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and
Soil Stabilization
i
Third Edition, Revised and Expanded
Reuben H. Karol
Rutgers University
New Brunswick, New Jersey, U.S.A.
EL
Michael D. Meyer
Department of Qvil and Environmental Engineering
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, Georgia
Over a decade has passed since publication of the second edition. During
this time the major changes have been the movement of chemical grouting
from remedial use to preventive use, and the development and growing use
of other methods of ground improvement. Although new grouts have been
developed, silicates and acrylics still dominate the domestic market.
Increasing sophistication in grouting equipment and procedures, as
well as in associated placement techniques, and the growing number of
organizations specifying and using chemical grouts, have resulted in the
broad acceptance of chemical grouting as a bona de construction tool.
The basics of chemical grouting remain largely unchanged and, with
appropriate modications and additions, occupy a major part of this
edition. Over the years of teaching grouting, I have found it desirable to
include information on other accepted procedures for soil modication and
stabilization (as well as some very recent innovations) in sufcient detail to
permit assessment of the place of grouting in the contractors arsenal of eld
procedures. Other ground improvement techniques are now discussed in
much greater detail than in the two previous editions.
This past decade has seen rapidly growing concern for the problems
caused by hazardous wastes. Containment of such wastes will demand more
and more attention in the coming years. Grouting and other procedures can
be used for containment, and the nal chapter of this edition is devoted to
that subject.
The Internet has expanded tremendously since publication of the
second edition, and now contains voluminous data related to methods of
ground modication and improvement. For this reason, the chapter
references now include Internet sites related to the chapter topics. Problems
have been added, where appropriate, so that this edition may also be used
for student instruction.
Reuben H. Karol
In the time since publication of the rst edition, many changes have
occurred involving the materials and practice of chemical grouting. First
and foremost has been the growing acceptance of chemical grouting as a
preventive measure, as well as a remedial measure. Together with this
acceptance has come a signicant increase in the number of small
contractors working with chemical grouts. This positive growth has been
fuelled by a better understanding of the properties and behavior of grouts,
and by a spread of general knowledge of how to exploit those properties.
These are the factors that have prompted the writing of a second edition of
this book. While the original material is still applicable, this edition expands
the various topics presented earlier, and adds new topics that have either
gained in importance or been developed since the publication of the rst
edition.
In Chapter 1, additional information has been given on competitive
methods: compressed air, freezing, and slurry walls. The subsection on
history has been updated and expanded. In Chapter 2, data has been added
to better dene soils for grouting purposes, and in Chapter 3, correlation
between theory and grouting acceptance is discussed.
Chapter 4 has been greatly expanded to include advances in
knowledge of existing grouts, as well as properties of new materials. More
emphasis is given to the silicates, still the major grout in the United States,
Acknowledgments
Contents
Introduction
1.1
General
1.2
Modication and Stabilization
1.3
Soil and Rock Sampling
1.4
Degree of Representation
1.5
Safety Factors
1.6
Permanence
1.7
Failure Criteria
1.8
Summary
1.9
General References
1.10 Problems
2.
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
3.
Compaction
3.1
Density Measurements
3.2
Shallow Compaction
3.3
Deep Compaction
3.4
Deep Dynamic Compaction
3.5
Preloading
3.6
Blasting
3.7
Summary
3.8
References
3.9
Problems
4.
5.
Ground Freezing
5.1
General
5.2
Refrigeration Systems
5.3
Shallow Applications
5.4
Deep Applications
5.5
Permanence
5.6
Summary
5.7
References
5.8
Problems
6.
7.
8.
Biostabilization
8.1
Plantings
8.2
Microbial Stabilization
8.3
Summary
8.4
References
8.5
Problems
9.
10.
Chemical Grouts
10.1 General
10.2 History
10.3 Field Problems Amenable to Grouting
10.4 Grout Properties
10.5 The Ideal Chemical Grout
10.6
10.7
10.8
Summary
References
Problems
11.
12.
Grouting Theory
12.1
Introduction
12.2
Basic Considerations
12.3
Stability of Interface
12.4
Flow Through Soil Voids
12.5
Effect of Pumping Rate on Grout Flow
12.6
Effect of Pumping Pressure on Grout Flow
12.7
Fracturing
12.8
Summary
12.9
References
12.10 Problems
13.
Grouting Technology
13.1
Introduction
13.2
Point Injections
13.3
Injections Along a Grout Hole
13.4
Short Gel Times
13.5
Theory of Short Gel Times
13.6
Factors Related to the Use of Short Gel Times
13.7
Uniform Penetration in Stratied Deposits
13.8
Grout Curtains
13.9
Summary
13.10 References
13.11 Problems
14.
Field Equipment
14.1
Introduction
14.2
The Batch Pumping System
14.3
Two-Tank Single-Pump Systems
14.4
Equal Volume Systems
14.5
14.6
14.7
14.8
14.9
14.10
14.11
14.12
14.13
Metering Systems
Other Chemical Grout Pumps
Components and Materials of Construction
Packers
Grout Pipes
Instrumentation
Summary
References
Problems
15.
16.
17.
Grout
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4
17.5
17.6
17.7
Curtains
Introduction
Selection of Grout
Grout Curtain Patterns
Design of a Grout Curtain
Construction of a Grout Curtain
Rocky Reach Dam
Small Grout Curtains
17.8
17.9
17.10
Summary
References
Problems
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.