.--\/

r^ r bo" =- 36^

"--\'---"r'-v\--\
/r--

--/ z 6;.)
(,6u",
\_._
_,^

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l^o rvre

tt r> ut.!,!-

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be ,s"JoL*,'-^-,
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!-/
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e

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,-- J , t t t : r r V i r o J y o . a r
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st'te
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bot\ $.',v\ bot!'
+tnevr

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lle t nsiJx-, ^f . , t ; L

re"

f<',tron'1 /,*ros, *o".nr"ht-

t
Plare Stressand PlaneStrain
PlareStress
A stateof Plane Stressexistsin a thin objectloadedin fie plane of its.laryesr
dimensions,
I,t the X-Y planebethepianeof analysis.
The non_ierostessesox,oy,
andr,,, lie ir the X-Y plane anddorot vary in the Z dircction,Futher, the stresseso,,
r"y", al,dao are aJIzerc for tiis knd,of geomerryandloading.A thin
beamloadedin
its planeis a good exampleof planestessproblem!.
From the materialresponserelationswe find:

a =-

E (6 )q +o fy)

6,

Plane Sbah
Plane strain occuN in a problem such as a cylindrical roller bearing caged against
axial Eotion and uniformJy loadedin a direction normal to the cyfnariial surface,
Becausethere is no axial motion, therc is no axial strain. Each slice through the

g13rp.9-a.
yi* -. , ._.
:Illd"-t-b:h3y":
li\9 everyotherandtheprobl:+ 991qe.c9lvel.rigl1ty
'
plenar
t
itiibdel:
F_orcertain thick bodies subjectto only in-plane loading and whele nothing vades
along the thickness(z-direction)wo may assumethat plane deformationholis. That
is: u" = 0 and the only non-zerodisplaceDentsdre tk B! ur. We can igducc the
completeset of field equationsof elasticity under the plane defomation assumpuon
just aswe did fo! planestress

oz z =U \ o x x + o v )

HooK's L,n".; i
-- =.2-6
E- '- >Lr.si
*-

Sttd'r n

6= F.L
E

u,

L* o^h
H"^oK's
9''i\
o { r l'."

,/:, |

*1/
,.,'1',-u^n
-Jl

r,[u p-portio^J

*:l;J
9v'e"r^ti"""lX-

a r ^ J" ^ t= E= *

E=lov,Xt:r'uJ,!"s

pnn afaL
o{

gvi".,}"!-

ztto,^rr.:

7fia st i":

%fr"r4542t 4re-

,7ha9 oe?e{' i.

'l-t
ele-" gtvoi'.e
"jI
. Hqtt.o' i[
e!-emznt "fo vierntcrtr'o\a

ru'r\ be- Zero

no.,

el;,<nt-'o.r

gtvaua s ,

Ya^o*,'. c^-g gri**pJ

Atole

thu.

!-or &is

r^)(x- tc, .lg""i-*

ntvJl,t

J
."*,*tA
h."o""f
I'1."$.:*Ti
:
k- t\,- p^r;^.+"io'..'.r
tl^rs
,i*

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oul)-

o;"o''i'

etye-s5 |

61=Ee4 | t,=+p

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6"= o

-f
rt'i'"rt!-

ai**r*!., st'c*s I

'J;l

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lr,-*ffifft:l

6a. 6C ,z tv = e t)
l g " -E e z !-v )+ o e b tte t)
l-vz

6 e =-o

l-v-zv

reg('-'')+ue (t'+ Ez)

=
16"
\-v-zvz

[*

^t

L
t

L l-"t"*

o"

S tttatn

P[o ^ -

pois.ot''s

ro.tio

ghe^y

' Qz ntv^-no-' >

L
L
L
L
|
!

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<&"'ts

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tr *.--.'-----_
>rY o n

L
L

PX*.
a

8b-

t
fz
i -fb r-l '/6 tl

([-

llr,ls lorl

66,-p^-eJ
\a

d*

*.J.!."tq4

i;,- 2

Lfr

/^

16r - + s z

'-

Stwu,cn !

I
=
-'qv
,lr=
o
"l
I /'-

'

41,"* is

lo,rter-".X
3tr<-95.

03= - - =a -,

*rpXont

st'*r

--r-- i (, -:Uz(
eL)

\ ?[ =

na

Its

o"{io.[

s= -l_y63_ uGt-,6rJ

sfru-tut<-

OJ

-.U

e" --;fe , - u".-?6zJ

e4-+16,-ve, -?t6{

3t'.es s i

4p[one-

=-b.Q _.t*__

,J

v(6\\,>

54vu"tvru

!":l

6 nn.'* --

6^-,

Kt"

n o'R tlYe eJ

Kt .<

ffv c^

6 *,* = Kt x 6\a' ,"^

'!.lrr,,'
^
C=-Yl

{'rttt

(0

'7/'l't

/[-i

':-Lrc!/f t

>

,Yart////.|

.'.,n. . J

- Lti (t+.u)

r'E

,-;,.LJttq

/
,.,L'!t

"l'

v,,,,Lt
|

vt
[,,':n

/,'t

Y.L4t()

rffiH"

for

p o i. n t

Loads:

fwr

u,iJ.L

d e f le c t io lr

; deflectloD

c BL3
EI
c

u"
-1"
t:';: Ji,:::i':;: tt:::',:;lu.,ti,

aud hen c e t r , " - r r i i [ ] i ' i i J ' E ":::1 :" -

DLL

th e d e r le ctlo D

e xp r e ssl ol r
]:
ft-nay.
be.seeD
iiJJ'.ili".iri3.:;.;l:"ii:i"o:3;"ffi5l.llf;:;Jii:;,*.

;Lni!;.ij";:i
:i::h.:s"iii,ff
i;,i.,i:"ili:",;:""1:ii::i
It{ateriaL

L[ld stee].
Eigh Strelgth Steel
IbdilE strDgth At alto,
titaDiu!
tragesile

TeDsile
Strngth
(MN-/rF)

NyIo!
Doltrberc
Hi8ir stre4tb
glass flbre
Ca,rbo! flb!
Boro! C@pslte

(an7n:;

Strelgtb
to weight

Sti.lfEess
ro nle1gbt

370

25

ICJJ

4p

auoy
alLoy

Ibdulus of
E!a.sticitv

ZJ

70
Lh

2g

45

156

90

1 .6

16@
14@
13@

25

8@
L?O

I\.b

;i"
;*i:::iril;#"i?
r!Ti:riil:
."il;iittt1;,;p;,.:1;:;;ii'f
:*.
It

llay also

be seeD
t
th a t o ! a stllr r e ss r o we lsbt
rat lo bas l s ; ; " ; - ; ; " ; i i ifroE
"
'
:
:
l
1
P
r
9
bave slnltar vaLues to oDe
anotber.
n"i"i"i, "ili'i.-t"l:."t"t"
e .g . ca lb o ! r ibre
coopos lt e g i " . - " u u l t . i i i i i i r T SiS:it;r ;ite !1 a ls

Load apd len gth

-::::::.
j
j
3i',1";"'"f
oln:"
l;'*1.;1
:iii:ii::il:"';i':":i::.
-i[" -i.fi;:f":l
L3 aDytlitrs tbar "
catr-be dole t"
i
?"l]_.tog
r
ve
wo
lth Ph lle le tu r q s
as f ar a s r t g i d j""au."
.ty i"
'rrt
Ita lvllg

the

load lw o! LLlwit r

h",.^

-"

" " i " "iiEj]

S e c o a d Eo tre n ! o f a re e (I)

l b e l - v a t u e f o r r n e sa o e C-S
I l: T i: i. g
. wt ll r e s u lt
v j t b d u t l D cr e a slls E a,e. A
s
e
lf we lg h t o f
: ; * : : : " i1" 'o t t Y

1D

il
Dl s t r l b u r l a g
th e a va l Ia b l e .C :S:A,. alay
fr ontbe axls of
.I
1
!
cre
a
se
e
_D e n o L D g
va
- s tb
increases
-iirit:'.':"':-1d-:lus

Eowevei, t r.".i

due to iocar 6""rii"!-'iii

"i"

Otber tecbDlques

-\-_41._nJ-

lDclude

tbe rigidlEr.

i:,:":r;l:i,:::
castellated

- =il tr
lr
ll -

il

II
-i-

sectlou"canb6 aradi

bea.Es.

W e l g h t s o f d i ffe re l t

typ es of bea& sa.I.ryiDg

the

sahe load.

r_-,
il +_______J
r-_-l1 l----------

8ox7

8o1?

% of 4e!eria1

8ov?

o/.8

'Izo'"z
ll
A 3Ac.!,?i

4 2. 4

oo_E

P!oblens

I '-! ?o, pu"ca!

n a t t e r r l o ! l s p std r o stle n g th o r rlgl dlty
cause probleis ru otuer piaae!.
!.1o" *l

of bea&s,
i;";"j'i3x3'i"!"."1i::'
poor torslotral

roo o
50 r

resistalce

if

torsiou

to?\19:

1D ole

fl
tl

is p ! e s e ! t .

il

lo o )ric 0

N
\

Wei ght
kg,/n

Ma.x BeDdiDg
Moneut

Torque

crtr

Tube
B o x Se ctl o !
I beaE

I. b"".- qlyes
resl sta! ce to beBding, bur carrles
lf1i
sca rceLy a t/l o of-greatest
'
the r o r q u e a s t u e o in ir s l- - . ,
Cel1u1ar copst ruct lotl
Th,1s lequtres tbe sDal,lest alooult of oaterlal
aDd at the saee
t1!0e ofJers naxlnun stlffness.unae, to"iioori
--r[.
J"rrs
a r e fo rn ed.by thl ns pl a,te o r . t le s a n e ih i" [ o " " ! - ]ila=aiig.
n - i* i" " " r r y
s l z e l brougbout, a Dd t h e s e p t a ie i- a r J - a s s J n ir e a
:i:_
:T9
rn
q].agotraL
or perpeDdlcular arralgemenis Uetweeo
wa1ls.
faraiiet

Tbe- velght-savlEg

s,dvaltages

hollow

constructLoD

9t
have beel
explolted by rhe car body-desiguerybo
,;i;;-;;;-ii
tne wuote
veblcte body sub-frs.lle, itoes ina ,ooi iJ-ii*J-iaJloaas
wbicb
toroerly had to be takin by tne sub_irani ifoo".--fi"
resutt
1s
a large closed tube offerlDg exceptloEal reslsianc!-to
besdlDg
Eld torsloB.
rhe bultdtDs-of tb; ;i;;;
;;e-;;;i;s"
or alrcr&f,t
al,so

depeDdoD the bollow coDstruct lo[-eethod.

goDey co'bllg (snarl
equar.celrs) ls tbe optr'ue

celr structure
apdis.userulcherrocaiised_
:..i.iai-r"iir-iii*it"ii.o"
. *o"r.
s.atL passages are usetut elrcrali
h;;;-;r;ir;;;;:

Ski D sheet is stiffeied

b v a p p lo p ria t e
f o rm d e s ls . n o r
a p p lyibg
curvatj.ve, svagi; g
" *,
o! corrugarj.on
rsee u'e-ro-o
)

,--\_-,/\_-r--\_.,-\--l

DedeetioE at any sectioD in tenlj

oi r:
v js lositive doq:1B. .
Be. E - C

v - 6-E
r GI-')
tEted load P sr et

v z;til3a-x)

tM o <' <d

"-#',o,-"1^,..,.t

"- fifiu4ef-a4
v -,ffi
^ ,tl
n'a

'

eof-rott+ttl.-tsl

A = -il-

2E l

"-fu(!o-s)n,0.,.1
L.ll Ed."
o'---diEi-

,L'i

vffiu'-,'-tt

Risht End.

To th lisht ol load p:

"- ffiLla-a'+d-t),-,,1
\

--;)

v-

h't-,1'\
-!!-E I \r' ' . r
18

-ffi(t!-2t,'+")

"'iHp-$
nrl

At cnt!,ii a>6

. * ,--l

" = ffi a -te t-,t

Frod TlmosheDko, s,, add. I,lacC11I.]ouAh, G. 8., Elenents

of Strelrqth of
r.latcria.t6. 3rd Ed. . Copyrlght L9!9, D. vanNo;ira-ff
6;-I;6;*1nc-etoo,
aev Jergey.
ngu:'e f.l+,16

Surdnaryof SlIlpl-e Bealol,ornula,s

ARC{ 4611561Lectiire 40 BearnDeflection Exampleproblern

PageI of I

Lecture40
ExampleProblem

BeamDeflection
Givtrt
lhe.24'longsimplysuppoJted
beamwith a 2klft loaddistributedoverit's entirelengthanda l6k concentatedload
at themidspan.Thedistributedloadincludestheselfweightofthe W2l x62beam.
E - 29,000ksi
I = 1330in^4
Detrmine:
theactualdeflectionof thebeamandcompareit with anallowabledeflectionof l/360thof thespan(v360).

aha

t2F

Solutiotrl
Theloadingis &combination
ofa distributedloadanda concentated
load.Thdeflectionfor eachofthese
loadingcasesshouldbe foundindependently
andthencombinedto givea totaldeflection.Be carefulwith units
slnccnotall g|vnintbrmation
hasconsistent
unitdesignation.
Firstdetminethedflectionbasedsolelyon thedistributedload.
d elt a

= 5 wL " 4 / 384 E r
= (5 ) ( 2 k i pl ft)
1'24^4tE )(! 2 r n / f t t ^ 3 /
= .3 8 7 i n

\ 3 8 4 ) ( 2 9 , o o o k s i) ( 1 3 3 Oi n ^ 4 )

Secold,dtermine
thedcflectionbasedsolelyon theconcentrated
load:
d elta

= PL ^ 3 /4 8 E r
: ( 1 6 kips ) (24^3ft) l L2i n/t t ) ^ 3 /
= .2 0 5 in

( 4 8 ) ( 2 9 , O O O k s j. )( 1 3 3 O in ^ 4 )

Add thesenvodeflectioDs
to determine
thetotaldeflectior
. 387in + .2 0 6 in = 0.593i .n
compoxe
this kr theallorabledeflection
s p an, / 36 0 = ( 2 4 fLl (L2Ln/ ft! /360 = 0 . 8 in
0 . 593in <0 .8 i n - O K

http://www.uoregon
cdry'^strucvcoursware/46tl461
examplejroblems/exprob-lecture_4
0/46r ... r|o5l2CfJl

-:

-n

ut l

$ ga,r.r63

lr)

l)e+ X eeLto n

Desgyt

nr3i&g

Er+=-,r{
^3
?.y
-o=
- EE

E= y'ouy
T= Sec"nl

-.J./ud

momerft

6"1,

ois*[Lute"L

atro

"f

'/-4
A=tJ

A-bJ

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