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ABSTRACT
Blending of polymers has gained much interest due to the fact that, it can be used to produce new polymeric materials
with specific properties suitable for some special applications. The blends from acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR),
chloroprene rubber (CR) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) has been designed for products working in contact with oils.
The characteristics of the designed blends either binary blends (NBR/PVC or PVC/CR) or ternary blends (NBR/
PVC/CR) were investigated by rheological properties, mechanical analysis and swelling in oil and toluene. It was found
that the incorporation of PVC in the blend compositions leads to the decrease in degree of swelling, the penetration rate
and the average diffusion coefficient. On the other hand the ultimate tensile strength (UTS), the hardness and strain energy were increased. This was attributed to the plastic nature of PVC, beside its additional behavior as filler. The
crosslinking density in the blend vulcanizates under investigations was determined by Flory-Rehner and Mooney-Rivlin
[Stress/Strain] equations. The higher values of crosslinking density determined by Mooney-Rivlin can be attributed to
the additional physical crosslinks (e.g. entanglements etc), beside the chemical crosslinks determined by swelling in
toluene. This study showed that NBR/PVC blends are characterized with high performance oil resistant, which can be
recommended to automotive industry.
Keywords: Blends; NBR; PVC; CR; Oil Resistant; Thermal Ageing; Rheology; Strain Energy
1. Introduction
It is possible to get new materials with improved properties by blending elastomers and plastics. If the elastomer
is the major phase and the plastic is the minor phase, this
blend will have the properties of the reinforced elastomer.
But if the plastic is the major phase, then the obtained
blend will be toughened plastic material. One of the most
common blends in modern science is polyvinyl chloride
(PVC) with acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) [1,2].
The incorporation of PVC in NBR compounds generally
improves the physico-mechanical and chemical properties and specially flame retardancy [3]. NBR/PVC blends
can be conventionally milled, extruded, or compression
molded using traditional processing equipments for natural and synthetic rubbers [4]. Due to the miscible nature of NBR/PVC blend, the soft blends of NBR/PVC
can be categorized as a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE)
and, more specifically, as a melt processable rubber [5].
Wimolmala et al. [6] blended (PVC) with NBR over a
range of compositions (5wt% to 40wt% of rubber). The
ultimate tensile stress (UTS) and modulus of the blends
were found to decrease by increasing rubber content. The
maximum tensile toughness was obtained for the blend
with a rubber content of 30% at a blending temperature
of 155C. Saha [7] studied the rheological and morphoCopyright 2012 SciRes.
2. Experimental Work
Materials
Acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) a Bayer AG prodOJOPM
A. I. KHALAF
ML(dN.m)
MH(dN.m)
Ts2(min.)
Tc90(min.)
CRI(min-1)
1
2
3
4
100
100
20
20
100
80
1
1
1
1
5
5
5
5
4
4
5
8
3
40
40
40
40
1.25
1.25
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
Rheometric characteristic at 162 1C
7
6
8.5
6
71
69
61
40
1.875
2
1.25
1.9
10
15
20.75
25
12.3
7.69
5.12
4.32
89
3. Experimental Techniques
NBR
PVC
CR
St. acid
ZnO
MgO
DOP
HAF
CBS
S
IPPD
ETU
ET AL.
5
100
20
10
1
5
4
8
40
1.25
2
1
7
59
1.75
22
4.93
Q% ws wd wd 100
(1)
VsV 1 3
In 1 Vr +Vr +Vr2
(2)
(3)
A. I. KHALAF
90
3.7. Diffusivity
Diffusivity [15] was calculated according to the following
model.
M t M 1 8 2
2Dt i 2
(4)
ET AL.
Table 2. Mechanical properties of the investigated formulation.
No. of samples property
1.91
2.12
2.01
2.77
2.21
14.95
22.67
19.74
23.46
25.7
526
425
455
350
390
Youngs modulus(MPa)
1.78
1.84
1.59
2.11
1.89
67
69.5
70
74
71
1.072
2.28
0.654
2.016
2.232
Hardness(shore A)
Strain energy MJ/m3
14.95
22.67
19.74
23.46
25.7
76.18
86.24
71.38
71.08
77.0
526
425
455
350
390
91
82
82
86
79
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A. I. KHALAF
ET AL.
91
rubber Wrubber
1 N 2 PVC
Wrubber
15
10
0
0
200
400
600
Strain, %
NBR
CR
CR/PVC
NBR/PVC
NBR/PVC/CR
(6)
W W0
W0
20
PVC
PVC
Wblend
WBlend
25
Stress, MPa
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
NBR/PVC/CR
A. I. KHALAF
92
ET AL.
3
Mt M 1 8 e
2
2 D t / 2
Mt M X
0
0
(8)
2 A0 RT 2
(9)
-2
-3
-4
Time (days)
NBR
CR
PVC/CR
NBR/PVC
NBR/PVC/CR
Swelling index
2.18
2.06
2.8
2.34
2.48
Equilibrium swelling in
toluene, %
126
121
202
149
145
Soluble fraction, %
4.09
Swelling in oil
0.3
Crosslink density from
4.79
swelling(vx104) mole/cc
Crosslink density from
stress-strain (vx104)
8.46
mole/cc
Molecular weight
1044
between crosslinking,
g/mol
Diffusivity, mm/day
ln 1 x ln 8 / 2 2 Dt l 2
-1
(7)
ln (1 - X)
7.98
7.22
5.29
0.2079
0.81
0.86
0.528
4.95
4.05
4.5
5.29
9.18
12.9
14.92
18.67
1010
1235
1111
945
6. Conclusions
Based on the present studies, the main conclusions are:
1) The elaborated blends are characterized with high
performance oil resistant, which can be recommended to
OJOPM
A. I. KHALAF
automotive industry.
2) The addition of PVC to rubber (NBR or CR) increase the optimum cures time.
3) Tensile strength, modulus, hardness and strain energy of NBR and CR were improved by the addition of
PVC.
4) The crosslink densities of the rubber vulcanizates
calculated by the swelling data are slightly lower than
that calculated by stress-strain measurements. This deference was due to the additional physical crosslinks (eg.
entanglements, polarity interactions etc).
5) The vulcanizates containing PVC showed improved
thermal ageing resistance in comparison with vulcanizates without PVC. The thermal ageing resistance of the
vulcanizates can be arranged as:
NBR/PVC > NBR/PVC/CR > CR/PVC.
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