Lane's

English
as a Second Language

by
Richard R. Lane, Ph.D.

Illustrations
by
Stefan Munteanu
and
Leon Samoilovich

Book 2
i

Copyright 1977; revised 1988, 2000, 2009 by Richard R. Lane

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be changed without written permission from the
publisher.
The worlds most efficacious ESL series is given freely to all students and teachers of English byLane Press
P.O. Box 17822
Stanford, CA 94305
USA

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
Foreword
Lesson 1 - Family.................................................................................................................. 1
before/after, ago, almost, still, among, until, long with things and time,
in with months and years, on with days and dates, "to be" questions,
family relations, "How old?", time: today/tonight, tomorrow/tomorrow night,
the day after tomorrow, yesterday/last night, the day before yesterday.
Lesson 2 - City....................................................................................................................... 13
now/then, for, one, across, together/apart, up/down, contractions, both, MUST,
numbers.
Lesson 3 - House.................................................................................................................. 27
about, so (outcome), own against, by (close to), which?, along, away,
over/under, SHOULD, to have.
Lesson 4 - Farm..................................................................................................................... 47
time (period), through, more, Prepositions, to have (food and drink), a/one,
but (exception), that (relative pronoun), CAN/COULD, to go/to come.
Lesson 5 - Weather............................................................................................................... 67
by (transport), back, if, into, most, MAY, imperatives, Review of Prepositions,
to put/to take.

APPENDIX
Prepositions........................................................................................................................... 93
Modal Verbs: Will, Must, Should, Can/Could, May.................................................................. 97
Mathematics...................................................................................................................... 98
More Prepositions.................................................................................................................... 99

iii

Intentionally left blank

iv

FOREWORD
The English language is now closer to being the world's second language than any other since the
dominance of Latin in Western civilization. Today, English is the official or first language of 23 nations
with a combined population of about 500,000,000. In addition, it is a co-official or widely used second
language in another 25 nations with more than 900,000,000. The best estimates are that 50,000,000
primary school students and 75,000,000 secondary school students are currently studying English as a
second language. To this can be added millions more who are studying English at the adult and
college/university levels. China alone is said to have more people (500,000,000) studying English than
the combined populations of the UK (61,000,000). the USA (305,000,000), and Canada (33,000,000)
among whom 75%-80% claim English as their mother tongue. As a student of English, you have a lot of
company. You are part of a truly global enterprise.
The fact that English is a key to many doorstechnology, science, business, politics,
cultureaccounts in large measure for its present attractiveness. To any list of causes that might be
offered for this widespread use, we should keep in mind that in sharp contrast to those who have made a
near fetish out of their languages, native speakers of English have not fixed it within any standard,
except intelligibility. The absence of any high authority to decide what is and what is not "English" has
given the language a relatively unfettered line of development which is probably more dynamic today than
ever before. English has never echoed to any call for "purity." Because it is not afraid of being corrupted
and has such a high tolerance for new words and expressions, regardless of their origins, English is able
to adapt to local conditions with ease.
There have been many well-intentioned efforts directed at the needs of English learners. The traditional
approaches were entirely grammar based. These were later supplemented by frequency word counts.
Then came the communicative approach, which spawned audio-lingual methods seeking to teach the
living language. A more recent development along this line has been Survival English.
Looking at these approaches in terms of progress in the language against time and effort expended, the
criteria of efficacy, we see that each is found seriously wanting. The grammatical approach to English
was nothing more than an extension of the traditional teaching of Greek and Latin. Students had a very
difficult time going from their passive knowledge to an active use of the language. Desiring to eliminate
such useless sentences as "Lightning has struck my carriage," textbook writers turned to word counts
only to discover that students needed a relatively large vocabulary before much of consequence could
be said. Though the word count approach strengthened reading and writing abilities, it did little to get
students to speak. Thus the door was opened for the communicative approach which demanded
students be taught the spoken language in daily situations. But, if we were to teach what students are
likely to hear, we would begin with a number of "four-letter" words and then graduate to "I ain't gonna" and
"He done it." Since this is unacceptable to most people, teachers and material developers have
concentrated on getting and giving information in a number of different situations: the post office, the bus
stop, the doctor's office, job interview, etc. Unfortunately, natural conversations in these various
situations require a rather extensive vocabulary and command of sophisticated grammatical structures
as well as a plethora of idioms. Much of this material seems designed to keep the teacher's interest,
rather than approach the problem of language acquisition from the student's perspective. The
communicative approach can not be faulted for its goal. The problem lies with its lack of any apparent
criteria for introducing vocabulary and structures. Beginning students do not need ten ways to say
"Hello."
In my own search for an alternative to these approaches to English, I have been attracted by various
ideas of simplification, particularly those of C. K. Ogden, the developer of BASIC English. I see
simplification as principally a controlled and ordered approach to the language. There is no doubt in my
mind that more than 80% of the English language conforms to certain rules and patterns and if students
can begin to see this underlying structure or logic, they can experience the joy of communication and
gather the momentum to carry them through the rough, illogical parts.
Lane's English as a Second Language is different because it offers the learner a step-by-step,
cumulative approach that unlocks the logic of English. It consciously excludes idiomatic word usage until
the learner is prepared to deal with it. By eliminating the capricious and/or arbitrary elements of English,
the Lane approach presents the learner with a system, a reasonable, logical linguistic system that can
be explained, and therefore understood and mastered. This approach is specifically designed for the
learner who wants to know why and the teacher who sees English as more than an inexhaustible jumble of
words and expressions best acquired with mother's milk.

The total vocabulary of Lane's English as a Second Language is about 1200 words. By limiting the
vocabulary, one of the major obstacles to learning Englishits non-phonetic spellingis skirted. With
approximately 200 words to be learned in each book, students need not be burdened with spelling rules
and their numerous exceptions. More than half of the words are only one syllable long, so they are easily
mastered by speakers of languages that are not cognate to English.
The 1200 words were selected on the basis of usefulness, not frequency. The choice was made in
accordance with the linguistic tendency toward general and away from specific uses. This allows the
vocabulary to be manipulated at various levels of sophistication. In the presentation of this vocabulary,
the approach is first to establish the primary meaning of each word and then to expand its usage in a
systematic manner. With this expanded usage the 1200 words actually give a learner a level of
expressability many times greater. This may be seen graphically as follows (in regard to body parts):
1. BASIC MEANING:
2. Compound words:
3. Expanded usage:
4. Metaphoric:
5. Set phrases.
6. Idioms (a):
7. Idioms (b):
8. Sayings:

This is a hand.
This is a shoulder bone.
I am the head of my family.
She has a big heart.
We came face-to-face with a problem.
The walls have ears.
He put his foot in his mouth.
His eyes were bigger than his stomach.

One of the primary advantages of this system is the development of a mind-set that causes learners to
form their thoughts directly in English, rather than to think in their native languages and merely plug in
English words. This is accomplished by concentrating on 12 verbs and 31 prepositions, which in
combination give about 4,000 verb ideas. For instance, we are quite comfortable saying: I put my hand in
my pocket; I put my money in the bank; I put $1000 in a company; I put my heart in my work; I put a
new sink in the kitchen; I put my ideas in English. The typical student, however, is more likely to express
these same ideas with the discrete verbs: insert, deposit, invest, concentrate, install and
translate. The economy of time and effort in learning put in vs. six different verbs is obvious. What is
not so obvious is the methodology that will enable the learner to manipulate verbs and prepositions like a
native-speaker. This is achieved through the logical, controlled, sequential presentation of material. The
approach of this text takes phrasal or two-word verbs out of the idiomatic category by showing an inner
logic to their use. When the learner once grasps this inner-logic, he has a hard time going back to his
native language to find equivalents and soon gives up the attempt. He thus makes the quantum leap to
thinking in English.
There is no attempt to limit students to the vocabulary of this series. In fact, I assume that learners will
develop their own vocabularies according to individual needs and interests. I want to point out, however,
that the 1200 words of the system represent a common core that all learners need to know and control.
This stress on commonality is a conscious effort to counter the pernicious efforts of those pendants who
for their own reasons want to emphasize and exaggerate the differences between American and British
English. Imparting this common core is the first duty of all teachers.
A very important and unique feature of this system is that it gives learners a complete system of
communication. It is not an exaggeration to say that almost any thought or action can find expression
within its 1200 words. The required specificity for even very technical or specialized fields may be had
with the addition of only 60 to 100 words from a particular field. For students who wish to go on to
university level studies, this series provides an excellent basis to study for entrance examinations,
especially the TOEFL.
The efficacy of this approach to English is beyond doubt. It offers students, regardless of their
objectives, an extremely high rate of progress in relation to the time and effort they put into their studies.
Because time is our most precious commodity, I offer this series to students and teachers around the
world.
Richard Lane

vi

FAMILY

LESSON 1 - WORD LIST

Please put these words and sentences in your own language. Be an artist; make some pictures.

____________ name

His name is James.

____________ person*

Who is the person in this picture?

____________ family

There are five people in my family.

____________ father

His father is 42 years old.

____________ mother

His mother is a very beautiful woman.

____________ parent

Another name for father or mother is parent.

____________ child*

I am the child of my parents.

____________ grandfather

The father of my father is my grandfather.

____________ grandmother

The mother of my mother is my grandmother.

____________ husband

My father is my mother's husband.

____________ wife*

My mother is my father's wife.

____________ s o n

A boy is the son of his parents.

____________ daughter

A girl is the daughter of her parents.

____________ brother

Two boys with the same parents are brothers.

____________ sister

Two girls with the same parents are sisters.

____________ uncle

My father's brother is my uncle.

____________ aunt

My uncle's wife is my aunt.

____________ cousin

My aunt and uncle's child is my cousin.

_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

____________________
* Singular
man
woman
person
child
wife

Plural
men
women
people
children
wives

____________ night

The party was at night.

____________ day

Today is the first day of our class.

____________ w e e k

There are seven days in a week.

____________ month

There are four weeks in a month.

____________ year

There are twelve months in a year.

____________ d a t e

The date was July 4, 1776.

____________ birth

The date of her birth is June 2, 1984.

____________ place

The place of his birth is Los Angeles, California.

_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

____________ dark

My uncle's hair is dark brown.

____________ light

My aunt's dress is light green.

____________ y o u n g

She is a young woman, but he is an old man.

____________ married

Mrs. Taft was a married woman, but not now!

____________ foreign

English is a foreign language for him.

____________ afraid of

Why is that child afraid of that man?

____________ special

This is a very special place for me.

____________ important

My grandfather was an important man in our city.

____________ interesting

My grandmother is an interesting person.

_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

____________ early

He was here very early yesterday morning.

____________ late

She will be here late tomorrow evening.

____________ always

Why are they always with one another.

____________ n e v e r

She was never married.

____________ b e f o r e

Monday is before Tuesday.

____________ after

Friday is after Thursday.

____________ n e x t

After November, the next month is December.

____________ still

She is still a child.

____________ until

I was at the party until 11 o'clock.

____________ a g o

They were in Italy two years ago.

____________ among

The man was among the people.

____________ almost

These pictures are almost 20 years old.

_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

before after
before and after may be used for time and place.
(time)
1. Monday is before Tuesday.
2. April is always before May.
3. My son's birthday is before your cousin's birthday.
4. Wednesday is after Tuesday.
5. October is always after September.
6. They were married a short time after her 21st birthday.
(place)
1. A is before B.
2. 7 is before 8.
3. Women are always before men.
4. T is after S.
5. 5 is after 4.
6. After me, you are first!

long
long is used for things.
Philip:
Nathaniel:
Philip:
Nathaniel:

How long is Katherine's beautiful, light blue dress?

Her beautiful, light blue dress is to her knees.
What color is her hair and how long is it?
Her hair is dark brown and it is short, only to her shoulders.

Arthur:
Henry:
Arthur:
Henry:

How long were the questions on your science test?

The first three questions were not very long.
Were your answers long?
Some of them were long, but others were short, only one or two words.

long may be used for time.

Ashley:
John:
Ashley:
John:

How long is a week?

A week is 7 days.
How long is a year?
A year is 12 months.

Natalie:
Katherine:
Natalie:
Katherine:

How long were you in London?

I was in London for two years, from 1989 to 1991.
How long were you on the big island of Hawaii?
I was on the big island of Hawaii for six months, from January to June, last year.

Anthony:
Ruth:
Anthony:
Ruth:

How long will you be at the library?

I will be there from 10:00 to 3:00.
How long will you be with Dr. Johnson?
I will be with him a long time. Is there any problem with that?

ago
1. I was in New York two days ago.
2. My cousin, who is a foreign language teacher, was in Europe six years ago.
3. Mary was in San Francisco only three months ago.
4. I am sure that those people at the next table were at my sister's party a week ago.
5. The two sisters, Lisa and Ruth, who were here a few days ago, are never late.
6. One cold, dark night, many long years ago, an old man with white hair was ....

almost
Susan:
Richard:
Susan:
Richard:

When were they married?

They were married almost eight months ago.
Where is their new place?
It is almost in the middle of the city.

William:
Elizabeth:
William:
Elizabeth:

What time is it?

It is almost 7 o'clock.
What time will Helen be at school?
She is almost always there before 8:15.

still
1. John is still a little boy.
2. The child is still very afraid of the dark.
3. I am afraid because it is almost dark and my brother is still not here.
4. Are any of the foreign students still in your special science class?
5. There is still not any hot water. Why?
6. Your beautiful cousin is still not married. Why? What is the problem?

among
among gives the idea of being in the middle of many.
Matthew:
Victoria:
Matthew:
Victoria:

Where am I?
Don't be afraid, you are among friends.
Where is my brother?
There is no problem. He is there, among those school girls.

Diana:
Charles:
Diana:
Charles:

Where is my light pink party dress?

It is here, among your many other beautiful dresses.
Where are our family pictures?
They are among all those things on top of that table.

until
1. He was at my place until 10:45.
2. Your sister, who is here from Chicago, will be with you until the end of next month. Right?
3. My brother, who was not married until he was almost 24 years old, will be here tomorrow.
4. Are you sure that they will not be at the party until after 9 o'clock?
5. Paul and Helen were students at our school until last week.
6. That is all for today. Until tomorrow. Good-bye, my friends.

QUESTIONS with "TO BE"

PRESENT
Nicholas:
Alexandra:
Nicholas:
Alexandra:

Who is that man in the dark blue suit?

That is Edward. He is an old family friend.
What is he?
He is an American history teacher.

Mary:
Ashley:
Mary:
Ashley

When are you at school?

I am at school every day, between 8 and 4 o'clock.
Where are you in your mathematics book?
We are only on page 47 and it is a big book.

Peter:
Paul:
Peter:
Paul:

Why are those same girls always at your parties?

Because they are my very close friends. They are special to me.
How many people are there at tonight's party?
There are already almost 50 people. And there will be more.

PAST
Lisa:
Helen:
Lisa:
Helen:

Who was that beautiful woman with?

She was with her husband. She is never without him.
What was she before she was married?
She was a Spanish language teacher. She is from Cuba.

Nathaniel:
Richard:
Nathaniel:
Richard:

When were you in China?

I was in China until only a few weeks ago.
Where were you in China? Beijing? Shanghai?
I was in different Chinese cities, Beijing, Shanghai and others.

Elizabeth:
Katherine:
Elizabeth:
Katherine:

Why was that little baby afraid?

He was afraid because his parents were not with him.
How many questions were there on the science test?
There were between 20 and 25 questions.
FUTURE

David:
Martha:
David:
Martha:

Who will be at your next party?

Many interesting people will be there.
What will the date be?
It will be October 21.

Susan:
Martha:
Susan:
Martha:

When will your birthday party be?

It will be next Friday evening, at 7:00.
Where will the party be?
It will be at my parents' place.

Eugene:
Martha:
Eugene:
Martha:

Why will there be a party?

Because it will be my birthday.
How many people will be there?
All my family and friends, close to 50 people, will be there.

in
in is always used with months.
I was here in March.
I am always here in April.
I will still be here in May.
Natalie, Aunt Helen's daughter, was at school in September.
Henry, Uncle Edward's son, is always at school in October.
Jessica, my 17 year-old cousin, will still be at school in November.
Mr. and Mrs. Eisenhower were in Los Angeles in early December.
Mr. and Mrs. Bush are never in Los Angeles in late January.
Mr. and Mrs. Clinton will still be in Los Angeles in February.
in is always used with years.
I was in England in 1988.
I will also be in England next year, in 20__.
Their son, George, was in Asia in 1990.
Their son, George, will also be in Asia in 20__.
Charles and Diana were married many years ago, in 19__.
John and Ashley will be married next year, in 20__.

on
on is always used with days.
I was here on Monday.
I am never here on Tuesday.
I will still be here on Wednesday.
Walter was at school on Wednesday. Right?
Eugene is always at school on Thursday.
William will still be at school on Friday.
Dr. and Mrs. Washington were not at the party on Saturday.
Dr. and Mrs. Buchanan are not at the library on Sunday.
Dr. and Mr. Jackson will still not be at the class on Monday.
on is always used with dates.
Her husband was here on June l.
Her husband will still be here on August 2.
Their daughter, Mary, was with them on July 3.
Their daughter, Mary, will still be with them on September 4.
Elizabeth and Nicholas were married on May 7, 1989.
Katherine and James will be married on June 25, 20__.

Who...?
1. Who is that old man?
2. Who is that beautiful woman?
3. Who is that happy boy?
4. Who is that baby girl?
5. Who are those young children?
6. Who are those two people?

He is my father.
She is my sweet heart.
He is my big brother.
She is my young daughter.
They are my little cousins.
They are my close friends.

Whose...?
1. Whose hair is white?
2. Whose eyes are dark brown?
3. Whose name is John?
4. Whose coat is light blue?
5. Whose feet are big?
6. Whose baby is wet?

My uncle's hair is white.

My aunt's eyes are dark brown.
My cousin's name is John.
My sister's coat is light blue.
My brother's feet are big.
My friend's baby is wet.

MY FAMILY

history. Until 1848, Texas was a part of Mexico.

For our family, it was our "little corner of the
world," until only a few years ago. It is a special
place that will always be close to our hearts. It is
very cold in some parts of Texas in January and
February.

There are only five people in my family: my

mother, my father, and three children - my
sister, my brother, and I. Our family name, or
last name, is Wilson. My mother's first name is
Helen. My father's first name is George. My
brother's first name is David. My sister's first
name is Ashley. And my first name is Andrew.

My parents were married when they were very

young. They were still university students. But
that was a long time ago. Today my father is
a mathematics teacher at a middle school on
the big island of Hawaii, where it is almost
never cold. My mother is also a teacher at the
same school. She is a foreign language
teacher. Our place is close to their school and
not too far from the beautiful, dark blue water
of the Pacific Ocean.

Our family is from Houston. Houston is a big

city in Texas. It is my birthplace and it is also
the birthplace of all the other children in our
family. Today, Texas is an important and
interesting state of the United States of
America. It is important because of its size
and its oil. It is interesting because of its
Nicholas:
Andrew:
Nicholas:
Andrew:

How many people are there in your family?

There are five people in my family.
Who are they?
The five people are: my mother, father, brother, sister, and I.

Christine:
Andrew:
Christine:
Andrew:

What is your father's first name?

His first name is George.
What is your mother's first name?
Her first name is Helen.

Diana:
Andrew:
Diana:
Andrew:

What is your family name?

Our family name, or last name, is Wilson.
Where is your family from?
We are from the state of Texas, where there are 20 million people or more.

William:
Andrew:
William:
Andrew:

What city are you from?

We are from Houston, Texas. It is the birthplace of all the children in our family.
What is your father?
He is a mathematics teacher at a middle school in Hawaii.

How old...?
1. How old are you?
2. How old is her baby?
3. How old is your son?
4. How old is his watch?
5. How old was the soup?
6. How old was the bread?
7. How old were her shoes?
8. How old will John be in June?
9. How old will Susan be in July?
10. How old will your grandfather be this year?

FAMILY BIRTHDAYS

I am 23 years old.
Her baby is only six months old.
He is already 10 years old.
It is almost three years old.
It was two days old.
It was only one day old.
They were only four weeks old.
He will be 29 years old.
She will be 19 years old.
He will be 72 years young!

My mother's birthday is in late May. It is on May

29. Because her birthday was on Friday last
year, it will be on Saturday this year. My
mother is still a young woman. She is only 39
years old. My father is also a young man. His
birthday is in early November, on November 4
or 5. I am not sure.

Birthdays are different things for different

people. When a person is young, the time
between birthdays is very long. But for an old
person, a year is a very short time. For many
people, young and old, a birthday is a special
time. It is time for a party, a big party.

My father's father is my grandfather. He is not

an old man, but his hair is white already. He was
a very important man in his time and he is still
a very interesting person. The date of my
grandfather's birth is April 21, 19__. Every year
his birthday party is at our place. Last year
there was a special party for him because it was
his sixty-fifth birthday. The party was at night.
There was food for 100 people. Among all the
salads, vegetables, fried chicken, cold meats,
and drinks there was a big, beautiful, chocolate
cake with the words "Happy Birthday,
Grandfather" on top. I am sure he was happy.

In our family, birthdays are always happy times.

My birthday is on July 8. I will be 18 years old
on my next birthday. There will be a big party.
Our family is very big and they will all be here
for my birthday party. Not only my mother, my
father, my two brothers, my four sisters, my
grandmother and my grandfather, but also
my aunts and uncles and all my cousins will be
here. I am sure that almost every one of my
friends will be here. There will be food and
drinks for all. And there will also be cake and
ice cream for 35 people or more.

WHO IS WHO?

grandson and I am their granddaughter. The

sisters and brothers of our parents are our
aunts and uncles. Their children are our
cousins.

My father's father is my grandfather. His

name is Peter. The name of my other
grandfather, on my mother's side of the
family, is Edward. My father's mother is my
grandmother. Her name is Alexandra. The
name of my other grandmother is Victoria.
Another
name for grandfather and
grandmother is grandparents.

There are two sides in a family. The people

on one side are "in-laws"* to the people on
the other side. My mother's mother is my
father's mother-in-law. And my mother's
father is my father's father-in-law. My
mother's brothers and sisters are my father's
brothers-in-law and sisters-in-law. Our family
is very big and almost always happy. There
are many people on its two sides. Family
history is special and always interesting and
important for children.

My grandparents on my father's side of the

family are from Holland. Their last name is
Van Buren. My grandparents on my mother's
side of the family are from Spain. Their last
name is Diaz. My brother, Andrew, is their

The Van Buren Family

Grandfather
(Peter)

Uncle
(John)

The Diaz Family

Grandmother
(Alexandra)

Aunt
(Natalie)

Grandfather
(Edward)

Father
(Philip)

Brother
(Andrew)

Mother
(Helen)

Grandmother
(Victoria)

Aunt
(Ann)

Uncle
(Edward)

I
(Elizabeth)

Richard:
Elizabeth:
Richard:
Elizabeth:

What is your name?

My name is Elizabeth Victoria Van Buren.
That is a beautiful name. Is Victoria your middle name?
Yes. My first name is Elizabeth. My middle name is Victoria and my last name or
family name is Van Buren.

Jessica:
Elizabeth:
Jessica:
Elizabeth:

Where is the name "Van Buren" from?

My father's family, the Van Burens, are from Holland.
Where is your mother's family from?
My mother's family are from Spain.

Ruth:
Elizabeth:
Ruth:
Elizabeth:

Where is your middle name "Victoria" from?

It is from my grandmother on my mother's side of the family. It is her first name.
What was your mother's family name before she was married?
My mother's family name before she was married was "Diaz."

* "in-laws" shows that the relation between the people is not because of blood, but because of law, that is,
marriage.

10

TIME
TODAY OR TONIGHT
What day is today?
Mary's birthday is today.
All the students will be at school today.
I am sad because not every answer was right on my test tonight.
There is a map of North America on the blackboard tonight.
What is all that good food for? Is there a party tonight?
TOMORROW OR TOMORROW NIGHT
What day will tomorrow be?
Many of my friends will be here late tomorrow evening.
Their daughter is happy because she will be married early tomorrow morning.
We will be very happy to be there with you tomorrow night.
Our class will be very interesting tomorrow night.
How much time will there be for our English test tomorrow night?
THE DAY AFTER TOMORROW
What day will the day after tomorrow be?
My sister and her husband will be here until the day after tomorrow.
Will your son and daughter still be in San Francisco the day after tomorrow?
YESTERDAY OR LAST NIGHT
What day was yesterday?
It was very hot yesterday.
Our history lesson was very interesting yesterday morning.
Paul's girlfriend was very afraid last night.
Why was there some blood on his face last night?
How many of those people were here last night?
THE DAY BEFORE YESTERDAY
What day was the day before yesterday?
Some of my friends were among the people at your party the day before yesterday.
Why were you not in science class the day before yesterday?
DAVID ARTHUR HAYES

David is a married man. He was married almost

6 months ago, on February 5, 20__. His wife's
first name is Susan. She is from Los Angeles,
California. Her family is very big. Both sides of
her family are from Italy. There are four boys
and three girls in her family. Susan was the last
child. In other words, she was the baby of
the family. I am afraid that in the eyes of her
parents, Susan still is and always will be their
beautiful, little baby girl.

My friend's name is David Arthur Hayes. His

first name is David. His middle name is Arthur. It
was the first name of one of his grandfathers.
His last name, or family name, is Hayes. His
family is very big. His father is from Chicago,
Illinois and his mother is from Boston,
Massachusetts. David is an only child. His
birthplace is New York City. The date of his
birth is January 1, 19__. Because his birth was
a little after midnight, on January 1, he was a
New Year's baby.

David was Susan's first and only boyfriend. A t

the time, they were both students. She is still
a student. But, at this time, next year she will
already be a teacher. She will be a geography
teacher. Her birthday will be on Monday, the
day after tomorrow. But because Monday is
not a good day for a party, there will be a little
one this evening. It will be at their place, not
too far from school. Because their place is not
very big, only a few of David's and Susan's
close friends will be at her party tonight.

David is a foreign language teacher at a school

in California. This morning, he is in class. There
are 15 girls and 16 boys in his class. All his
students are still young. They are between 12
and 13 years old. Their class is three times a
week: Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays
from 8:15 to 10 o'clock. They are never late for
class. It is a special class for top students only.

11

Please put your answer on the line.

Old

1.___
________________ is the opposite of young.
2._______________________ is the opposite of sad.
3._______________________ is the opposite of night.
4._______________________ is the opposite of never.
5._______________________ is the opposite of before.
6._______________________ is the opposite of light.
7._______________________ is the opposite of uncle.
8._______________________ is the opposite of man.
9._______________________ is the opposite of grandfather.
10._______________________ is the opposite of grandson.

in

1. John's parents were already married _ _ 1985.

2. The baby's birthday is ___________ April.
3. My son will not be at school _________ Monday.
4. His new girlfriend will be here _________ June 21.
5. Mrs. Harrison's young daughter will not be at the party ________ Friday.
6. He was in New York __________ September.
7. There are not very many people in my class _______ Wednesdays.
8. Where were you ________ July 14, an important day in French history?
1. Our lesson was about world history on Monday.
2. Many people were at my place on Tuesday.
3. I was not in class on Wednesday.
4. She was far from her old boyfriend on Thursday.
5. Why was he close to Helen on Friday?
6. The boy was between his aunt and uncle.
7. My time, almost always, was for my family.
8. We were with our young cousins until 5:00.
9. It was a beautiful picture of her mother.
10. It was among the many other things on the table.
already
before

almost
next

always
ago

Our lesson will be about .

____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
still
until

never
among

almost

1. It is __
__ midnight.
2. They were in Europe a few years ________.
3. When is our _________ class?
4. She is ________ a very special person to him.
5. Why is he _________ late for class?
6. Were you here ___________ ?
7. I am afraid that your baby is __________ wet.
8. I will be at the library __________ 9:30.
9. He is sad because he was ________ in a foreign nation.
10. ________ all the people at the party, William was the only boy with a clean white shirt and tie.

wife

My sweet mother is my father's _

_. My
mother and father are my _______________.
Their
other
daughter
is
my
_______________. My brother is their
___________. My father's father is my
_____________________. The sister of my
mother is my ____________. Her husband is
my ________________. The children of my

aunt and uncle are my ________________.

The
date
of
my
birth
is
my
________________. The place of my birth is
my _______________. My first name is
__________________. My last name or
family name is _________________. I am
from ______________________ a city in
_________________.

12

CITY

13

LESSON 2 - WORD LIST

Please put these words and sentences in your own language. Be an artist; make some pictures.
church

_______________ theater

_______________

bank

_______________ restaurant

_______________

hospital

_______________ office

_______________

factory

_______________ t e l e p h o n e

_______________

university

_______________ number

_______________

store

_______________ t r e e

_______________

street

_______________ branch

_______________

film

_______________ leaf

_______________

doctor

_______________ flower

_______________

secretary

_______________ grass

_______________

____________ market

There is a fresh vegetable market close to the bank.

_____________________________________________
____________ hotel

The hotel is not far from the theater.

_____________________________________________
____________ pharmacy

There is a pharmacy next to the hospital.

_____________________________________________
____________ apartment

My apartment is close to the university bookstore.

_____________________________________________
____________ start

The start of the film is at 7:30.

_____________________________________________
____________ e n d

The end of the film is at 9:45.

_____________________________________________
____________ park

There are trees and flowers at the park.

_____________________________________________
14

____________ at work

The men were at work in the factory.

_____________________________________________
____________ rest

The weekend is a good time for rest.

_____________________________________________
____________ building

This is a city school building.

_____________________________________________
____________ address

His address is 230 Market Street, Chicago, Illinois.

_____________________________________________
____________ spring

Spring is from March 21 to June 20.

_____________________________________________
____________ summer

Summer is from June 21 to September 20.

_____________________________________________
____________ fall

Fall is from September 21 to December 20.

_____________________________________________
____________ winter

Winter is from December 21 to March 20.

_____________________________________________
____________ living

English is a living language.

_____________________________________________
____________ d e a d

Latin is a dead language.

_____________________________________________
____________ o p e n

The bank is open from 10:00 to 3:00.

_____________________________________________
____________ closed

The bank is closed after 3 o'clock.

_____________________________________________
____________ wonderful

It was a wonderful summer day.

_____________________________________________
____________ terrible

Last winter was cold and terrible.

_____________________________________________
____________ lucky

He is very lucky that she is his wife.

_____________________________________________
____________ broken

There was a broken branch on the tree.

_____________________________________________
____________ post

Our postman is still at the post office.

_____________________________________________
____________ sorry

I am sorry, but the bank is closed.

_____________________________________________
____________ b o t h

My two friends were both at work.

_____________________________________________
____________ kind of

What kind of book is this?

_____________________________________________
____________ n o w

We are at school now.

_____________________________________________
____________ t h e n

He was in Japan in 1991 and I was in Mexico then.

_____________________________________________
____________ across

There is a good restaurant across the street.

_____________________________________________
____________ t o g e t h e r

My feet are together.

_____________________________________________
____________ apart

My hands are apart.

_____________________________________________
____________ u p

His right hand is up.

_____________________________________________
____________ down

His left hand is down.

_____________________________________________
____________ must

You must be here before 8 o'clock tomorrow morning.

_____________________________________________
15

start end
Theodore:
Jessica:
Theodore:
Jessica:

When is the start of school in the USA?

The start of school is at the end of summer, in September.
When is the end of school?
The end of school is at the end of spring, in June.

Walter:
Victoria:
Walter:
Victoria:

Where is the post office?

It is at the start of Adams Street.
Where is your apartment?
It is at the end of Lincoln Street.
open closed

1. There is an open book on the long, brown table.

2. I am sorry, but the shoe store is not open before 9 o'clock.
3. What time will the theater be open?
4. Both the eyes and ears of children are open.
5. You are lucky because there are still two places open in our class.
6. Why was the bank closed before 4:00?
7. The university hospital is not closed at night. Right?
8. The pink and yellow flowers are still closed.
9. The pharmacy will be closed next Sunday. Am I right?
10. Japan was a closed nation before 1854.
now then
Ann:
John:
Ann:
John:

John, where is your new secretary now?

She is in her office now.
Where were you last year at this time?
I was at a beautiful, new hotel in Mexico then.

Henry:
Natalie:
Henry:
Natalie:

Where are all the doctors now?

They are all at the hospital now.
Where will you be a month from today?
I am afraid that I will still be here with you then.
living dead

1. This broken branch is not living. There is not one leaf still on it.
2. Why are there still many dead leaves on this living apple tree?
3. Spanish is an important living language, but Latin is a dead language.
4. My grandfather is dead, but my grandmother is still living.
5. Are people still living in that dark, old building, without any water?
6. It was a wonderful film because it was in living color.
7. He was very happy when they were living together. Or, am I wrong?
8. Where were you? The party was dead without you.
9. Why are both these telephones dead?
10. It is interesting that after 8 oclock, this part of the city is dead.

16

for
for may show purpose.
Lisa:
Katherine:
Lisa:
Katherine:

Why is he here?
He is here for his money.
Why are they there?
They are there for work.

Ann:
Matthew:
Ann:
Matthew:

Why were you in London?

I was there for a few days of rest.
Why was that little boy in the tree?
He was in the tree for apples, big, fresh apples.

for may also show a relationship .

Elizabeth:
Nathaniel:
Elizabeth:
Nathaniel:

Who are these beautiful, red flowers for?

They are for my girlfriend.
What is this big ice cream cake for?
It is for her birthday party on Friday.

James:
Peter:
James:
Peter:

Who are these milk chocolates for?

They are for my new secretary. She is wonderful.
What is this telephone book for?
It is for your new office.
at work/rest

1. The men are at work in the factory.

2. There is a time and place for both work and rest. Right?
3. A park is a wonderful place for a little rest in the hot days of summer.
4. Fall is a beautiful time of the year for a few weeks of rest at the ocean.
5. Two weeks ago, when we all were at work, Victoria was at the park for a rest. Right?
one
Natalie:
Arthur:
Natalie:
Arthur:

Are any of those girls secretaries?

Yes. The one with the light green sweater is a secretary.
Are any of those girls from Mexico?
Yes. The one with the beautiful dark eyes is from Mexico.

Edward:
Richard:
Edward:
Richard:

Are any of these work clothes Anthonys?

Yes. All the ones with his name on them are his.
Are any of these people your friends?
Yes. Every one of them is my friend.
kind of

kinds of books, different kinds of questions.

There are different kinds of flowers. There are
red ones and yellow ones, blue ones and pink
ones, white ones and orange ones. There are
different kinds of people. There are big ones
and little ones, old ones and young ones,
good ones and bad ones.

There are many kinds of vegetables. A potato

is a kind of vegetable. And a tomato is a kind of
vegetable. There are many kinds of meat. Beef
is a kind of meat. Pork is another kind of meat.
There are many kinds of fruits: apples,
oranges, and bananas. Banks, offices, stores,
churches, theaters, hotels, hospitals, and
factories are all different kinds of buildings.
There are different kinds of trees, different

What kind of person is John? Without

question, he is the right kind of person for this
work. In my eyes, John is one of a kind!
17

across
across gives the idea of "from one side to the other of a flat surface".
Alexandra:
Katherine:
Alexandra:
Katherine:

Where is Japan?
It is across the Pacific Ocean.
Where is England?
It is across the Atlantic Ocean.

Andrew:
William:
Andrew:
William:

Where is a good French restaurant?

There is a very good one across the city.
Where is a good bookstore?
There is a big one across the street from the theater.

Mrs. Hayes:
Mr. Hoover:
Mrs. Hayes:
Mr. Hoover:

Where is the post office?

It is across the street from the bank.
Where is your apartment building?
We are very lucky that it is only across the park from our school.
together apart

Diana:
Charles:
Diana:
Charles:

Who is that girl with her hands together?

The girl with her hands together is Ann.
Who is that boy with his feet apart?
The boy with his feet apart is William.

Susan:
Victoria:
Susan:
Victoria:

Were the buildings close together or far apart?

They were very close together.
Are the cities close together or far apart?
They are very far apart.

Nathaniel:
Martha:
Nathaniel:
Martha:

Will the tables be together or apart?

They will be together in one long table.
Will the boys and girls be together or apart?
Because the table will be between them, they will be apart.
up down

Richard:
Christine:
Richard:
Christine:

Were his hands up or down?

They were up.
Was his head up or down?
It was down.

Helen:
Natalie:
Helen:
Natalie:

Were the arms of John's shirt up or down?

They were up.
Were the legs of his pants up or down?
They were also up.

Mrs. Reagan:
George:
Mrs. Reagan:
George:

Where are our new history books?

They are up on the top shelf.
Where are our pens and pencils?
They are down on the bottom shelf.

Mr. Truman:
Nicholas:
Mr. Truman:
Nicholas:

Where was the child?

He was up in the tree, almost at the top.
Where was the fish?
It was down in the water, close to the bottom.
18

MUST
must (+)
I must
you must
he must
she must
it must

must (-)
I must not
you must not
he must not
she must not
it must not

we must
you must
they must

You must be at work early tomorrow morning.

He must be in his office until late at night.
We must be up before 6 o'clock.
The oil must be very hot.

we must not
you must not
they must not

You must not be late tomorrow morning.

He must not be in his office after 6 p.m.
We must not be out after dark.
The vegetables must not be wet.

They must be the women who were at the party.

That must be the man whose arm was broken.
This must be the place where the money is.
Those must be the words that will be part of tomorrow's test.
A. must may show logical necessity.
1. Because yesterday was Saturday, today must be Sunday.
2. Matthew must be in the library because he is not in class. Right?
3. Ashley must be a good student because all her grades are good.
4. This building must be a hospital because those men and women are doctors.
5. It must be spring because all the flowers are out.
6. This must be the place because there is the old tree with the broken branch. Right?
7. It must be 12 o'clock in New York because it is 9 o'clock in San Francisco.
8. He must be dead because he was not at your party last night.
9. She must be a wonderful wife because her husband is happy all the time.
10. This must be his telephone number because it is next to his name in her little black book.
11. They must be here already because their apartment is open.
12. Because thousands of people are in the street, he must be a very important person (VIP).
B. must may show necessity or inevitability.
Mary:
Ann:
Mary:
Ann:

Is there an answer to this mathematics question?

Yes, there must be an answer to it.
Where is the teacher for this class?
She must be in the school office now.

Peter:
Paul:
Peter:
Paul:

What time must we be at school tomorrow?

I am sorry, but every student must be here before 8 o'clock in the morning.
When must my friend, John, be here?
I am afraid that he also must be here early tomorrow morning.

Henry:
James:
Henry:
James:

Where are the children?

They must be across the street at the ice cream store.
Where are my important papers?
They must be together with your money.

David:
Ashley:
David:
Ashley:

Must the ice cream be chocolate and the cake lemon?

No, the ice cream must be lemon and the cake must be chocolate!
Must all the students be good?
Yes, every one of them must be good, or no cake and ice cream for you or them!
19

CONTRACTIONS
I am

You are

He is

She is

It is

We are

They are

I'm

You're

He's

She's

It's

We're

They're

I will

You will

He will

She will

It will

We will

They will

I'll

You'll

He'll

She'll

It'll

We'll

They'll

is not

are not

was not

were not

will not

that is

those are

isn't

aren't

wasn't

weren't

won't

that's

those're

who is

what is

when is

where is

why is

how is

there is

who's

what's

when's

where's

why's

how's

there's

PRESENT
I'm living with my parents now.
You're a sweet person.
He's among the lucky ones.
She's always across the street.
It's still a wonderful place for children.
We're afraid of the boys at the corner.
They're up on the top branch of the tree.

I'm not living with my parents now.

You aren't a sweet person.
He isn't among the lucky ones.
She isn't always across the street.
It still isn't a wonderful place for children.
We aren't afraid of the boys at the corner.
They aren't up on the top branch of the tree.

Walter:
Eugene:
Walter:
Eugene:

What's on your shirt?

That's only a little coffee.
What're those people here for?
They're here for work.

Ruth:
Christine:
Ruth:
Christine:

Where's the sugar?

There's some on the table.
Where're the potatoes?
There're some in the corner, next to the onions.

Nathaniel:
Martha:
Nathaniel:
Martha:

When's your birthday?

It's in the middle of July.
When're all the secretaries out of the office?
They're out of the office every day before 5 o'clock.

Victoria:
Alexandra:
Victoria:
Alexandra:

Who's that man without a hat?

That's Mr. Johnson, but he's never without his hat.
Who're those women with him?
Those're his secretaries. They're always with him.

James:
Charles:
James:
Charles:

Whys your shirt open?

Its open, because I was at the park with my friends from school.
Whyre your pants wet?
They're wet, because there's water in the streets. It's already up to my knees.
20

PAST
I was at the university last fall.
You were at the factory all day yesterday.
He was in the hospital all last week.
She was living in Los Angeles last winter.
It was among the dead leaves. Right?
We were across the street a few days ago.

I wasn't at the university last fall.

You weren't at the factory all day yesterday.
He wasn't in the hospital all last week.
She wasn't living in Los Angeles last winter.
It wasn't among the dead leaves. Right?
We weren't across the street a few days ago.

Mary:
Diana:
Mary:
Diana:

Were you at John's apartment on Saturday?

Yes, I was, but only for a short time.
Was your brother there with his girlfriend?
No, he wasn't. They weren't together on that day.

David:
Jessica:
David:
Jessica:

Was your sister at the film last night?

Yes, she was. She was there with her new boyfriend.
Was James at his doctor's office yesterday?
No, he wasn't because his broken arm is okay now.

Andrew:
Philip:
Andrew:
Philip:

Were your grandparents up in Alaska?

Yes, they were. They were up there for two months last summer.
Were your cousins down in Chile?
No, they weren't. But next winter they'll be down there.

Richard:
Ann:
Richard:
Ann:

Wasnt our summer terrible last year?

Yes, it was cold and wet all summer long.
Werent my broken glasses here yesterday?
Youre right. They were here then. But yesterdays not today, my sweet!
FUTURE

I'll be here tomorrow without my winter boots.

You'll be at work all day tomorrow. Right?
He'll be with us before this spring.
It'll be about Mr. Kennedy.
We'll be very far apart next summer.
They'll be together next year.

I won't be here tomorrow without my winter boots.

You won't be at work all day tomorrow. Right?
He won't be with us before this spring.
It won't be about Mr. Kennedy.
We won't be very far apart next summer.
They won't be together next year.

Elizabeth:
Katherine:
Elizabeth:
Katherine:

When'll you be at your office tomorrow morning?

I'll be there between 9:30 and 10 in the morning.
Where'll you be living next winter?
I'll be living in Tahiti then. It'll be wonderful.

Paul:
Peter:
Paul:
Peter:

Will Richard be here the day after tomorrow?

No, I'm afraid that he won't be here.
Where'll he be?
He'll be at the flower market every day from morning to evening.

Mrs. Tyler:
Anthony:
Mrs. Tyler:
Anthony:

When'll Mary and John be married?

They'll be married on Saturday.
Who'll be there?
Both their families'll be there. There'll be other people also.

Mr. Jefferson:
Mrs. Bush:
Mr. Jefferson:
Mrs. Bush:

Will there be a big party after church?

Yes, there'll be a very big party!
Wont it be wonderful to be together with all our old friends?
Yes, itll be a happy time for us all.

21

NUMBERS
Please say these numbers separately:
Martha:
Katherine:
Martha:
Katherine:

What's your telephone number?

It's 232-4587.
What's your brother's telephone number?
His number's 588-9030.

Andrew:
John:
Andrew:
John:

What's Ann's telephone number?

It's 548-1230.
What's her telephone number at work?
That's 908-7564.

Mrs. Grant:
Mr. Grant:
Mrs. Grant:
Mr. Grant:

What's Dr. Ford's telephone number?

His number's 498-5476.
Isn't that Richard's number?
Yes, you're right. Dr. Ford's number's 498-5467.

Please put these numbers in groups:

James:
Jessica:
James:
Jessica:

What's your address?

It's 3478 Park Street.
Okay. What's your apartment number?
It's 689.

Susan:
Elizabeth:
Susan:
Elizabeth:

What's our class number?

It's not difficult. It's 345.
Okay. What's your office number?
It's also easy. My office number's 123.

Ruth:
Natalie:
Ruth:
Natalie:

What's your library book number?

It's 5938.
Okay. What's Mary's brother's address?
It's 6517 Flower Street.

Please give these numbers in full.

Helen:
Matthew:
Helen:
Matthew:

How many students are there at your university?

At this time, there are 14,825.
How many of them are men and how many are women?
Its far from 50/50. There are 9,567 men and 5,258 women.

Richard:
Christine:
Richard:
Christine:

How many people are there in San Francisco?

When I was there last year, there were 808,938 people in San Francisco.
How many people are there in New York City?
There are 19,500,000 or more people in New York City. Right?

Nicholas:
Mr. Pierce:
Nicholas:
Mr. Pierce:

How many people are there in California?

There are between 36 and 37,000,000 people in California.
How many people are there in the U.S.A.?
There must be close to 305,000,000 people in the U.S.A.

22

MARY McKINLEY'S WEEK

Miss Adams, is also at the office. Paul and

Mary's son, George, is at work in a shoe
factory. Their daughter, Ann, who's still a
student, is at her university.

Yesterday was Monday, the first day of the

week. It was February 12, the birthday of
Abraham Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln was an
important man in American history. Because
of his birthday, not many people were at work
yesterday. All schools, post offices and banks
were closed. And, that's why many offices
were also closed. But hospitals, pharmacies,
stores, markets and restaurants were open.

It's now 8:45 in the morning. Mary's one of

many people, 20 or more, who are outside a
pharmacy, but because it's still early, the
pharmacy's closed. This morning, it won't be
open until 9 o'clock. The pharmacy's up the
street from Paul's office. It's across the street
from the city post office, close to the corner of
University and First Streets, not too far from
the Japanese vegetable market.

Mary McKinley, together with her husband,

and their two children, Mary and George, was
at a film theater last evening. The film was very
interesting. It was about Abraham Lincoln's last
years and all the problems between the North
and South. Without question, that was a dark,
terrible time in America's history.

This evening the McKinleys must be at a party

for their good friend Dr. Cleveland, who's a
science teacher at the University of Florida.
The party'll be at the restaurant of one of the
city's new hotels. The McKinleys and the
Clevelands are special friends. That's why it's
important for both Mary and Paul to be there.
And, because theyre all my close friends, Ill
be there also. Its wonderful that their friends
are my friends and my friends are their friends!

Today's Tuesday. Many people are already at

work. Students and teachers are at schools.
Doctors are at hospitals. Postmen are at post
offices. Mary's husband, whose name is Paul,
is already at his office. Paul's new secretary,

23

Tomorrow'll be Wednesday, another work day.

Wednesday's in the middle of the week. Mary
must be at her doctor's office at 10:15 on
Wednesday. Her doctor's Dr. Jefferson. His
office is down the street from her husband's
office and next to a big clothes store.

Mary must be at her bank on Friday morning

before 11:00. Mary's bank is in an old building
next to the post office. The bank's open from
10:00 to 6:00 on Fridays. On the other
weekdays, that
is Monday, Tuesday,
Wednesday and Thursday, the bank's open
only until 4 o'clock.

The day after Wednesday's Thursday. On

Thursday, Mary and her old friend, Mrs.
Coolidge, will be at that new Chinese
restaurant at the corner of Jackson and
Madison Streets. It's across the street from the
Flower Hotel. Inside, the restaurant's clean and
beautiful. There're tables and chairs for up t o
60 people. The restaurant, whose name is
Lucky Star, is one of a kind. But that's not all!
Its food's wonderful and not too expensive.

After work, on Friday, Mary and her husband'll

be at their apartment. They're happy there.
They'll be there all evening. Their apartment is
in a big apartment building close to the city
park. That's why the name of their street is
Park. Their address is 425 Park Street. The
number is on the side of the building. Their
apartment number is 617. And, their
telephone number is 433-9850.

24

Saturday and Sunday are rest days for the

McKinleys. Another name for these two days
at the end of the week is weekend. Many
stores're open from 9:00 to 5:00 or 5:30 on
weekends. Mary and her sister, Martha, will be
at two or three dress stores. There're many
spring clothes in many beautiful colors at the
stores now. Mary and Martha are lucky
because both their dress and shoe sizes are
the same.

husband'll be at the park. It's beautiful there a t

this time of the year. The leaves are out on
many trees and almost all the spring flowers are
up now. The grass is short and very green.
Without question, the McKinleys are lucky
people to be living down south, in Florida,
where every day is out of this world.
I'm sorry that I'm not down there with them.
We're far apart. I'm up north, where it's still cold.
For us, February's still the dead of winter.
It is the time of year, when for us the days're
short and cold and the nights're long and cold.
Next year, at this time, my family'll be in Florida.
I'm sure of that!

Mary and her family'll be at their church on

Sunday morning at 10:00. Their church's up
the street from their apartment. It's very close
to the city park. After church, Mary and her
Please put your answer on the line:

25

I'm

I am
you are
he is
she is
it is

__
_________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________

I will
you will
he will
she will
it will

__
_________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________

I'll

we are
you are
they are

_______________
_______________
_______________

we will
you will
they will

______________
______________
______________

up
across

down
far

together
close

up

1. A boy was ___ _______ in that apple tree.

2. The baby was ___________ on his hands and knees.
3. Many fish were ____________ in the water.
4. The address was ______________ on the side of the building.
5. His apartment must be ___________ to my place.
6. The university is __________________ from the park.
7. There is a clothes store _______________ from that good French restaurant.
8. The children will be here _______________ with their parents.

A lemon tree

1. What is a tree with lemons?

2. What is a bone in the shoulder?
3. What is a dress for summer?
4. What is a nation that is an island?
5. What is a place for rest?
6. What are gloves for work?
out
far
in
afraid

next
work
start
lucky

heart
one
from
at

_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
mother's
middle
doctors
wife

good

good
there
about
with

end
old
other
terrible

secretary
language
weekend
wonderful

and grandfather. They were _________ to

their grandchild.

My mother and I were at a _

__ film last
_____________. The theater was open
________ 6:15. My _________ seat number
was 133 and my seat was 132. Our seats were
______ to one another. There were two color
films. The first one was _______ the history of
Peru, one of the nations of South America.

At the _________ of the film, the two

grandparents were living ________
a
beautiful, little apartment not _________ from
the city park. But the grandfather's ________
was not very good. Before the __________ of
the film, my heart was broken when the
grandfather was in the city hospital. The
_________ were with him day and night. It was
a ________ time for all the family. They were
________. At the _______ of the film, the
grandfather was _____ of the hospital. He and
his _______ were at the park with their young
grandson. He was a very _________ man!

The ________ was about a family in New York

City. The family was __________ Puerto Rico.
Their first _____________ was not English,
but Spanish. In the family ________ were four
children: a boy and three girls. The father was a
Spanish language teacher and the mother was
a ___________. The three girls were
students. __________ was a student at the
University of New York. But the boy was not a
student. He was only nine months ________.
When the parents were at __________, the
baby boy was ___________ his grandmother
26

HOUSE

27

LESSON 3 - WORD LIST

Please put these words and sentences in your own language. Be an artist; make some pictures.
house

_______________ kitchen

_______________

roof

_______________ stove

_______________

door

_______________ o v e n

_______________

window

_______________ sofa

_______________

light

_______________ carpet

_______________

radio

_______________ television

_______________

shower

_______________ b e d

_______________

sink

_______________ chair

_______________

bathtub

_______________ curtain

_______________

toilet

_______________ garden

_______________

box

_______________ bottle

_______________

____________ room

A room with a bed is a bedroom.

_____________________________________________
____________ h o m e

Home is where your heart is.

_____________________________________________
____________ wall

There was a map up on the wall.

_____________________________________________
____________ floor

Our feet are down on the floor.

_____________________________________________
____________ ceiling

A light is up on the ceiling.

_____________________________________________
28

____________ bath

The water for the baby's bath is in the bathtub.

_____________________________________________
____________ furniture

Their furniture is new.

_____________________________________________
____________ garage

There is a big, long shelf on one wall of his garage.

_____________________________________________
____________ f u n

It was fun to be with you up in the treehouse.

_____________________________________________
____________ strong

There was a good, strong roof on the house.

_____________________________________________
____________ weak

The floor was a little weak.

_____________________________________________
____________ hard

A floor without a carpet is cold and hard.

_____________________________________________
____________ soft

A soft bed is not good for your back.

_____________________________________________
____________ high

How high is the ceiling in your kitchen?

_____________________________________________
____________ low

The ceiling is very low in my new apartment.

_____________________________________________
____________ thick

The book is thick.

_____________________________________________
____________ thin
____________ front

There is a thin, white curtain on the window.

____________________________________________________________________
The front door is open, but the back one is not.

_____________________________________________
____________ nice

It was a very nice day at the park.

_____________________________________________
____________ dining

The walls of their dining room are blue.

_____________________________________________
____________ o w n

The walls of her own room are a light green color.

_____________________________________________
____________ s o

There is ice in the water, so it is cold.

_____________________________________________
____________ again

He will be here again next week.

_____________________________________________
____________ over

There is a light over my kitchen sink.

_____________________________________________
____________ u n d e r

There is a carpet under my dining table.

_____________________________________________
____________ against

Our nice, new sofa will be against that wall.

_____________________________________________
____________ b y

There is an apple tree by my window.

_____________________________________________
____________ along

There are many flowers along the front wall.

_____________________________________________
____________ away

The doctor will be away on Friday.

_____________________________________________
____________ which?

Which color is this sofa, gray or white?

_____________________________________________
____________ should

You should be at work every day at 8 o'clock.

_____________________________________________
____________ to have

They have a new, color television.

_____________________________________________
29

about
about may give the idea of more or less.
Victoria:
Anthony:
Victoria:
Anthony:

What time will you be home?

I'll be home about 7:30.
What time will the bank be open?
The bank will be open about 9 o'clock.

John:
Paul:
John:
Paul:

How many windows are in your house?

There are about 10 windows in my house.
How many candies are there in every box?
There are about 100 candies in every box.

so
so shows the outcome of a condition or action.
1. This is a table for coffee, so it is a coffee table.
2. This is a curtain for a shower, so it is a shower curtain.
3. There is a bathtub in this room, so it is a bathroom.
4. There is some sugar in my coffee, so it is sweet.
5. The bread was old, so it was dry.
6. These flowers are from our garden, so they are fresh.
7. They will be married tomorrow, so they will be husband and wife.
8. Tomorrow will be her 90th birthday, so there will be a big party.

own
own makes the idea of possession very strong.
Walter:
George:
Walter:
George:

Is this your own radio?

Yes, that is my own radio.
Is this your own bathroom?
Yes, that is my own bathroom.

Ann:
Edward:
Ann:
Edward:

Is this John's own furniture?

Yes, this is his own furniture.
Are these beautiful, thick carpets his own also?
No, they are not John's own carpets. They are his parents'.

against
against may give the idea of so close there is pressure between two things.
1. The table with the broken leg is against the wall.
2. A box of books was against the door. Right?
3. There will be a night table against the bed.
4. A branch of the tree is against the house.
5. Why is that child's dirty face against the clean window?
6. What's the problem? Why are you always against me?
7. That kind of film is against the law in our city. Right?
8. It is interesting that they are not for us or against us. We must not be important to them!

30

by
by shows a position very close to something.
Henry:
Ruth:
Henry:
Ruth:

Where is there an apple tree?

There is a big apple tree by my bedroom window.
Where are there flowers?
There are many beautiful flowers by the side of my house.

James:
Ashley:
James:
Ashley:

Where are your kitchen shelves?

They are by my sink.
Where is your stove?
It is by my icebox.
hard soft

1. A hard bed is good for your back.

2. The seats and backs of kitchen chairs are hard.
3. A floor without a carpet is cold and hard. Am I not right?
4. Last winter was again very hard.
5. The girl's hair is long and soft.
6. The seat and back of our sofa are both soft.
7. For this kind of picture, the light on her face must be very soft.
8. Your chocolate ice cream is all soft now. Right?

high low
Eugene:
Helen:
Eugene:
Helen:

What is high?
The ceiling of this room is high.
Are there any high buildings in your city?
Yes, there are some very high buildings in the central part of my city.

Lisa:
Martha:
Lisa:
Martha:

Will your new garden wall be high or low?

My new garden wall will be low, but strong.
Is the neck of my new dress too low?
No, it is not too low. It'll be okay for this evening's party.

Which...?
Which day is today, Monday or Tuesday?
It is Monday.

1. Which book is this, science or English?

2. Which color is your coat, blue or black?
3. Which bottle is that, a beer bottle or a wine bottle?
4. Which room is this carpet for, the bedroom or the living room?
5. Which year was he there in, 1991 or 1992?
6. Which page is the map on, 28 or 29?
7. Which library was John at, the city library or the school library?
8. Which city is Mary from, Chicago or Boston?

31

along
along gives the idea of parallel.
Andrew:
Jessica:
Andrew:
Jessica:

Where will your kitchen shelves be?

They will be along the north wall, opposite the windows.
Where will your flowers be?
They will be along the front of my house.

Christine:
William:
Christine:
William:

Are there many trees along the streets of your city?

Yes, there are many beautiful trees along both sides of many of our city streets.
Are there many high buildings in your city?
Yes, there are many high buildings along both sides of Jackson Street.

away
away gives the idea of "any place, but here."
Nathaniel:
Elizabeth:
Nathaniel:
Elizabeth:

Where'll the doctor be on Friday?

He'll be away almost all day on Friday.
Will he be away on Monday also?
No, he'll be here then. But, he'll be away again next Friday.

Mrs. Taft:
Mrs. Polk:
Mrs. Taft:
Mrs. Polk:

It is nice to be away from all the problems of work for a day or two.
Yes, you're right. It's nice to be away from people, now and then.
It was nice to be with your family last Saturday. What about next Saturday?
I'm sorry, but we'll be away on both Saturday and Sunday.

over under
Natalie:
Susan:
Natalie:
Susan:

Where is your kitchen light?

It is over my sink.
Where is your dining room light?
It is over our dining room table.

Alexandra:
Nicholas:
Alexandra:
Nicholas:

Where is Martha's apartment?

It is over Mr. Harding's garage.
Will there be cities under the ocean?
That is an interesting question. My short answer is yes. I am sure of it.

Diana:
Charles:
Diana:
Charles:

Where are the baby's things?

They are under the sofa again.
Where is all our money?
It is still under our bed.

David:
Richard:
David:
Richard:

What is the name of a coat over your suit coat?

That's easy. A coat over another coat is an overcoat.
What are overshoes?
They are shoes over other shoes. An overcoat and overshoes are winter clothes.

Katherine:
Philip:
Katherine:
Philip:

What is the name of the shirt under your shirt?

That's easy. A shirt under another shirt is an undershirt.
What are underpants?
They are pants under other pants. Undershirts and underpants are underclothes.

32

SHOULD
should (+)
I should
you should
he should
she should
it should

should (-)
I should not
you should not
he should not
she should not
it should not

we should
you should
they should

You should be here at 9 o'clock.

We should be close to the front.
They should be by the sofa.
It should be clean and strong.

we should not
you should not
they should not

You should not be here at 9 o'clock.

We should not be close to the front.
They should not be by the sofa.
It should not be dirty or weak.

Should may show:

A. Requirement, obligation, or duty
1. Boys should be nice to girls all the time.
2. Your feet should be under the table, not on it.
3. There should be hot and cold water in every house.
4. There should be a light over the stove. Am I right?
5. Your dirty shoes should not be in my clean kitchen.
6. All those children should not be in my flower garden.
7. You should also be soft with young children.
8. You should not be happy now that he is dead.

B. Expectation
1. I should be at your place before 5:00.
2. It should be a nice day again tomorrow.
3. It's not 6:00, so the pharmacy should still be open.
4. We should be at the restaurant about 7 o'clock.
5. There should be two kinds of ice cream in the icebox.
6. Apples should not be very expensive at this time of year. Right or wrong?
7. Your science book should be on the top shelf and a little to the right.
8. His leg muscles are a little weak, but they should be strong again in a very short time.

C. Advisability, there is a reason: "It's a good/bad idea."

1. He should be nice to me because all his money is in my pocket.
2. There should be chairs along both sides of the room. Right?
3. He should not be away from his wife for months and months.
4. It is important that you should never again be afraid of him.
5. That little boy should not be up there, at the top of that high tree.
6. Those people should not be close to that open door.
7. All those wonderful spring flowers should be in fresh water.
8. The ice cream should not be out of the icebox for a long time.

33

PRESENT
to have (+)
I have
you have
he has
she has
it has

we have
you have
they have

to have (-)
I do not have
you do not have
he does not have
she does not have
it does not have

we do not have
you do not have
they do not have

I have a little, hard sofa.

You have a big, soft chair.
It has thin walls and a weak floor.
She has some new, light blue curtains.

I don't have a little, hard sofa.

You don't have a big, soft chair.
It doesn't have thin walls or a weak floor.
She doesn't have any new, light blue curtains.

to have (+?)
do I have?
do you have?
does he have?
does she have?
does it have?

to have (-?)
don't I have?
don't you have?
doesn't he have?
doesn't she have?
doesn't it have?

do we have?
do you have?
do they have?

Do I have your new telephone number?

Do you have his old pencil box?
Does it have any fresh, green leaves?
Does she have long, dark brown hair?

don't we have?
don't you have?
don't they have?

Don't I have your new telephone number?

Don't you have his old pencil box?
Doesn't it have any fresh, green leaves?
Doesn't she have long, dark brown hair?

My secretary has both the pictures and maps.

My secretary must have both the pictures and maps.
My secretary should have both the pictures and maps.
Does every box have twelve bottles?
Must every box have twelve bottles?
Should every box have twelve bottles?
The house has two toilets.
The house must have two toilets.
The house should have two toilets.
Doesn't every room have a thick carpet?
Mustn't every room have a thick carpet?
Shouldn't every room have a thick carpet?
We have fun with grandfather.
We must have fun with grandfather.
We should have fun with grandfather.
Do you have a shower every day?
Must you have a shower every day?
Should you have a shower every day?
The dirty children have a bath before bedtime.
The dirty children must have a bath before bedtime.
The dirty children should have a bath before bedtime.

34

OUR HOUSE

broken. It does not have one leaf on it this

year, so it must be dead.

We do not have an apartment. We have a

house. It's not a very big house, but it's our
own. It is our home. We are very lucky because
not every family has its own house t h e s e
days. Our home is on a little street with many
trees. Our address is 428. The number is high
over our front door. The outside of our
house is white. The roof is green. We have
many flowers along the front of our house.
There is also much green grass for the
children.

Because it is summer, we have our garden

furniture out in the garden, under our apple
tree. After a hard day at the office, it is a
wonderful place for a rest and a cold drink.
Because we have our own vegetable garden,
we have fresh vegetables all summer long.
Our flower garden is not far from our vegetable
garden. We have many different kinds of
flowers in our garden. We have a high garden
wall. Our garden is a very nice place. I'm happy
with it and my husband is also.

At the back, we have a few fruit trees. There

is a big, beautiful apple tree by the back door,
so we have many fresh, sweet, red apples
every year. It's only the start of summer now,
but it already has hundreds of little green
apples. Two months ago, it was white with
hundreds of little flowers. Its branches are high
over the roof of our house. One of them is

My husband and I are very different people. He

has a workplace in a corner of our garage,
where he has long shelves with many boxes
for his things. His workplace is not always very
clean. But, he has fun out there almost every
weekend from morning to evening.

35

Inside our house we have five rooms: a

kitchen, a living room, two bedrooms and a
bathroom. We do not have a dining room. But
in place of a dining room, we have a very big
kitchen. Our table and chairs are in it. Our
kitchen is not new, but it is clean and has many
windows, so it has good light almost all day
long.

We have an ice blue carpet on the floor of our

living room. In the middle of the carpet, we
have another carpet. This second carpet,
which is not very big, is very thick and
beautiful. It is from Iran. It was expensive.
Some of the furniture in our living room is new
and some of it is old. Our long sofa is very light
pink, almost a morning pink. At one end of it,
there is a little table with a light. At the other
end, there is a big, soft, coffee brown chair. It
has arms, so it is an armchair. At the front
of the sofa, we have a long, low table for
coffee. It is our coffee table. Our coffee
table has very thin legs.

Our kitchen walls are very light yellow and the

ceiling is white. There is a big white sink with
hot and cold water. There is a long workplace
by the sink. We have a stove with a big oven
and a new icebox. Our stove and icebox are
both white. At the top of the icebox, there is a
very cold place for meats and ice cream. There
are some open shelves along one of the
kitchen walls. On the opposite wall, there are
closed shelves with doors. The shelves, that
are white, have doors, that are light yellow.

Our living room has three windows with long

ceiling to floor curtains. One of the windows is
a very big picture window. We also have a
television in our living room. The telephone is
on a little table not far from it. The telephone
book is on the same table, but under the
telephone. At one end of our living room, we
have a wall with bookshelves from the ceiling
to the floor. It is a bookshelf wall. We have
about a thousand books on it. For us, our
living room is a very special place.

Our bathroom has white walls. It also has a sink

with both hot and cold water. There is also a
toilet, a shower, and a bathtub. The shower
curtain is blue with pictures of fish on it. Our
bathroom has one little window with a curtain
that is blue and white.

36

We have two rooms with beds. They are our

bedrooms. Our bedroom has very nice, light
blue wallpaper on the walls. Our curtains are
blue also. All our bedroom furniture is new. We
have a big bed that is between two little night
tables, which have little green lights on them.
There are always two or three books on our
night tables, by the lights. At the head of our
bed, there is a big mirror. We also have a big
place for our clothes. There is a soft, white
carpet on the floor. We have some family
pictures on one wall. Among them there are
two very old, black and white pictures of my
grandparents. All the others are new, color
ones.

Peter's work table is in a corner. It is a long,

thick board between two low boxes. His school
books and homework are on it. He also has a
picture of his girlfriend, Diana, on it. On the
wall up over his table, Peter has a world map
and some bookshelves for his library. For a boy
of only 16 years old, Peter has many books
about different kinds of interesting subjects.

It is not only nice, but important for a person to

have his own room. Our son, Peter, is lucky
because not every boy has his own bedroom
these days. Among the many things in his
bedroom, there is a bed. It is hard, so it is very
good for his back. His bed has a high
headboard, but it does not have a
footboard. Peter, whose bed is against a
wall, has a little radio, which is on his night
table. Next to the radio, there is a little light.

There is only one problem with Peter's room its colors. They are very special! The carpet is
ocean blue. The ceiling is lemon yellow and
the walls are blood red. His thin curtains are
dirty brown. The colors are terrible, but it is not
my room. It's okay with me because, after all,
it is his room and a boy's bedroom should be a
fun place for him and his friends.

Mothers will be mothers, so my questions

every Saturday morning are always the same:
"Peter, where are all your dirty clothes? What's
under your bed? Socks? Underclothes? Shirt?
Pants? All your dirty clothes should be down
here, now!"

37

PAST
to have (+)
I had
you had
he had
she had
it had

we had
you had
they had

to have (-)
I did not have
you did not have
he did not have
she did not have
it did not have

we did not have

you did not have
they did not have

We had a big icebox.

He had an old bathtub.
She had some nice curtains.
It had many big windows.

We didn't have a big icebox.

He didn't have an old bathtub.
She didn't have any nice curtains.
It didn't have many big windows.

to have (+?)
did I have?
did you have?
did he have?
did she have?
did it have?

t o have (-?)
didn't I have?
didn't you have?
didn't he have?
didn't she have?
didn't it have?

did we have?
did you have?
did they have?

didn't we have?
didn't you have?
didn't they have?

Did we have her new address?

Did you have his theater seat?
Did it have any apples this year?
Did they have any fresh flowers?

Didn't we have her new address?

Didn't you have his theater seat?
Didn't it have any apples this year?
Didn't they have any fresh flowers?

The man had his hat on.

The man had his hands up.
The man had his feet together.
The man had his hands in his pockets.

The other man had his hat off.

The other man had his hands down.
The other man had his feet apart.
The other man had his hands out of his pocket.

The man had his arm across his chest.

The man had his shoulder against the closed door.
The man had his fingers under the big box.
The man had his hand over the hot stove.
The man had his hand between the sofa and the wall.

The woman had flowers along the front of her house.

The woman had a book about different kinds of flowers.
The woman had a nice carpet under her dining table.
The woman had sugar in her tea.
The woman had some chocolate candies for the children.
The woman had a new house.
The woman had a hot shower.
The woman had a birthday party.
The woman had fun at the park.
The woman had a test about English.
The woman had a good doctor.
The woman had many children.
The woman had some friends in Chicago.

38

MY FATHER'S HOUSE

At the back of the house, his family had a few

fruit trees. There was a lemon tree, an orange
tree, and two apples trees, so his family had
their own fresh lemons, oranges, and apples
every year. My father was lucky because high
up on a big, strong branch of the apple tree he
had his own little tree house. It was fun for
the children to be high up in the tree house.
His father had a vegetable garden between
the two apple trees. By it was his mother's
flower garden. She had flowers all year
long. Their garage was not a part of the
house. It was only a very short distance from
the house.

When my father was a boy, his family had their

own house. I still have a picture of it. It was a
very big house. It was on a little street with
many big trees along both sides. Their address
was 899 Park Street. The number was on the
front door.
The outside of the house was white. The roof
was dark green. They had many beautiful
flowers along the front of their house. There
was much grass at both the front and back of
the house.

39

My father's house had seven rooms: a kitchen,

a dining room, a living room, three bedrooms
and a bathroom. The kitchen walls and high
ceiling were all the same color- white. The
kitchen shelves were also white. There was a
big, white sink, but it did not have any hot
water. There was also a big, black stove with
two ovens. Both ovens had shelves. His
mother did not have an icebox. In place o f
one, she had a little room for the family's food.
It was down under the house. Along one of its
walls there were boxes of vegetables. There
were long, open shelves on the opposite wall,
where there were many big bottles of apple
juice, which was from their own apples.

table that had fresh flowers from my

grandmother's garden on it almost every day.
There were two chairs at the left and right sides
of the table. These were the children's chairs.
At one end of the dining table was my
grandmother's place. At the other end, there
was an armchair with a high back for my
grandfather. When he was away for a day or
two, it was my father's seat.
There was only one bathroom in the house. It
had three green walls. The fourth wall had
wallpaper with pictures of different kinds of fish
on it. There was a bathtub and a sink, but there
was no shower. Because this was all a long
time ago, the toilet was not inside the house. It
was outside, at the back of the house. The
name of this kind of outside toilet that people
had many years ago is "outhouse."

My father's house had a very big dining room.

The wallpaper had pictures of flowers on it.
The ceiling was high with a big light over a long

40

In the living room, there were two big, soft

armchairs and a long, green sofa along one
wall. But there was no coffee table. The living
room carpet had many colors. All this was
many, many years ago, so the family did not
have a radio or a television, but they did have
long bookshelves, so every child had a special
place for his or her books.

had the other. The boys, whose bedroom was

up under the roof, had a big world map on one
of their walls. They had many pictures on the
others. There was a big window with thin, white
curtains between their beds. They had a
carpet on the floor boards. Against one wall,
they had a table with two chairs.
The girls' bedroom had the same kind of
furniture in it, but I'm sure that they had
different kinds of pictures on their walls and
different colors for their curtains. The girls'
room was always clean and things were always
in their place. Girls' and boys' rooms are
always different and in my eyes that's okay.

My father had two sisters and one brother, so,

all together, there were four children in the
family. Their house had only three bedrooms,
so every child did not have his own room. My
father and his brother had one bedroom
together, his sisters had one and his parents

41

FUTURE
to have (+)
I will have
you will have
he will have
she will have
it will have

we will have
you will have
they will have

to have (-)
I will not have
you will not have
he will not have
she will not have
it will not have

we will not have

you will not have
they will not have

I will have my own television.

You will have a nice, new bed.
He will have his own workroom.
She will have fresh white curtains.

I won't have my own television.

You won't have a nice, new bed.
He won't have his own workroom.
She won't have fresh white curtains.

to have (+?)
will I have?
will you have?
will he have?
will she have?
will it have?

to have (-?)
won't I have?
won't you have?
won't he have?
won't she have?
won't it have?

will we have?
will you have?
will they have?

Will we have a white stove?

Will you have a big garden?
Will it have many windows?
Will they have much furniture?

won't we have?
won't you have?
won't they have?

Won't we have a white stove?

Won't you have a big garden?
Won't it have many windows?
Won't they have much furniture?

I will have my own room.

I must have my own room.
I should have my own room.
The room will have a carpet on the floor.
The room must have a carpet on the floor.
The room should have a carpet on the floor.
Will the children have a bath before bedtime?
Must the children have a bath before bedtime?
Should the children have a bath before bedtime?
Won't the dining room have a high ceiling?
Mustn't the dining room have a high ceiling?
Shouldn't the dining room have a high ceiling?
Every box will have two bottles in it.
Every box must have two bottles in it.
Every box should have two bottles in it.
Every woman will have fresh flowers and a box of chocolates.
Every woman must have fresh flowers and a box of chocolates.
Every woman should have fresh flowers and a big box of chocolates.

42

MY BROTHER'S HOUSE

She should have many different kinds of

beautiful flowers: big ones and little ones, red
ones and yellow ones, pink ones, white ones
and so on. With the right kind of garden
furniture, their garden should be a nice place
for a rest at the end of the day. But what
should be is not always what will be, so what
will be, will be!

My brother, David, is a doctor and his wife,

Susan, is a secretary. Next month, they will be
in their new house. It will be a big house. It will
be on a little street with many trees along both
sides. His address will be 435 Flower Street.
The number will be up on the front door. The
outside of the house will be brown and white.
The roof will be gray. I'm afraid that the colors
are not my kind of colors for a big house, but
there will be many flowers along the front of it.

A very short distance from the house, there will

be a big garage. The garage will have two big
doors. Inside the garage, there should be a
workplace with long shelves. It should be okay
in the summer, but I'm sure that it will be terrible
and cold in the winter. My brother and his wife
will have a nice, clean, two room apartment
over their garage. It will be the right size for a
university student or a person who is not
married. Without question, it will be a nice
place for the right person.

At the back, he will have much green grass and

many fruit trees. In my eyes, he should have
orange trees, lemon trees and a few apples
trees. He will also have a big place for two
gardens there. He should have a vegetable
garden with potatoes, tomatoes, onions, corn,
beans and other fresh vegetables. His wife
should have her flower garden not far away.

43

Inside the house, there will be seven rooms: a

kitchen, a living room, a family room and four
bedrooms. Every bedroom will have its own
bathroom. I'm sorry that the house will not have
a dining room. For me, a house must have a
dining room. A house without a dining room is
not a house. That's all! My brother and I are
different people. We are worlds apart about
some questions.

The house will have four bedrooms. The first

one will be for my brother and his wife, the
second one will be for their daughter, Victoria,
who is away at the university now, the third one
will be for their other daughter, Jessica, who is
still at home and the fourth one will be for their
friends. But, they don't have very many.
There will be a new bed in every bedroom. By
every bed, there will be a little night table with a
light on it. Every bedroom will have a big ceiling
light. Every bedroom will also have its own
bathroom, where there will be mirrors, sinks,
showers and toilets. Now there is no hot or
cold water in the house, but the kitchen and all
the bathrooms will have them both at the end
of next month. The bathrooms will have very,
very nice wallpaper on the walls. The windows
are still not in, but they should be before the
end of next week. Now, there are still dirty, old
boards across the places where the windows
will be. It's not important! It's all the same to me!

In the house, the kitchen will be very big, so

my sister-in-law, Susan, will have her dining
table and chairs there. The walls of her kitchen
will be white. The low ceiling will also be white.
There will be a big, white sink with hot and cold
water. On the left side of the stove there will be
a long workplace. My sister-in-law will have a
walloven in her kitchen. A walloven is an
oven in the wall. The icebox, with its many
shelves, will be by the sink. There will be many
lights in the kitchen. There will also be many
shelves in the kitchen. That's important!

44

The living room will have three big ceiling-tofloor picture windows with beautiful, long, dark
blue curtains. The ceiling of the living room will
be very high. The living room will be long. It will
have a light brown wall-to-wall carpet on the
floor. It will also have much new furniture.
There will be two sofas against the wall
opposite the windows. There will also be some
big, soft armchairs. Little tables, from the time
of our grandparents, will be at the ends of the
sofas. There will be a very low coffee table in
the middle of the living room. And, there will be
nice pictures on all the walls. It will be very
expensive, but it's not my money!

time, so that is where they should have their

new, color television. The room should also
have a sofa and three or four seats. But, the
family room will not have a carpet on the floor.
That's terrible. I'm sorry, but for me, a room
without a carpet is cold, too cold! Carpets are
important for a room, very important!
Along one wall of his family room, my brother
will have a long shelf for different kinds of
books. Another wall will have old Spanish and
Portuguese maps of the Atlantic and Pacific
Oceans. Without question, it be a very, very
nice house for my brother and his family. They
are lucky people and I am happy for them. I am
also happy there is that little two room
apartment up over their garage. I have my eye
on it!

There will be a family room between the

kitchen and the living room. My brother and his
family will be in their family room much of the

45

Please put these sentences in the past and future.

1. I have an old radio.
2. He has a color television.
3. She has a baby boy.
4. It has many fresh apples.
5. We have much work.
6. You have no time.
7. They have bad seats.
8. I have some easy questions for you.
9. He has a terrible time with mathematics.
10. She has very sad eyes.
1. Do you have a brother?
2. Do you have a vegetable garden?
3. Do you have your place?
4. Does he have a weak heart?
5. Does she have a hot water bottle?
6. Does it have a big window?
7. Do we have more time?
8. Do they have clean clothes?
9. Do they have dirty boots?
10. Do they have fun at the park?

I had an old radio. I will have an.

____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________

Yes, I have a brother.

____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________

Re-write these sentences with "must" and "should."

1. He will have his own apartment.
2. You will have a hard bed.
3. She will have a thick carpet.
4. They will have new furniture.
5. There will be a beautiful garden.
6. He will have a hot bath tonight.
7. I will have a good night's rest.
8. She will be nice to him.
9. He will be happy.
10. It will be soft.

so
against

 own
by

He must have .

He should have .

__________________
__________________
__________________
_________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________

on
along

in
under

own

___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________

over
away

1. Does she have her __

___ color television?
2. He had his shoulder ____________ the door.
3. There are many trees _____________ both sides of the street.
4. She has her stove ___________ the sink.
5. We were in Mexico ___________ 1996.
6. Matthew won't be here __________ Wednesday.
7. The bed is hard, ____________ it will be good for your back.
8. It was very nice to be _____________ for a few days.
9. I have a two room apartment ____________ my garage.
10. He has a nice, little workroom ____________ his house.
11. She is sad because she will never be young ___________.
12. It was cold outside, so the windows were ________ closed.

46

again
still

FARM

47

LESSON 4 - WORD LIST

Please put these words and sentences in your own language. Be an artist; make some pictures.
horse

______________

car

_______________

cow

______________

truck

_______________

pig

______________

noon

_______________

dog

______________

ball

_______________

cat

______________

glass

_______________

bird

______________

cup

_______________

basket

______________

fork

_______________

bucket

______________

spoon

_______________

bridge

______________

knife

_______________

hole

______________

plate

_______________

fence

______________

bowl

_______________

____________ p i e c e

The dog has a piece of meat.

_____________________________________________
____________ land

His grandfather has a big piece of land.

_____________________________________________
____________ animal

A cat is a kind of animal.

_____________________________________________
____________ farm

There are many horses at the farm.

_____________________________________________
____________ barn

A barn is a house for animals.

_____________________________________________
____________ country

They were in the country last summer.

_____________________________________________

48

____________ field

There are many cows in the field.

_____________________________________________
____________ road

There are many trucks on the road.

_____________________________________________
____________ lake

There are fish in the lake.

_____________________________________________
____________ river

There is a bridge across the river.

_____________________________________________
____________ mountain

How high is that mountain?

_____________________________________________
____________ valley

The valley is only five miles long.

_____________________________________________
____________ neighbor

The person in the next house is my neighbor.

_____________________________________________
____________ meal

A big meal after much work is very good.

_____________________________________________
____________ breakfast

The first meal of the day is breakfast.

_____________________________________________
____________ lunch

The second meal of the day is lunch.

_____________________________________________
____________ dinner

The evening meal is dinner.

_____________________________________________
____________ taste

The taste of fresh vegetables is good.

_____________________________________________
____________ smell

The flowers have a nice smell.

_____________________________________________
____________ perfect

This place is perfect for cows and horses.

_____________________________________________
____________ clear

The water is clean and clear.

_____________________________________________
____________ tall

David is the tall boy among those short girls.

_____________________________________________
____________ hungry

The children were hungry after school.

_____________________________________________
____________ thirsty

I am not hungry, but I am very thirsty for a big glass of water.

_____________________________________________
____________ delicious

The dinner was delicious.

_____________________________________________
____________ round

The world is round.

_____________________________________________
____________ through

The knife is through the meat.

_____________________________________________
____________ ready

Dinner will be ready at 6 o'clock.

_____________________________________________
____________ s o o n

Your car will be ready very soon.

_____________________________________________
____________ e n o u g h

We do not have enough plates.

_____________________________________________
____________ can/could

The truck can be there before noon.

_____________________________________________
____________ to go

The animals go to the river every evening.

_____________________________________________
____________ to come

Please, come to my house at 8:00.

_____________________________________________

49

TIME
Eugene:
Andrew:
Eugene:
Andrew:

What time is it?

It is 9:45.
What time will we be in New York?
We should be there soon.

time may also have the meaning of occasion or period.

Nicholas:
Alexandra:
Nicholas:
Alexandra:

Is this your first time at the lake?

No, this is my second time. I was here two months ago for the first time.
How many times were you in Paris?
I was in Paris, the City of Lights, many, many times. It's a wonderful place.

Martha:
Ruth:
Martha:
Ruth:

Wasn't this film on television last month?

Yes, it's on television from time to time because it's about an interesting subject.
Aren't you and Elizabeth old friends?
Yes, she and I are long time friends. We're very close to one another.

Richard:
Ashley:
Richard:
Ashley:

Will you be in Washington, D.C. anytime soon?

Yes, I'll be there sometime in May.
Mary and John were together all the time last year. Why not now?
Mary has no time for John now. She has a new friend. His name is Paul.

enough
1. There is enough food on the table for 100 people or more.
2. There isn't enough grass here for her six horses.
3. She doesn't have enough plates and bowls for 20 people.
4. She has enough knives, forks, and spoons for us all.
5. He'll soon have enough money for a new truck.
6. The kitchen is clean enough!
7. The pig isn't big enough for market.
8. He was not tall enough for basketball.
9. She was not old enough to be his wife.
10. It's not perfect, but it's good enough.

through
through gives the idea of "from one side to the other side," or "to the end."
Helen:
Walter:
Helen:
Walter:

What's the problem? Is there a hole through the fence?

Yes, there is a big hole through the fence. It's big enough for a cow!
What's wrong? Is there a hole in the wall or through the wall?
I am afraid that there are two holes, one is in the wall, the other is through it.

Elizabeth:
Philip:
Elizabeth:
Philip:

What time will the film be through?

It will be through at 10:30.
When will you be through with the work on the truck?
I'll be through very soon. It'll be all ready before dinner.

50

but may show contradiction or exception.

1. Martha has long hair, but Susan has short hair.
2. They were hungry, but I was only thirsty.
3. The lake is clear, but it is not clean enough for me.
4. All my friends, but George, were at the river.
5. All the trees, but this young one, have delicious fruit.
6. Why are all the fields, but this one, green?
7. Why do all the roads, but this one, have names?
8. Every boy, but Nicholas, had a new football.

to have
to have may be used with all food and drink.
Jessica:
Christine:
Jessica:
Christine:

When do you have breakfast?

I always have breakfast at 8:00.
When do you have dinner?
I never have dinner before 6:00.

Nathaniel:
David:
Nathaniel:
David:

What did you have for breakfast today?

I had a cup of coffee, two fresh eggs, and a piece of bread with butter and honey.
What did you have for lunch yesterday?
I had a glass of milk and a bowl of vegetable soup, which was enough for me.

George:
Natalie:
George:
Natalie:

Will you have dinner with me tomorrow night?

No, I will be at school tomorrow night.
Will you have dinner with me on Friday night?
Yes, I'll be happy to have dinner with you then.

of/for
1. When a shelf has books on it, it is a shelf of books.
2. When a shelf has no books on it, it is a shelf for books.
3. When a glass has water in it, it is a glass of water.
4. When a glass has no water in it, it is a glass for water.
5. When a plate has meat on it, it is a plate of meat.
6. When a plate has no meat on it, it is a plate for meat.
7. When a box has apples in it, it is a box of apples.
8. When a box has no apples in it, it is a box for apples.
9. When a bottle has wine in it, it is a bottle of wine.
10. When a bottle has no wine in it, it is a bottle for wine.
William:
Mary:
William:
Mary:

Do you always have a cup of coffee with your breakfast?

Yes, I always have one or two cups of black coffee with my breakfast.
What did you have for lunch yesterday?
I had a piece of cheese between two pieces of bread, but I was still hungry.

Matthew:
Arthur:
Matthew:
Arthur:

What is that bowl for?

That bowl is for salad, so it is a salad bowl.
What is this spoon for?
That spoon is for tea, so it is a teaspoon. Are you thirsty?

51

PREPOSITIONS
surface

on
1. There are many plates on the table.
2. There was a boy on the horse.
3. He must have his black shoes on.
4. The tall, young woman with long, brown hair had a new, blue dress on.

days

1. The children are never at school on Sunday.

2. Our neighbors will not be here on Saturday.

dates

1. Katherine's birthday is on July 8.

2. They were married on December 2.

surface

interior

off on
1. All the leaves will be off the trees before November.
2. Why is that car off the road?
3. It was okay for her to have her feet on the sofa; she had both of her shoes off.
in
1. There was some more water in the bucket.
2. There were many beautiful birds in the tall trees.
3. She has enough soup in her bowl.
4. He has too much sugar in his cup of tea.

months

1. Mary was at the farm in August.

2. The mother pig will have her babies in June.

years

1. Elizabeth had her first dog in 1986.

2. Alexandra and Nicholas were married in 1989.

interior

out of in
1. All the animals are out of the barn.
2. My uncle's farm is 20 miles or more out of the city.
3. He should have his hands out of his pockets.

distance

together apart
1. She has her hands together.
2. Why are those birds close together?
3. The tall man has his feet apart.
4. The dogs and cats must be far apart.

position

up down
1. He has his hands up.
2. She has her hair down.
3. The ball is up in the tree.
4. All the sugar is down on the bottom of my cup

position

under over
1. Why was he under his truck?
2. She has her shoes down under the bed.
3. The bridge is up over the river.
4. He has his coat over the head of his horse, so the animal will not be afraid.

circle

round
1. She has a bracelet round her arm.
2. He had his hands round her neck.
3. Her hand was round a knife.

52

CAN/COULD
can (+)
I can
you can
he can
she can
it can

can (-)
I can not
you can not
he can not
she can not
it can not

we can
you can
they can

I can be at your office at 8 a.m.

We can be home before 5:30.
They can be on the lake until 6 o'clock.
It can be ready on Friday.

we can not
you can not
they can not

I can not be at your office at 8 a.m.

We can not be home before 5:30.
They can't be on the lake until 6 o'clock.
It can't be ready on Friday.

Can/could may show that something is or was possible.

John:
Peter:
John:
Peter:

Can you be here on June 10?

Yes, I can be here on June 10.
Can John be with us on Friday?
No, he can't be with us until Saturday.

Ashley:
Andrew:
Ashley:
Andrew:

Can I be first?
Yes, you can be first.
Can William be next?
No. He can be after Natalie.

Elizabeth:
Alexandra:
Elizabeth:
Alexandra:

Can the children have their ice cream up in the tree house?
Yes, why not? Its okay with me. Is it okay with their parents?
Could Paul have his own car when he was in England last year?
No, he couldnt, because he didnt have enough money and was under 16!

Mary:
Diana:
Mary:
Diana:

Why couldn't there be more milk in the bucket?

I'm sorry, but there couldn't be more milk because there was a hole in it.
Why couldn't James be here in March?
He couldn't be here in March because he was at his parents' farm then.

James:
Katherine:
James:
Katherine:

Could that be Johns new car?

No, that couldnt be his new car. Its too dirty and it has a broken light.
Its not clear to me how John and Mary could still be together.
I am afraid that is a question for which I have no answer.

1. He can be nice, but he can also be terrible.

2. She can be sweet, oh, so sweet.
3. It can be very hot in the summer.
4. You can be a very difficult person at times.
5. They can be tall or short. It's okay with me.
6. They can be high or low. It's not important to me.
7. They can be thick or thin. It's all the same to me.
8. They can be expensive or not. It's up to you.
9. Can I have a little more vegetable soup?
10. Can I have some more fried chicken?
11. Why can't I have a cup of hot tea with a little sugar and milk?
12. When can we have dinner together?

53

PRESENT
to go (+)
I go
you go
he goes
she goes
it goes

we go
you go
they go

to go (-)
I do not go
you do not go
he does not go
she does not go
it does not go

we do not go
you do not go
they do not go

I go to the river every day.

He goes to the fields every day.
We go to the factory every morning.
They go to the country every summer.

I don't go to the river every day.

He doesn't go to the fields every day.
We don't go to the factory every morning.
They don't go to the country every summer.

to go (+?)
do I go?
do you go?
does he go?
does she go?
does it go?

to go (-?)
don't I go?
don't you go?
doesn't he go?
doesn't she go?
doesn't it go?

do we go?
do you go?
do they go?

don't we go?
don't you go?
don't they go?

Do you go to his farm every year?

Do you go to your neighbor's house?
Does he go to the cow barn after work?
Does she go to the lake every weekend?

Don't you go to his farm every year?

Don't you go to your neighbor's house?
Doesn't he go to the cow barn after work?
Doesn't she go to the lake every weekend?

to come (+)
I come
you come
he comes
she comes
it comes

to come (-)
I do not come
you do not come
he does not come
she does not come
it does not come

we come
you come
they come

we do not come
you do not come
they do not come

He comes from Japan.

She comes from Mexico.
It comes from Africa.
They come from Brazil.

He doesn't come from Japan.

She doesn't come from Mexico.
It doesn't come from Africa.
They don't come from Brazil.

to come (+?)
do I come?
do you come?
does he come?
does she come?
does it come?

don't I come?
don't you come?
doesn't he come?
doesn't she come?
doesn't it come?

to come (-?)
do we come?
do you come?
do they come?

Do you come to school in a car?

Does he come home for dinner at 6:00?
Does she come with her homework?
Does it come through the car window?

don't we come?
don't you come?
don't they come?

Don't you come to school in a car?

Doesn't he come home for dinner at 6:00?
Doesn't she come with her homework?
Doesn't it come through the car window?

54

COUNTRY PEOPLE

Every summer, when it is hot and the days are

long, our family goes to their place. They have
their own farm in the country. It is a wonderful
place for children. There are trees, birds, and
different kinds of farm animals: horses, cows,
pigs, and chickens. There is green grass for
football and a place by the barn for
basketball. Their farm is very big. It is
about150 miles (240 kilometers) out of the
city, so we must be on the road from about 8
a.m. to noon. The road goes across some low
mountains, through a beautiful, little valley,
and by a big, clear, blue lake, whose
headwaters are high up in the mountains. At
this time of year, the country is picture
perfect.

I have only one aunt and uncle. They are good

country people. Every winter they come to our
home in their truck. They are always very good
to us children. We always have a wonderful
time, when they are with us. My uncle, who is a
tall man, has salt and pepper hair. Before it was
very black, but now there is a little white in it,
here and there. His nose is long and his
teeth are very white. My aunt, whose name is
Helen, has long, light brown hair that goes
down to the middle of her back. She is a short,
45 year-old woman. She only comes up to her
husband's shoulder. They are perfect
together.

55

Some of our uncle's land is for his animals and

some is for vegetable fields. The vegetable
fields all have high fences round them. There
is also a nice, little river that goes through the
farm. It is on one side of the farm. The water
that comes from a lake high up in the
mountains is cold, clear, and clean, so there
are many fish in it. When the horses and cows
are thirsty, they can go down to the river for a
drink. It is always fun to go down by the river.
There is a little bridge that goes across the
river. When we go to the farm, we must go
across that bridge.

the farm is potato fields. My uncle has a very

old truck with a long bed for his field work. It is
good enough for that kind of work, but he can
not go on the roads with it because it does not
have any doors and only a front window. He
should have a new truck, but he does not have
enough money for one now.
Their farm house, which is almost 50 years old,
has many rooms. All the rooms, but the
kitchen, have high ceilings and many windows.
The kitchen with its yellow walls and low, white
ceiling has a stove, oven, sink, and icebox.
All my aunt's plates, bowls, cups, and glasses
are in big cupboards that are along one wall.
Her kitchen always has the wonderful smell of
fresh fruit pies, cakes, and bread. It should be
clear to you that this is my kind of place: food
and fun without end.

Uncle Edward and Aunt Helen's next-door

neighbors are 5 miles (8 kilometers) or more
away. A part of our uncle's farm is green fields
of grass that are perfect for both work
horses and milk cows. Another big part of

56

There is a nice little piece of land at the back of

the farm house, where my aunt has her own
vegetable and berry gardens. At one side of
the garden, she has many different kinds of
berries: black berries, red berries, blue berries,
and so on. Along the fence, she also has a
flower garden. This is why she can always have
fresh flowers on her dining table. There is a
high fence round her garden. There are also
many fruit trees not far from her garden. Some
of the apples should be ready before the end
of August, which is when we must go back
to the city. The smell and taste of fresh apples
from the tree are out of this world.

perfect place for them. They are the kind of

birds that go south every year, in the dead of
winter, that is, the middle of winter.
My uncle, who has a soft place in his heart for
animals, has three big dogs and many, many
cats. One of the cats is all black with a little
white at the ends of both ears. His name is "Big
Boy." His sister, whose name is " Little Girl," is
all white with black round both of her eyes and
along her backbone.
In the evening, soon after all the cows come
back to the barn for the night, not only "Big
Boy " and "Little Girl," but also many other
hungry cats come through the open windows
and doors for some of the delicious, fresh milk
thick with cream that my uncle always has in
big, milk buckets by the front door of the barn.
There is no question that they are all very
lucky animals.

Their big, old, red barn, where all the animals

are, is far away from their farm house because
the smell of the animals is not very nice. The
barn is big enough for all my uncle's horses,
cows, pigs, and chickens. Some birds have
their home high up under the roof. It is a

57

PAST
to go (+)
I went
you went
he went
she went
it went

we went
you went
they went

to go (-)
I did not go
you did not go
he did not go
she did not go
it did not go

we did not go
you did not go
they did not go

I went to the horse barn.

We went through the tall grass.
He went down to the river.
It went up over the mountain.

I did not go to the horse barn.

We did not go through the tall grass.
He did not go down to the river.
It did not go up over the mountain.

to go (+?)
did I go?
did you go?
did he go?
did she go?
did it go?

to go (-?)
didn't I go?
didn't you go?
didn't he go?
didn't she go?
didn't it go?

did we go?
did you go?
did they go?

didn't we go?
didn't you go?
didn't they go?

Did you go with your neighbor?

Did he go up the apple tree?
Did she go out of the valley?
Did they go up on the roof?

Didn't you go with your neighbor?

Didn't he go up the apple tree?
Didn't she go out of the valley?
Didn't they go up on the roof?

to come (+)
I came
you came
he came
she came
it came

to come (-)
I did not come
you did not come
he did not come
she did not come
it did not come

we came
you came
they came

we did not come

you did not come
they did not come

I came to class yesterday.

He came from France last month.
She came with me on Wednesday.
We came across that bridge.

I did not come to class yesterday.

He did not come from France last month.
She did not come with me on Wednesday.
We did not come across that bridge.

to come (+?)
did I come?
did you come?
did he come?
did she come?
did it come?

to come (-?)
didn't I come?
didn't you come?
didn't he come?
didn't she come?
didn't it come?

did we come?
did you come?
did they come?

Did he come round the corner?

Did she come up out of the water?
Did it come in through the hole?
Did they come down out of the tree?

didn't we come?
didn't you come?
didn't they come?

Didn't he come round the corner?

Didn't she come up out of the water?
Didn't it come in through the hole?
Didn't they come down out of the tree?

58

A DAY AT THE FAMILY FARM

For breakfast, we almost always had a tall glass

of orange juice fresh from my aunt's garden, a
plate of eggs fried in butter, some cheese and
meat, with fresh bread from my aunt's oven,
together with a cup of coffee with cream
and sugar. What food! What wonderful smells
and tastes came from those "mountains" of
delicious country food!

My aunt and uncle have a farm that is about

150 miles (240 kilometers) out of the city. Our
family went to their place last summer in our
car. We had a wonderful time together. The
days were long and hot. Because the farm
house has only a few bedrooms, my brother
and I could not have our own rooms. The two
of us were together in one big bedroom that
was up on the second floor. It was perfect for
two young boys. We always went to bed
before midnight, that is, 12 o'clock at night,
and we were up at 6:30 every morning.

At noon, or 12 o'clock in the daytime, we

had another big meal - lunch. For lunch, n o w
and then, we had a bowl of soup-potato,
tomato, or onion, a plate with fried chicken or
thick pieces of beef or pork- in its own juice,
different kinds of boiled vegetables- potatoes,
green beans, or corn, a salad or two, bread and
butter together with a tall glass of delicious, ice
cold milk. My father's side of our family is from
Germany, so nine out of ten times, he and
my uncle had a big glass of beer with their
meals. But only one! And, some good, country
bread, fresh from the oven. Oh me, oh my!

Because there was much work at the farm,

every day we had three big meals: breakfast,
lunch, and dinner. In the morning, when we
came down to the table, all the plates, bowls,
glasses, cups, knives, forks, and spoons were
already on it. There was always a basket of
fresh fruit and sometimes a bottle or two of
cold milk on the table.

59

From time to time, in place of breakfast and

lunch, we had "brunch," which is both
breakfast and lunch. Because brunch is part
breakfast and part lunch, it is a big meal. On
Sundays, we never had any food before we
went to church, so we always had a nice
brunch when we came back home from
church. On Sunday afternoons we never
had any work. It was always a day of rest.

It is clear to me now that living on a farm is

not easy. There is no end to farm work. It is the
same day after day: work, work, and more
work. But sometimes work can be fun. After a
good night's rest and with clear heads, my
brother and I were fresh and ready for more of
the work and fun that together are part o f
living on a farm.
On weekdays, that is, Monday through
Friday, right after breakfast, all the men, or
"farmhands," with their work clothes and old
boots went to the fields on trucks. There were
about 10 men on the bed, that is, the back of
every truck. It was fun to be all together. The
work was difficult and it was almost always hot,
and that is why, now and then, we had a little
rest. Also, we always had some cold water and
some clean glasses for those who were thirsty.

In the evening, with all of us round the

kitchen table, there was always more of my
aunt's delicious food. For dinner, one or two
times a week, we had fresh water fish, which
was from a beautiful, little lake close by, rice,
tomato salad, bread, butter, and sweet, strong
tea. I always had a thin piece of lemon in my
tea. No one could go away hungry or thirsty
from our aunt's table.

60

One day, last summer, my brother and I were a

little hungry, so we went up in one of our
uncle's big apple trees. Here and there, at
the fork of some branches, birds had their
homes. Some had little, blue eggs in them.
Many of the sweet, red apples were out at the
ends of the branches, among the leaves, so
my brother and I went out on many of the
branches. The apples had that special smell
and sweet taste that only fresh apples can
have. After some time, when my brother and I
had enough apples, we came down out of the
tree. We had a short rest at the bottom of the
tree. What a perfect place!

uncle were still at work. One of the neighbor

boys had a dog, whose name was "Big Foot,"
and my brother and I had a ball, so we were all
ready to have some fun with their dog before
dinner time.
But then, our Aunt Helen came to the barn for
the men. She was not at all happy. It was
clear to us all that something was wrong,
very wrong. To my uncle's question - "What's
wrong, my sweet?" - her answer was that many
animals were in her garden! And that we must
come right now.
There was a big hole through the high fence
that goes round her vegetable garden. The
hole was big enough so that all the farm
animals, but the cows, could go through it,
one after another. The horses and pigs,
together with the chickens and many other
animals, were very happy to be among the
beautiful, delicious, fresh vegetables in her
garden. What lucky animals! They all had fun.
Only our aunt was sad.

Our uncle is not against fun. So, together with

the two boys from the next farm down the
road, we went through a corn field and across
an old bridge. The bridge goes across a little
river that is almost always dry in mid-August.
The river, with its dirty, brown water, is on one
side of our uncle's farm. We all went down to
the river. But there were not any fish, so we
went to the cow barn, where our father and

61

FUTURE
to go (+)
I will go
you will go
he will go
she will go
it will go

we will go
you will go
they will go

to go (-)
I will not go
you will not go
he will not go
she will not go
it will not go

we will not go
you will not go
they will not go

I will go across the bridge.

He will go up the mountain.
She will go round the barn.
It will go under the fence.

I won't go across the bridge.

He won't go up the mountain.
She won't go round the barn.
It won't go under the fence.

to go (+?)
will I go?
will you go?
will he go?
will she go?
will it go?

to go (-?)
won't I go?
won't you go?
won't he go?
won't she go?
won't it go?

will we go?
will you go?
will they go?

won't we go?
won't you go?
won't they go?

Will we go up in the tree?

Will he go up on the roof?
Will she go down to the river?
Will it go down in the lake?

Won't we go up in the tree?

Won't he go up on the roof?
Won't she go down to the river?
Won't it go down in the lake?

to come (+)
I will come
you will come
he will come
she will come
it will come

to come (-)
I will not come
you will not come
he will not come
she will not come
it will not come

we will come
you will come
they will come

we will not come

you will not come
they will not come

I will come with my brother.

He will come before noon.
She will come along the river side.
It will come through the hole.

I won't come with my brother.

He won't come before noon.
She won't come along the river side.
It won't come through the hole.

to come (+?)
will I come?
will you come?
will he come?
will she come?
will it come?

to come (-?)
won't I come?
won't you come?
won't he come?
won't she come?
won't it come?

will we come?
will you come?
will they come?

Will you come at 7:00?

Will you come for dinner?
Will he come outside?
Will she come inside?

won't we come?
won't you come?
won't they come?

Won't you come at 7:00?

Won't you come for dinner?
Won't he come outside?
Won't she come inside?

62

NEXT SUMMER AT THE FARM

room. Our bedroom will be up on the second

floor. It will have two big, soft beds. All the
windows, but the one by the head of my bed,
will be open day and night, round the clock.

Next winter, my aunt and uncle, who have a big

farm in the country, will come to our home.
They have a big, black, four-door car. We
always have a wonderful time when they are
with us. Next summer, soon after the end of
school, all of us will go to their place. They
have a big, beautiful piece of land with many
animals and fruit trees in the country. Their
place is picture perfect and wonderful for
children!

The living room, which is under our bedroom,

is a big, long room with a high ceiling. It has a
sofa and a few armchairs. From the living
room, you can go into a big, beautiful dining
room with a round table and enough chairs for
us all. My aunt always has a basket of fresh fruit
in the middle of her dining table. Many of
the fruits, both apples and grapes, are fresh
from her own garden, which is by her back
door.

Their farm house is very big. It has many

rooms, so my brother and I can have our own

63

Because they have their own apples and

grapes, my aunt and uncle also have their own
apple juice, grape juice, and wine. My aunt's
kitchen has many cupboards, a new stove, an
old icebox, and a big sink that has both hot
and cold water. There is only one thing wrong
with their house: it has only one bathroom!
This is why there are always many people at
the bathroom door every morning, before
breakfast, and every evening, at bedtime. It is
clear to me that my aunt and uncle's house
should have one more bathroom.

and dinner, in the evening. Now and then,

between breakfast and lunch, my brother and I
will go to the barn, where there are many
boxes with farm things. That is also where our
uncle's expensive, new car is. Outside, close
by the barn door, there is an old bathtub with
fresh water for the thirsty animals. It is not
perfect, but it is good enough for them.
Inside the barn, there are some clean buckets
for milk and many big boxes for fruits and
vegetables. Our uncle has some big knives
and forks and other things for field work up on
one wall. There is also a big, open place for the
cows, and another for the horses. The pigs
never come in the barn. They are always
outside because they have a terrible smell.

There is always much work at the farm, so all of

us must be up early, with the birds, about 6
o'clock. We will have three big meals every
day: breakfast, in the morning, lunch, at noon,

64

The barn is very old and I am afraid that there

are a few holes in its roof. They should not be
there, but they are! When light from outside
comes through them, it's not bad. But it's not
too nice when the cold comes through in the
winter time. That's when all the birds that
have their homes up under its roof go south.
There are a few boards off the sides of the
barn, here and there. In place of this old barn
that is ready to come down at any time, a
new one should go up before next year, when
we come again. I am sure that all of us will be
happy when our uncle's new barn is up and
ready. But, because we will be in the city, all
the work will be up to our uncle.

On some days, in the afternoon, after we

have our lunch, some neighbor boys, whose
house is on the other side of the valley, will
come to the farm. All of us will go across the
bridge and down to the river. Before, when the
water was clean and clear, there were always
many fish in it. But now there is something
wrong with the water. It is not clear to me why,
but the number of fish is down. The water must
not be clean enough for them. But, fish or no
fish, I'm sure we will have fun down by the river.
Close to dinner time, when our friends must
go home, we will go up to the farm house. We
are always dirty at the end of the day, so,
before we can have some more delicious
fresh, farm food, we must have a bath or a
shower. After dinner, when we are all in the
living room with our pajamas on, those who are
a little thirsty or hungry can have a cup of tea
with a piece of lemon, a bowl of chocolate ice
cream, or a piece of honey nut cake with a tall
glass of milk. All the children must be ready to
go to bed at 10:00.

I am happy because our uncle still has "Boy,"

an old yellow dog, whose long ears go down
under his chin. Boy has his own red ball. He is
always ready to have fun, to go out in the fields
or down to the river with us children. There are
many special places for us to go at the farm.
Where and when we go are up to us.

65

Please put who, that, when, where, or whose on the lines.

where

1. The barn, __
____ the animals are, is very old.
2. My aunt, ______________, car is outside, went to our neighbor's house.
3. Next summer, ____________ we go to the country, I will be 18 years old.
4. The lady, ___________ husband comes from New York, is on a seat under the tree.
5. The boy, ___________ ball went through our window, is our neighbor.
6. Last winter, ___________ I was in Detroit, I went to a truck factory.
7. The restaurant, ___________ we had dinner yesterday, is by the lake.
8. The name of the girl _____________ had your cat is Mary Taylor.
9. The flowers ______________ are in the basket are from my garden.
10. The bone _____________ your dog had is from Dr. Kennedy's office.

farm

1. He is at the _
.
2. He is in the ___________________________________
3. He is on the __________________________________
4. He is by the ___________________________________
5. He is with the _________________________________
6. He is against the _______________________________
7. He went among the _____________________________
8. He went under the _____________________________
9. He went over the _______________________________
10. He went across the _____________________________
11. He went round the _____________________________
12. He went through the ____________________________
13. He went along the ______________________________
14. He went up in the ______________________________
15. He went down on the ___________________________
16. He went away from the ___________________________

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

I went to the top of the mountain.

1. I go to the top of the mountain.

2. My neighbor comes home at 5:45.
__________________________________.
3. The children go round the tree.
__________________________________.
4. They still come down to the valley.
__________________________________.
5. She comes out of her big car.
__________________________________.
6. The birds come down out of the tree.
__________________________________.
7. The cow goes across the road.
__________________________________.
8. The girls come through the knee high grass. __________________________________.
9. I have breakfast at 7:30.
__________________________________.
10. We have dinner about 6:00.
__________________________________.
up
down

for
to

on
with

among
by

to

in
across

1. Can you come __ ____ my house after school?

2. They will soon have enough land ___________ a farm.
3. We went __________ the bridge in a big truck.
4. He is never cold ________ winter because he has a big coat.
5. She is the only person in her family ________ long hair.
6. The boys should come __________ from the high mountains.
7. Your brown horse is __________ the barn door.
8. The old cat was ___________ the chickens.
9. We never have bad meals _________ the farm.
10. The clean plates must be ____________ the bottom shelf.
11. The light came ___________ the window.
12. The cold water came _____________ to my chin.

66

through
at

WEATHER

67

LESSON 5 - WORD LIST

Please put these words and sentences in your own language. Be an artist; make some pictures.
sun

_______________ rain

_______________

moon

_______________ wind

_______________

star

_______________ snow

_______________

cloud

_______________ lightning

_______________

bus

_______________ drop

_______________

train

_______________ stop

_______________

ship

_______________ police

_______________

airplane

_______________ taxi

_______________

bicycle

_______________ b a g

_______________

____________ news

The news was on the radio at 6 o'clock.

_____________________________________________
____________ weather

Why is the weather so hot this summer?

_____________________________________________
____________ report

The weather report is on the back page of the newspaper.

_____________________________________________
____________ f o g

There was too much fog by the ocean.

_____________________________________________
____________ sky

There were many big, white clouds in the sky yesterday.

_____________________________________________
____________ air

The air is cold and dry in winter.

_____________________________________________
____________ storm

The airplane went through a terrible lightning storm last night.

_____________________________________________
____________ thunder

Thunder comes only a short time after lightning.

_____________________________________________
____________ walk

Our hotel is only a short walk from here.

_____________________________________________

68

____________ s l e e p

You can go to sleep after lunch, but not now! Please!

_____________________________________________
____________ in love

She is in love with a wonderful man.

_____________________________________________
____________ look at

They went to the garden for a look at the moon.

_____________________________________________
____________ idea

She has no idea how far the sun is from us.

_____________________________________________
____________ airport

What time must you be at the airport?

_____________________________________________
____________ station

Who went to the train station with you?

_____________________________________________
____________ second

A second is a very short time.

_____________________________________________
____________ minute

A minute has 60 seconds.

_____________________________________________
____________ hour

An hour has 60 minutes.

_____________________________________________
____________ c h e a p

Taxis in New York are not cheap.

_____________________________________________
____________ bright

How far are those bright lights from here?

_____________________________________________
____________ heavy

Farm work is heavy work.

_____________________________________________
____________ light

I had a light meal two hours before I went to bed.

_____________________________________________
____________ necessary for

Clouds are necessary for rain, but they are not enough.

_____________________________________________
____________ busy

Were you very busy at work today?

_____________________________________________
____________ tired o f

I am tired of rain every day.

_____________________________________________
____________ worried about

She is worried about her son because he is an hour late.

_____________________________________________
____________ angry with

He should not be angry with me.

_____________________________________________
____________ back

He always goes back to his apartment after class.

_____________________________________________
____________ into

When did the man go into the police station?

_____________________________________________
____________ o f t e n

They come to our home very often.

_____________________________________________
____________ most

Most people are tired at the end of the day, but not Peter!

_____________________________________________
____________ if

I am sure that we will have a good time, if you come with us. Please!

_____________________________________________
____________ may/might

I may go to my uncle's farm again next summer.

_____________________________________________
____________ to put

I put my son on the horse.

_____________________________________________
____________ to take

I take my son off the horse.

_____________________________________________

69

by
by is used with all forms of transport.
David:
Andrew:
David:
Andrew:

How do you come to school?

I come to school by bicycle every day.
How does your sister come to school?
She often comes to school by bus.

Katherine:
Natalie:
Katherine:
Natalie:

How will you go to Europe?

My idea is to go by airplane.
How did Columbus come to America?
He came by ship.
back

1. I went to the factory at 8:00 and then I went back to my house about 6:00.
2. He went to the airport and then he went back to his apartment.
3. She has lunch at 12:30 and then she goes back to her office at 1:30.
4. I came from Brazil in late September and I must go back in early May.
5. It is important that Mr. Roosevelt come back from San Francisco by airplane today.
6. The doctor is still at the hospital, but he should be back soon.
7. The only important question for me is: When will you be back, my love?
8. After some milk, the baby went back to sleep without any problem.
if
Helen:
Nathaniel:
Helen:
Nathaniel

If you're afraid of high places, then you shouldn't go up to the mountain top.
You're right. I shouldn't go up to the mountain top and so I won't.
If you have a problem with your heart, you should go to a doctor.
The only problem is money. I don't have the necessary money to go to a doctor!

Charles:
Alexandra:
Charles:
Alexandra:

If the weather is nice, we can go across the lake by ship.

We're lucky! There won't be any fog! It's perfect weather! I'm almost ready to go.
If you're ready, we must go now or we'll be late.
No problem! I'm all ready! Why don't we go to the lake by taxi so we won't be late?
most

1. Most people are at work from 8 to 5 on weekdays.

2. Most boys have bicycles before they are 10 years old. Right?
3. Most girls have a pink dress or blouse. Am I right?
4. Most of my good ideas come to me when I am in the shower.
5. Most of the time we were hungry, cold, and wet. I'll never go there again.
6. Most of the fog went away before noon, so we went for a walk with our dog.
7. John was in bed most of last week because something is wrong with his back.
8. Mary was up most of the night because her baby had stomach problems.
into
Richard:
Ashley:
Richard:
Ashley:

What time did the man in this picture go into the hotel?
He went into the hotel about 8 o'clock.
Whose bright idea was it to go into the river with all your clothes still on?
It was John's idea for all of us to go into the river with our clothes on.

Elizabeth:
Victoria:
Elizabeth:
Victoria:

Did the airplane go up into those dark gray clouds?

Yes, it went up into them a few minutes ago.
Did you go out into the rain without a raincoat or boots?
No. I didn't go out into the rain. I only went into the garage.

70

MAY/MIGHT
may (+)
I may
you may
he may
she may
it may

may (-)
I may not
you may not
he may not
she may not
it may not

we may
you may
they may

we may not
you may not
they may not

I may go to bed early tonight.

He may go to the party with Mary.
There might be rain tomorrow.
We might go by ship.

I may not go to bed early tonight.

He may not go to the party with Mary.
There might not be rain tomorrow.
We might not go by ship.

will shows that an action is 100% sure.

may shows an action is 80% possible.

1. There will be rain tonight. (100%)

2. The sky will be bright and clear on Saturday.
3. She will not be back until 8:30.
4. It will be interesting for you.
5. She will come by taxi from the airport.
6. He will come by bicycle tomorrow morning.
7. The police will come in a few minutes.
8. We will come again next week.
9. They will have good weather at the ocean.
10. We will have a terrible storm.
11. She will have dinner with him next week.
12. There will be too much sunlight.
13. There will be too many people on the bus.
14. The wind will be too strong for you.

There may be rain tonight. (80%)

The sky may be bright and clear on Saturday.
She may not be back until 8:30.
It may be interesting for you.
She may come by taxi from the airport.
He may come by bicycle tomorrow morning.
The police may come in a few minutes.
We may come again next week.
They may have good weather at the ocean.
We may have a terrible storm.
She may have dinner with him next week.
There may be too much sunlight.
There may be too many people on the bus.
The wind may be too strong for you.

80% possibility:

I am afraid that you might have a broken arm.

I am sorry that you might be angry with me.
I am worried that you might go without me!

Permission:

May I come in?

May I have the salt?
May I have some more fried chicken?
May I have a few minutes of your time, if you are not busy now?
IMPERATIVE VERB FORMS

1. Be at the bus stop tomorrow morning at 7:30.

2. Be at the airport this afternoon at 4:30.
3. Be at the train station before 9:00.
4. Have your reports ready before the middle of next month.
5. Have your books open to page 27.
6. Have your bags together.
7. Have a big breakfast.
8. Have a drink of my coffee.
9. Have a look at those beautiful stars.
10. Come here right now!
11. Come with me.
12. Come again!
13. Go away.
14. Go to the police.
15. Go back to sleep.

71

REVIEW OF PREPOSITIONS
on off
(surface)

Americans were first on the moon.

The seat is off my bicycle.

in out of
(3 dimensions)

What is in that bag?

A car came out of the garage.

under over

Ships often go under the bridge.

Some clouds were over the city.

before after

Lightning always comes before thunder.

The sky is clear after a storm.

together apart

Our chairs were close together.

The sun and the moon are far apart.

up down

Hot air goes up.

A light rain came down.

with without

A dog came with the policeman.

The doctor came without his black bag.

to (end point)
from (starting point)

They went to the police station.

They came from the train station.

by (very close)
(transport)

Who is that man by the taxi?

Your neighbor went to the airport by taxi.

between (two)

Our world is between the sun and the moon.

among (many)

The airplane is among those low clouds.

against

The snow is against the north side of the house.

at (a point in time)
(a point in space)

She will be there at 8:15.

She will be at the bus stop.

across (flat surface)

She went across the river.

into

The car went off the bridge and into the river.

through (side to side)

(start to end)

A cold wind came through the open window.

She went through all his money in a very short time.

round

The ship went round the world.

back

After school, she went back to her home.

along (parallel)

The train went along the side of the lake.

away (not here)

All the clouds went away.

about (concerning)
(more or less)

This book is about English.

It was about 5:00 in the afternoon.

of (organic connection)

It is a map of North America.

(partive)

How much is this box of chocolate candy?

for (connection)
(purpose)

This beautiful necklace is for you, my sweet.

I went to the airport for my friend.

72

MORE ABOUT PREPOSITIONS

on off
1. The boy is on his bright red bicycle.
2. There are rain drops on the front window of the car.
3. The policeman has his hat on.
4. The cat went up on the fence again.
1. A button is off my sweater (but it was on my sweater before).
2. The leaves are off the branch (but they were on the branch before).
3. He has his shoes off (but he had them on before).
4. The cat came down off the fence (but it went up on the fence before).
in out of
1. Some chocolate ice cream is in the icebox.
3. We have a nice room in that hotel.
3. John is in love with Diana.
4. The report was in yesterday's newspaper.
1. The bread is out of the oven (but it was in it before).
2. The cows are out of the barn (but they were in it before).
3. I have my hand out of my pocket (but I had it in it before).
4. He came out of the train station (but he went into it before).
up down
1. The moon is up.
2. I am up almost every morning at 7:00.
3. He often has his hand up.
4. Hot air always goes up.
5. The boy went up in the tree for some fruit.
6. The workman went up on the roof of the building.
1. The sun is down (but it was up before).
2. The car window is down (but it was up before).
3. She has her umbrella down (but she had it up before).
4. The airplane came down (but it went up before).
5. The boy came down out of the tree (but he went up in it before).
6. The man came down off the roof (but he went up on it before).
come go
come is always in the direction of the speaker or his eyes; go is away from the speaker or his eyes.
1. Rain comes down and hot air goes up.
2. If the man went into the pharmacy, he will soon come out of it.
3. The sun comes up in the morning and goes down in the evening.
4. If the cat can go up on the roof, it can come down off it.
5. The boy, who went up in the tree, will come down out of it.
6. The ship went down to the bottom of the ocean and didn't come back up.
7. I am worried that if much rain comes down, the river will come up.
8. Her dress goes down almost to her knees.
9. The snow comes up almost to his knees.
10. The lightning came down from the clouds.
11. The airplane went up through the clouds.
12. The cat went out through the door.
13. Sunlight came in through the window.
14. The angry man went out of the house, into the rain.
15. The angry man came back into the house, out of the rain.

73

PRESENT
to put (+)
I put
you put
he puts
she puts
it puts

we put
you put
they put

to put (-)
I do not put
you do not put
he does not put
she does not put
it does not put

we do not put
you do not put
they do not put

I put my hands in my pockets.

He puts his money in the bank.
She puts some water in the glass.
They put their things in the big bags.

I don't put my hands in my pockets.

He doesn't put his money in the bank.
She doesn't put any water in the glass.
They don't put their things in the big bags.

to put (+?)
do I put?
do you put?
does he put?
does she put?
does it put?

to put (-?)
don't I put?
don't you put?
doesn't he put?

do we put?
do you put?
do they put?
doesn't she put?
doesn't it put?

don't we put?
don't you put?
don't they put?

Do you put butter on your bread?

Does he put any salt on his meat?
Does she put her pictures up on the wall?
Do they put their ideas down on paper?

Don't you put butter on your bread?

Doesn't he put any salt on his meat?
Doesn't she put her pictures up on the wall?
Don't they put their ideas down on paper?

to take (+)
I take
you take
he takes
she takes
it takes

to take (-)
I do not take
you do not take
he does not take

we take
you take
they take
she does not take
it does not take

we do not take
you do not take
they do not take

I take my hands out of my pockets.

He takes his money out of the bank.
She takes her horse out of the barn.
They take all their things out of the box.

I don't take my hands out of my pockets.

He doesn't take his money out of the bank.
She doesn't take her horse out of the barn.
They don't take all their things out of the box.

to take (+?)
do I take?
do you take?
does he take?
does she take?
does it take?

to take (-?)
don't I take?
don't you take?
doesn't he take?

do we take?
do you take?
do they take?
doesn't she take?
doesn't it take?

Do you take you son off his horse?

Does she take the skin off the potato?
Do we take the words off the board?
Do they take the tops off the bottles?

don't we take?
don't you take?
don't they take?

Don't you take your son off his horse?

Doesn't she take the skin off the potato?
Don't we take the words off the board?
Don't they take the tops off the bottles?

74

A WINTER WALK

winter hat. I put it down over my ears. The

sunlight on the snow is too bright for my
eyes, so I also put on my sunglasses. When
I'm all ready, I go out of my house. My dog
goes with me. He is very special to me. We
often go for walks together. The sun's up.
There's not a cloud in the sky. And there's only
a light wind. How clear and beautiful the day is!
I am very happy to be living in this part of North
America.

Today's a beautiful winter day. It's beautiful

weather for a walk in the country. The air's cold
and fresh, the sky's clear and blue, and the
fields are white with clean snow. I'm in love with
this place. It's wonderful at this time of year.
It's early in the morning. I'm not tired because
last night I had eight hours of sleep. After I take
a shower, I have my breakfast: a plate of fried
eggs, some bread with butter and honey, and
a cup of coffee with a little cream. A good
breakfast is important in winter.

The city streets are clean, all clear of snow. My

dog and I go along University Street. We go by
the police station. At the corner of University
and Park Streets, where there's a stop light,
we go right. We go along Park Street for a few
minutes. We go by some stores and a nice,
little hotel. When we come to the city park, we
go through it. On the other side of the park
there's a bridge for a train. We go across the
train bridge without any problem.

Because it's early in the morning and still very

cold outside, I put on my special winter
underclothes and my heavy overcoat. I
also put on my heavy winter boots. Heavy
winter clothes are necessary in many parts of
North America. Before I go outside, I put on my

75

The river's under the bridge. The river comes

down a valley, from a lake that is not too far
away. There's still ice on the river. But I'm
afraid that it's not thick enough for me. If we go
on the ice, we may be too heavy and go
through it and into the water. That is why my
dog and I go along the side of the river. Then
we go down a country road until we come t o
some big, tall trees. We are about three miles
out of the city now. We come to a stop here.
One of the trees has the names of many
people on it. Some boys, who were in love,
put their girlfriends' names together with their
own there with knives a long time ago.

more rain. If rain does not come down, snow

will. Yes, yes, it's snow! At first, the snow's
light. It's cold and wet on my face. My dog's by
my side. He's a little afraid. I'm a little worried
that his feet might be too cold. I take him in my
arms for a few minutes, but he's too heavy.
How cold we both are! This is terrible! After 30
or 40 minutes, we are too cold to be in this
open place, so we go in among the trees,
under their branches, heavy with snow.
Because it's very cold, I must go round and
round one of the trees. I'm tired of all this
snow. Enough is enough! There's far t o o
much of it. We're ready to go home, but we
can't.

Oh, oh! We have a problem! Today's weather

report is wrong again! After 20 or 30 minutes,
some big, heavy, dark gray clouds come from
the west. They are storm clouds. More and
more come until the sky is almost all black. The
clouds are between the sun and us. I'm not
worried! Then, I take a look down at my dog,
round at the trees, and up at the sky. How
different things are now, without bright
sunlight!

After an hour or more, the snow storm

comes to an end. A cold, north wind comes
down from the high mountains and across the
lake. I'm happy that the wind can't come
through my heavy, cold weather coat. Soon all
the clouds go away. It's very late for us to be so
far from home. It's almost dark. Soon the sun
goes down and the moon comes up. The sky's
very black. The stars come out. The bright light
from the moon's on the snow. It's a beautiful
night, but it's also far too cold for my dog and
me. It's high time to go home! We should be
home in about 45 minutes, if we go now.

There's lightning and thunder now and then.

It's not too far away. A few drops of rain come
down. It's clear to me that there may be much

76

My dog and I go back up the road and back

along the river. There's not very much ice on it
now, only some thin pieces here and there. At
some places, in the middle of the river, where
there is a hole in the ice, dark black water
comes through. There's fog, here and there,
along the side of the river. We go back across
the bridge. We go back through the park. We
go back by the stores. All of them, but Mr.
Grant's Meat Market, are closed now. The little
hotel's still open. There are many people in the
hotel restaurant. The lights inside are bright.
We go back along Park Street until we come to
University Street. At the corner of Park and
University Streets, where there's a stop light,
we go left. We go along University Street until
we come to our house. Soon, we are back
inside, out of the cold, wet snow.

them too close to the hot stove or there may

be a problem!
It's dinner time, and both my dog and I are very
hungry. I put a bowl of water down on the floor
for my dog. Clean water's necessary for a dog. I
also put a bone that still has some meat on it
down for him. It's easy for him to take the meat
off the bone with his teeth. He's very happy
with his dinner. I put some water on the stove
for tea. I take a piece of boiled beef and
yesterday's potato salad out of the icebox. I
put the meat in my oven and the bowl of salad
on the table. I also put my plate and tea cup on
the table, together with a knife, fork and
spoon. In a few minutes, when the beef's
hot enough, I take it out of the oven and put it
on the table. My dinner's all ready! Where's
my newspaper? It always has one or two pieces
of interesting news on the front page. Also, I
must take a look on the back page at
tomorrow's weather report.

What a day! How lucky we are to be back home

again! It's almost 6:30. I take off my hat and
heavy overcoat. I put them away. I take off my
winter boots, put them on a piece of
newspaper, and put on my house shoes.
My boots are very good for this kind of
weather. All day long, my feet were never
wet. They are still dry now. But, because the
outsides of my boots are a little wet, I put them
by the stove. It's important that I do not put

At the end of dinner, my dog goes close to the

stove and takes his place. I go into the living
room, with a second cup of tea, and take my
own place on the sofa at the front of my
television. There should be a good film on
television tonight about an airplane that went
down in a snow storm not too long ago.

77

PAST
to put (+)
I put
you put
he put
she put
it put

we put
you put
they put

to put (-)
I did not put
you did not put
he did not put
she did not put
it did not put

we did not put

you did not put
they did not put

I put some sugar in my coffee.

She put the necessary things in her bag.
We put new wallpaper on the wall.
He put new heels on the shoes.

I didn't put any sugar in my coffee.

She didn't put the necessary things in her bag.
We didn't put new wallpaper on the wall.
He didn't put new heels on the shoes.

to put (+?)
did I put?
did you put?
did he put?
did she put?
did it put?

to put (-?)
didn't I put?
didn't you put?
didn't he put?
didn't she put?
didn't it put?

did we put?
did you put?
did they put?

didn't we put?
didn't you put?
didn't they put?

Did you put your things away?

Did he put his hand up?
Did she put her hands over her ears?
Did they put a ship into the water?

Didn't you put your things away?

Didn't he put his hand up?
Didn't she put her hands over her ears?
Didn't they put a ship into the water?

to take (+)
I took
you took
he took
she took
it took

to take (-)
I did not take
you did not take
he did not take
she did not take
it did not take

we took
you took
they took

we did not take

you did not take
they did not take

I took my sweater off.

We took the fruit off the tree.
He took the page out of the book.
She took the fish out of the water.

I didn't take my sweater off.

We didn't take the fruit off the tree.
He didn't take the page out of the book.
She didn't take the fish out of the water.

to take (+?)
did I take?
did you take?
did he take?
did she take?
did it take?

to take (-?)
didn't I take?
didn't you take?
didn't he take?
didn't she take?
didn't it take?

did we take?
did you take?
did they take?

Did he take the seat off his bicycle?

Did she take the skin off the orange?
Did you take the knife away from him?
Did they take their plans with them?

didn't we take?
didn't you take?
didn't they take?

Didn't he take the seat off his bicycle?

Didn't she take the skin off the orange?
Didn't you take the knife away from him?
Didn't they take their plans with them?

78

A DAY IN THE COUNTRY

We all put on our sunglasses because the day

was very bright. And then, away we went! At
first, we went along Flower Street. Then, at the
corner of Flower and Church Streets, we went
right. We went along Church Street for some
distance until we came to Sundown Road,
which goes by the airport. When we went by
the airport, an airplane took off and went up
into and then through a soft, white cloud. How
wonderful!

I am lucky because a few days ago, my

neighbors, the Madisons, took me to the
country with them. Mr. Madison is a policeman
and his wife is a secretary at our city high
school. They have three children: Ann,
Edward and William. The weather was very
beautiful. The air was hot and dry. There were
only a few clouds in the sky. It was a very clear
day.

After the airport, there was only o p e n

country. How beautiful it was! And how nice it
was to be away from all the cars, buses, trucks
and people! The flowers were out. Almost
every tree had fruit on its branches. For miles
and miles there were only fields of green grass
in all directions. The grass came up to the
knees of the horses and cows that were out of
their barns. We went through a beautiful little
valley with family farms along both sides of
the road. Here and there, in the valley, there
was still some early morning fog.

Mrs. Madison put some food for lunch in a big

basket and her husband, George, put the
basket in the back of their car, together with a
bag of clothes and a box with balls and other
things for their children. Then, when we were
all ready, they put their three young children in
the back seat of the car. The children put their
own seatbelts on. This is important because
seatbelts are necessary under today's law.

79

A few minutes before noon, we came to a little

river. We went across a little bridge and a t
last, came to a stop. It was a perfect place for a
day of fun in the sun. We all took the basket,
bag and box out of the car and put them under
a big tree. Then, all the children took their
clothes off and went into the river. Because
the weather was nice and hot, we all took off
our clothes and went into the river. At first,
the water was a little cold for me. But after a
minute or two, it was okay and we all had fun for
an hour or more.

The children took their places under a big

umbrella until lunch was ready. Early in the
morning, when she was still at her house, Mrs.
Madison took the juice out of 20 or 30
oranges. Then she put it, together with some
ice, in a bottle and some newspapers round
the outside. In mid-afternoon, when we had
our outdoor lunch by the river, there was still
some ice in the bottle, which is why the
children's orange juice was cold, but not too
sweet. So with lunch, there were two kinds of
drinks, orange juice for the children and beer
for us. A bottle of cold beer was wonderful with
our lunch.

When we came out of the water, we all took a

sun bath. After only a few seconds, our skin
was all dry. There were some drops of water
still in our hair. But soon our hair was dry also. I
was a little angry because I almost went to
sleep, so my back and shoulders had almost
too much sun. When people take a sun bath,
they should put some body oil on and be in
the sun for only a short time. Too much sun
can be very bad for your skin.

For lunch, we all went under the branches of a

big tree, out of the sun. It was then that Mrs.
Madison took the food out of the lunch basket.
We had bean and onion salad, cold beef and
chicken legs, bread and butter, fruit and a thick
piece of her special dark chocolate cake. What
a heavy meal! It was almost too much, but it was
all very delicious.

80

After we had our outdoor lunch, we went for a

long walk along the side of the river. We took a
look round at the country, which was
wonderful in the soft light of late afternoon. We
went back to the car and put all the things back
into it. Because there was a light wind, we put
our clothes back on. The sun was almost down
when we were all ready to go back home.

we came back to our homes. Because no one

was hungry and it was already very late, we did
not have dinner. Mr. and Mrs. Madison and I
took the children out of the car and into the
house where we put their pajamas on them.
Then we put them in their beds and soon they
all went back to sleep.
I was worried about how late it was and the
problem with my bus, so Mr. Madison was nice
enough to take me back to my apartment. I
was too tired to take a look at what was on
television, so I had a hot shower, put on my
pajamas, and went to bed. It was already about
11 o'clock, but what a wonderful day we had!

We went back across the bridge, back down

the valley and back through the beautiful farm
country. All the animals were back in their
barns. Because the children were tired, they
went to sleep before we went too far. The
moon came up and the stars came out before

81

FUTURE
to put (+)
I will put
you will put
he will put
she will put
it will put

we will put
you will put
they will put

to put (-)
I will not put
you will not put
he will not put
she will not put
it will not put

we will not put

you will not put
they will not put

I'll put a picture up on the wall.

He'll put a light up over the sink.
She'll put her feet down into the water.
They'll put a bridge across the river.

I won't put a picture up on the wall.

He won't put a light up over the sink.
She won't put her feet down into the water.
They won't put a bridge across the river.

to put (+?)
will I put?
will you put?
will he put?
will she put?
will it put?

to put (-?)
won't I put?
won't you put?
won't he put?
won't she put?
won't it put?

will we put?
will you put?
will they put?

won't we put?
won't you put?
won't they put?

Will you put these words on the board?

Will she put buttons on her dress?
Will he put his son in that school?
Will they put our bags in the train?

Won't you put these words on the board?

Won't she put buttons on her dress?
Won't he put his son in that school?
Won't they put our bags in the train?

to take (+)
I will take
you will take
he will take
she will take
it will take

to take (-)
I will not take
you will not take
he will not take
she will not take
it will not take

we will take
you will take
they will take

we will not take

you will not take
they will not take

I'll take the stomach out of the fish.

He'll take her to the restaurant.
She'll take him back to her place.
They'll take the car apart.

I won't take the stomach out of the fish.

He won't take her to the restaurant.
She won't take him back to her place.
They won't take the car apart.

to take (+?)
will I take?
will you take?
will he take?
will she take?
will it take?

to take (-?)
won't I take?
won't you take?
won't he take?
won't she take?
won't it take?

will we take?
will you take?
will they take?

Will you take this to your family?

Will she take her bicycle to work?
Will he take the head off the chicken?
Will they take you away from me?

won't we take?
won't you take?
won't they take?

Won't you take this to your family?

Won't she take her bicycle to work?
Won't he take the head off the chicken?
Won't they take you away from me?

82

NEW YORK CITY

the English took it away from the Dutch. It was

not long before New York came to be
(became) a market place with goods from
both Europe and North America, where a
European knife could be had for three
animal skins, or an Indian basket could be had
for two mirrors. But problems soon came up
between the Indians and the Europeans, so
the Europeans put up a wall against the
Indians. Today the name of the place, where
that wall was, is Wall Street. New York was the
first capital city of the United States of America.

New York City is at the mouth of the Hudson

River. A part of the city is on an island, the
name of which is Long Island. To the east of
Long Island is the Atlantic Ocean. New York
City has hundreds of miles of streets,
thousands of buildings and millions of people almost 9,000,000 all together.
Another name for New York City is "The Big
Apple." This may not be a bad name for it
because living there has both a "sweet and
sour" side. People living in New York City and
outside of it often take a look at the pages of
the New York Times, one of the city's and
world's important newspapers, for up-to-theminute reports about what takes place on
the streets and in back of closed doors in
The Big Apple.

Early next spring, my family and I may go to

New York City. Our idea is to be there for a few
days at the end of March. When we go, we will
go by airplane. The last time I was in New
York, which was three years ago, I was only at
Kennedy Airport for two hours. But that was
enough for me! It was a very busy place. Only,
people, people, people! Wall-to-wall people!
And many of them were angry. It was terrible! I
was soon tired of it all and very happy to go
back home. But this time, it will not be the
same. Things will be different, very different.
You have my word!

Some parts of the city are very beautiful with

tall, new office buildings, some of which go up
100 floors or more. But New York is an old city,
so there are parts of it that are far from
beautiful, where there are old buildings with
boards across the windows and doors. People
are afraid to go out on the streets at night in
those parts of the city. And they are right! They
should be afraid. It is not a good idea to be out
on those streets at night without a friend!

If we are lucky and the weather is nice, we will

have fun outdoors. If the sky is clear and it is
not too cold, we will go for a walk through
Central Park, a big park in the middle of the
city. If the flowers and leaves are out, the park
will be very beautiful, without question. I'm
sure that we will also take a look at some of
New York's big stores with their beautiful and
expensive goods from round the world. Some
of the goods are one of a kind. The clothes
are always up-to-date.

New York has an important place in American

history. The first Europeans came to where
New York is today in 1626. They were from the
Netherlands. They took the place away from
the Indians for a few mirrors, bracelets,
necklaces, rings and so on. A few years later,

83

We will also go for a walk along Wall Street. We

will take a look at it. America does not have a
central bank, so Wall Street is a very important
place in not only America's, but also the world's
money markets. Without question, New York
City is one of a kind, a world class city.

terrible storms: rain storms, ice storms or snow

storms all in the same week. That is why it is
necessary to be ready for different kinds of
weather, if you or your friends go to New York
in the springtime.
We will take both our raincoats and
umbrellas. My wife is always worried about the
weather, so we will also put our overcoats in
our bags. Then we will be ready for March in
the Big Apple. If there is a little spring shower
or a big thunder storm, we will put on our
raincoats and put up our umbrellas. If the
weather is very cold, there may be snow and
ice on the streets and sidewalks, so we will
also take our overshoes and winter
overcoats. Because New York City is on an
island and has water all round it, there may be
fog, heavy fog.

It is the home of the United Nations, which we

will also take a look at, both inside and outside.
45 minutes or an hour should be enough time
for us to take a look at the many beautiful
rooms of the United Nations. The UN is close
to the East River, which is always very busy
with many ships on it. It is easy to be in love
with this side of living in The Big Apple.
New York is in the northeast part of the United
States, where the weather can always be a
problem. From one day to the next the
weather is often very different. There may be

84

One or two evenings, I will take my family out to

one of New York's many first class
restaurants. When we go out, I will put on my
new, blue suit, my black shoes and socks, a
white shirt and a new tie. My wife will put on her
long, black evening dress that I came back
from Paris with, last year. It has a low "v" neck,
in the both front and the back, and little white
buttons round the middle and down the right
side. It is perfect on her. Our children, whose
names are Elizabeth and Andrew, will also put
their good clothes on. I am always happy when
I can take my family out for an evening of fun. I
am sure that it will be a wonderful time.

My wife and I always have a glass or two of wine

with our meal. If we have white meat, we will
have a light white wine. White meat and white
wine always go together. If we have red
meat, we will have a heavy red wine because
red meat and red wine also go together. At the
end of our meal we may have some cheese
and fruit, or cake and ice cream. Because New
York cheese cake is very good, my wife and I
may have it with a cup of strong black coffee.
After dinner, we might go for a walk along Fifth
Avenue and take a look at the goods in the
windows of the expensive stores. Or we might
take a taxi to Radio City Music Hall, which is
another wonderful place with beautiful, bright
lights. Radio City Music Hall is a first class
theater, where people from round the world
go. If we go there, we will not be back at our
hotel until very late. Without question, our
children will be tired, but happy when, at last,
they put their heads down to go to sleep at the
end of the day. It will be the same for my wife
and me. Rest, how sweet it is at the end of a
long day!

When we go from our hotel to the restaurant,

we will take a taxi. When we go into the
restaurant, we will take our coats and hats off.
We will put them, together with our umbrellas,
by the door. Then, we will take our seats at a
table by a window. For dinner we may have
beef, pork, chicken or fish. We may also have
two or three different kinds of vegetables and
a green salad. Our children, who are only 10
and 8 years old, will have a glass of milk with
their meals. Milk is a very good drink for them.

85

Please put your answers on the lines.

goes by
go to

goes out
go away

goes between
go along

goes down
go across

goes round goes under

go back
go through

goes round

____ the sun.

1. The earth ___
2. When will he _______________ to Brazil?
3. The bus _______________ my house.
4. Don't __________________ !!!
5. Airplanes ______________ oceans.
6. That train ______________ Baltimore and Philadelphia.
7. Buses ____________________ city streets.
8. People _______________ theaters in taxis.
9. Airplanes _________________ clouds.
10. The ship _____________________ the bridge.
11. The sun _____________________ in the evening.
12. My neighbor ________________ of his house every morning at 7:00.
come down

come to

comes after

come into

come from

comes up

come from?

1. Where did the ship __

2. Lightning may ________________ from that storm cloud.
3. Cars ________________ a stop at a red light.
4. Thunder _______________ lightning.
5. Don't __________________ my room, if the door is closed!
6. The moon always ____________________ in the east.
put in

put up

put on

put

puts round

puts through

puts under

up

1. I ___
____ my hands __ ___.
2. ______________ your coat ____________.
3. They ____________ him ______________ the police car.
4. He _________________ his book _____________ his arm.
5. She _________________ her hands _______________ his hair.
6. He ___________________ his arms ________________ her.
take away

take from

Take

take off

take to

take in

take out

off

1. _
____ your wet shoes __
___ before you come in the house.
2. _____________ the knife ______________ from the baby.
3. We ______________ some air _____________ our lungs.
4. She will _______________ us ______________ the city library.
5. They will _____________ the old sink _____________ of the kitchen.
6. Those red taxis __________ people ___________ the airport to their hotels and back.
went across
went with
went in

came from
come up
put down

came between
went out
put on

come up

The sun did not _

__ until almost
6:30 this morning, but I __________. I
__________ some water ________ the stove
for coffee. I ____________ some things
____________ of the icebox. My dog
______________ the table, but when I
___________ a bone ________ for him, he

came down
was up
took out

went back
came out
was under

_______________ from under the table. He

_____________ of the house with his bone.
After breakfast, my dog ________ me to the
store. We _____________ the bridge. Then,
some rain clouds ____________ the west.
They ____________ us and the sun. Much
rain _______________, so my dog and I
________________ to our house. We
___________ where it was nice and dry.

86

REVIEW

87

FAMILY

was a very hot day, so he also put some ice in.

Mr. and Mrs. Grant and their five (5) children
came from the next farm. Dr. Tyler and his wife
came also. Many people came for Helen's
birthday party. We had the cake with ice cream
and fruit juice drink at 4 o'clock in the
afternoon. That evening, after all the people
went back to their farms, we children took off
our clothes, had a shower, and put on our
pajamas. We took our places at the front of the
television. Grandmother took her place on the
sofa with grandfather. There was a film on
television about the south of France, which
was where our parents were. It was a very
beautiful film. After the film, we went straight to
bed.

A year ago this month, my parents went to

Europe. They went with my aunt and uncle,
who are from Chicago. My aunt is a teacher and
her husband is a doctor. Their three (3)
children, who are my cousins, and I went to our
grandparents' farm, which is in the country. We
four (4) children were at the farm one month
when our parents were in Europe. We had a
very good time at the farm. My cousin, Helen,
was 14 years old. She had her birthday when
we were at the farm. It was on August 20.
There was a very big cake. Grandfather's fruit
juice drink, in which he put some lemons,
oranges and some sugar, was very good. It

BUILDINGS

building has a roof, walls and a floor. Every

building on my street has its own number. The
number of my apartment building is 421. The
number of the building across the street is
422. The name of my street is Park Street. It is
one of the big streets in my city. The post
office is on Park Street. Park Street goes to
the city park. On one side of the park is a milk
store. When I go for milk, I go straight along
Park Street until I come to Flower Street. At the
corner of Park and Flower Streets, there is a
stop light. When it is red, all the cars come to a
stop. When the stop light is green for me, I go
across the street.

Not all buildings are the same. There are

different things in different kinds of buildings.
Theaters have many seats, but no tables.
Restaurants have both seats and tables.
Hospitals have many beds, but banks have no
beds. Some churches have seats and others
don't have any. Some offices have windows
and others don't have any. Universities have
both seats and windows. All buildings have
rooms. Some have only one room, and others
have many. Every room has a door. There may
be one or more windows in a room. Every

HOUSE

He also has a lot of books about African flowers

and trees. My brother is a doctor. He may go
back to Africa next fall. His wife, who is a
mathematics teacher, will go with him. If they
go back to Africa together, they will take some
American things with them for their new
apartment. They will take a good radio, a new
icebox and their car. But they will not take their
furniture. They will not take their bed, sofa,
tables or lights. They have a beautiful carpet
from Iran, so they may take it with them. My
brother may take his books with him, or he may
put them under the roof of my house.

All houses are buildings, but not all buildings

are houses. My brother still does not have his
own house. He and his new wife have a fourroom apartment. They have a kitchen, a
bedroom, a bathroom and a living room. The
kitchen is not very big. The bedroom is on the
east side of the apartment, so the sun comes
through their window very early. The bathroom
is a little room with a sink, a toilet and a bathtub.
In the living room there is a sofa and two or
three armchairs. My brother was in Africa, so he
has many beautiful animal pictures on his walls.
88

COUNTRY
Mr. Cleveland, whose first name is Walter, and
his wife, whose first name is Natalie, have a
farm, which is not too far from the city, where
they go every Saturday. They go to the city for
things which they do not have at the farm.
There are many kinds of stores in the city.
They go to a food store for sugar, tea, and
coffee. They go to another store for bread and

WEATHER
The weather is different in different parts of the
world. In some places it is dry, and in others it is
wet. If the weather is too dry, it will not be good
for animals or plants. In wet weather, there may
be too much rain. The rivers may go over their
sides. The water may take away the bridges,
which go across the rivers. If there is too much
rain, and the rivers go over their sides, there
may be a lot of people who do not have food. If
there is very dry weather for a long time, the
river beds may be dry. If they are, there will not

cake. It is a bread store. They go to a special

store for beef and pork. It is a meat store.
When Mr. and Mrs. Cleveland go back to their
farm, Mrs. Cleveland puts the meat in the
icebox. At the time she puts the other things
away, Mr. Cleveland goes to the barn. All his
animals are in the barn. There are horses,
cows, and pigs. He also has some chickens,
but he does not put them in the barn when he
goes away.

be any water or fish for people. In some other

parts of the world, the weather may be very
cold. There may be snow. If there is much
snow, the fields and all the trees and buildings
will be white. In the winter the days are very
short and the nights are long. On cold winter
nights, when there are no clouds or wind, the
sky is very clear. On those nights, the moon
and stars are very beautiful. People may put on
their coats and go for long walks. When they
come back to their houses, they may be happy
to have some hot tea and cake by their stoves.

89

Intentionally left blank

90

APPENDIX

91

Intentionally left blank

92

PREPOSITIONS: THEIR BASIC MEANINGS

on off
(surface)

A book is on the table.

A button is off my coat.

in out
(3 dimensions)

He is in the room.
His tongue is out.

under over

A dog is under the table.

A light is over the table.

before after

A is before B.
6 is after 5.

together apart

My fingers are together.

My feet are apart.

with without

John is with Mary.

This coffee is without sugar.

by (very close)
(transport)

A tree is by my window.
She went to school by bicycle.

between (two)

May is between April and June.

among (many)

A horse was among the trees.

against

A table was against the wall.

at (a point in time)
(a point in space)

She will be there at 8:15.

She was at the blackboard.

to (end point)
from (starting point)

They went to New York.

They came from Los Angeles.

up down

Hands up.
Head down.

into

He went into the bank.

out of

He came out of the bank.

across (flat surface)

She went across the street.

through (side to side)

(start to end)

The rain came through the roof.

We went through the book.

round

The world goes round the sun.

back

After coffee, we went back to work.

along (parallel)

There are trees along both sides of the street.

away (not here)

She went away.

about (concerning)
(more or less)

This book is about English.

It was about 5:00 in the afternoon.

of (organic connection)
(partive)

Blue is the color of the sky.

That is a piece of paper.

for (connection)
(purpose)

This beautiful ring is for you.

I went to the airport for my friend.
Some were for him and others were against him.

93

This is a map
of Africa,
from Paul,
for you.
There was a book
about Indonesia,
at the corner,
on the table,
in the library.
Will it be
on the seat,
under the sofa,
over the window,
among the socks,
by the door,
in the house,
with the radio, or
against the wall?
Mary will be here
with Anthony,
at 9 o'clock a.m.,
on Wednesday.
John has his
chin up,
stomach in,
chest out,
shoulders back,
feet apart,
fingers together, and
hands at his sides.
They had
maps of East Europe,
books about American history,
pictures on the wall,
plants by the windows,
flowers from the garden,
food in the icebox,
a light over the sink,
a television against the wall, and
a coffee table between the seats.
The cat goes
to the house,
along the wall,
into the garden,
up the tree,
out on the branch,
among the leaves, and
on the roof.

94

The dog went

through the door,
after the cat,
round the corner,
between the cars,
along the street,
across the bridge, and
away with the bone.
The woman will go
to the store,
before 5:00,
with her son,
for ice cream.
The cows came
out of the field,
down to the river,
across the bridge,
among the trees, and
back to the barn.
The man came
from Mexico,
with his daughter,
after her birthday,
to an English class,
at an evening school,
in Los Angeles.
The rain will come down,
through the roof,
in the room,
on the floor,
under the sofa, and
out the door.
He took
the clock down off the wall,
the hands off the face,
the face off the clock, and
the clock apart.
He put
the clock back together,
the face back on the clock,
the hands back on the face, and
the clock back up on the wall.
She took
the meat of the icebox,
the skins off the potatoes, and
the knife away from the child.

95

Before we put the flowers along the sides of our new house and the pictures up on the walls, the
workmen put it together. First, they put the walls up. Then, they put the roof on,
the floorboards down,
the windows in,
the sinks in,
the bathtub in,
the toilet in,
the carpet down, and
the wallpaper on.

I was up at 6:45,
went into the bathroom at 6:48,
came out of the bathroom at 7:00,
took off my pajamas at 7:03,
put on my work clothes at 7:05,
had my breakfast at 7 :15,
went out the door at 7:30,
was at work at 8:00,
had some coffee at 10:30,
had lunch with my friends at 12:00,
went back to work at 12:30,
was through work at 5:00,
went to the store for bread at 5:30,
came back to my apartment at 5:45,
put the bread away at 5:51,
put my dinner in the oven at 6:12,
went into my bedroom at 6:15,
took off my work clothes at 6:18,
had a hot shower at 6:20,
put my pajamas back on at 6:45,
went back into the kitchen at 6:50,
took my dinner out of the oven at 6:52,
had my dinner at 7:00,
put my dinner things in the sink at 7:17,
put some water on the stove for tea at 7:20,
had some tea with lemon and sugar at 7:25,
took my place before the television at 7:30, and
went to bed at 11:00.

She put her fingers on his shoulder,

down his back,
in his hand,
along his arm,
across his chest,
under his chin,
round his neck,
through his hair,
over his eyes,
against his lips, and
between his teeth.

96

Review of Modal Verbs

WILL
be
have
have
go
come
put
take

I will be on the train tomorrow.

I will have a new red bicycle.
I will have some orange juice for breakfast.
I will go to the bus station.
I will come back at 6 o'clock.
I will put my sweater on after lunch.
I will take my shoes off before I go in the house.

MUST
be
have
have
go
come
put
take

You must be at work before 8 o'clock.

You must have fun when you go down the river.
You must have some of my mother's chocolate cake.
You must go to the police.
You must come to our party.
You must put your clean clothes away.
You must take her to the hospital now.

SHOULD
be
have
have
go
come
put
take

He should be a good student.

He should have more time next week.
He should have an apple every day.
He should go to the country.
He should come with us.
He should put his hands together.
He should take that old radio apart.

CAN/COULD
be
have
have
go
come
put
take

She can be a very good secretary.

She can have this box of candy.
She can have a glass or two of wine with her dinner.
She can go to the store without me.
She can come to our house any time of the day or night.
She can put all the potatoes in this bucket.
She can take a taxi to the airport.

have
go
come
put

When he was young, he could have a glass of wine at dinner.

When he was young, he could go all day on a bicycle without a rest.
When he was young, he could come home at any hour of the day or night.
When he was young, he could put a young cow up over his head with one hand.

MAY
be
have
have
go
come
put
take

We may be at the hotel before 5 o'clock.

We may have a little farm with our own horses and cows.
We may have a bottle of beer with our bread and cheese.
We may go for a walk along the river after lunch.
We may come back very late.
We may put the children in bed at 8:30.
We may take some beautiful flowers and a basket of fruit to the party.

97

MATHEMATICS
+ [and]

Mary:
John:
Mary:
John:
Mary:
John:

How much is 5 and 4?

5 and 4 is 9.
How much is 3 and 6?
3 and 6 is also 9
How much is 2 and 17?
2 and 17 is 19.

5+4=?
5+4=9
3+6=?
3+6=9
2+17=?
2+17=19

- [from]

Nathaniel:
Alexandra:
Nathaniel:
Alexandra:
Nathaniel:
Alexandra:

How much is 5 from 7?

5 from 7 is 2
How much is 6 from 10?
6 from 10 is 4.
How much is 9 from 16?
9 from 16 is 7.

7-5=?
7-5=2
10-6=?
10-6=4
16-9=?
16-9=7

- [take away]

Andrew:
Jessica
Andrew:
Jessica:
Andrew:
Jessica:

How much is 7 take away 3?

7 take away 3 is 4.
How much is 35 take away 30?
35 take away 30 is 5
How much is 10 take away 3?
10 take away 3 is 2.

7-3=?
7-3=4
35-30?
35-30=5
10-3=?
10-3=2

x [by]

Katherine:
Elizabeth:
Katherine:
Elizabeth:
Katherine:
Elizabeth:

How much is 2 by 6?
2 by 6 is 12.
How much is 3 by 5?
3 by 5 is 15.
How much is 2 by 2?
2 by 2 is 4.

2x6=?
2x6=12
3x5=?
3x5=15
2x2=?
2x2=4

- [into]

Ashley:
Natalie:
Ashley:
Natalie:
Ashley:
Natalie:

How much is 3 into 6?

3 into 6 is 2.
How much is 5 into 20?
5 into 20 is 4.
How much is 4 into 12?
4 into 12 is 3.

6-3=?
6-3=2
20-5=?
20-5=4
12-4=?
12-4=3

98

MORE ABOUT PREPOSITIONS: THEIR BASIC MEANINGS

POSITIONS
on off

A book is on the table.

A button is off my coat.

in out

He is in the room.
The dog's tongue is out.

under over

My cat is under the table.

A light is over the table.

before after

A is before B.
6 is after 5.

together apart

My hands are together.

My feet are apart.

with without

Mary is with John.

Mary went to the film without him.

by (very close)

A tree is by my window.

between (two things)

May is between April and June.

among (many things)

A horse is among the trees.

against

A table is against the wall.

at ( a point in time)
( a point in space)

The bus will be here at 9: 32.

The teacher is at the blackboard.
DIRECTIONS

to from

They went to New York.

He came from Mexico.

up down

Hot air goes up.

Rain comes down.

into

He went into the bank.

out of

He came out of the bank.

across

She went across the street.

through

A cold wind came through my coat.

round

I went round the world.

back

He went to Boston in April and

came back in May.

along

We went along the side of the river.

away (not here)

He went away without a word.

RELATIONSHIPS

about

This book is about English.

of (shows an almost unbreakable connection)

Blue is the color of the sky.

for (purpose)
(shows a loose or breakable connection)

I went to the market for milk.

This ice cream is for you.

99