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}\viewkind1\viewscale100\margl0\margr0\margt0\margb0\deftab80\dntblnsbdb\expshrt
n\paperw11900\paperh16840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg1}{\bkmkend Pg1}\par\pard
\ql \li3207\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3207\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\
ql\li3207\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3207\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li3207\sb108\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f
2\fs24 Development of Relays for Generator Protection \par\pard\qj \li1440\sb0\s
l-230\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1440\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1440\ri1265\
sb2\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs20 Rela
ys are an important integral part of any power system. As generating stations ar
e the first \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 element in the power system chain, the
requirement of protection starts right from the generator. \up0 \expndtw-1\chars
calex100 Generator is one of the costliest equipment in the powerhouse. The powe
r stations where renovation \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 and modernization (R&M
) work is carried out, all the old electromechanical and static relays are being
\up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 replaced with the smart relays. \par\pard\li8529\
sb2\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8889 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\
f5\fs20 -\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 mayadhar
Swain\par\pard\qj \li1440\ri1254\sb180\sl-228\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs20 Relays are an important integral part of any pow
er system. As generating stations are the first \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
04 element in the power system chain, the requirement of protection starts right
from the generator. \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 Generator is one of the
costliest equipment in the power house. Its damage causes innumerable \line \up0
\expndtw-2\charscalex100 financial loss as well as deficit of power in the syst
em. Hence, from the very beginning of the history of \line \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex100 power generation, relays have been developed for protection of generator
. The first protective relay \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 was used in 188
7. \par\pard\ql \li1440\sb191\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 Development of Relays \par\pard\ql \li1440\sb110\sl-230\s

lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs20 The development

of relays can be classified into four categories. These are: \par\pard\ql \li14
40\sb110\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1. First generation-Elec
tro-mechanical relays. \par\pard\ql \li1440\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\
charscalex100 2. Second generation - Static relays \par\pard\ql \li1440\sb1\sl
-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 3. Third generation - Programmable
relays \par\pard\ql \li1440\sb13\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 4.
Fourth generation - Smart relays. \par\pard\ql \li1440\sb190\sl-230\slmult0 \
up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 Electromechanical Relay
\par\pard\qj \li1440\ri1261\sb112\sl-228\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs20 First generation relays are electromechanical in hard
ware and have been designed to perform a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 single tas
k. These relays have movable parts and hence their upkeep is a bit difficult tas
k. These \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 relays also consume sufficient amount of p
ower. Yet another limitation with these relays is that these \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex106 are not able to provide operating region of the choice of engineers. O
nly a best compromise is \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 achieved. These types of r
elays have become obsolete now and are no more manufactured. But \up0 \expndtw-3
\charscalex100 these are found still in use in some old power stations. \par\par
d\ql \li1440\sb191\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf2\f3\fs20 Static Relays \par\pard\qj \li1440\ri1259\sb110\sl-231\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs20 These type of relays use se
miconductor devices like diodes, transistors, thyristors, integrated circuits \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 and normal electrical components like resistor, capac
itors etc. These are called static because there \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 i
s no moving part. Due to this, its life period is more than the electromechanica
l relays and also these \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 require less maintenance.
Power consumption is less and these relays also provide fewer burdens on \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex105 CTs and PTs. But functions wise, these are similar to elec
tromechanical relays. These are only \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 functional re
placement of the earlier generation relays. These relays also suffer with limita
tion that not \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 all relay characteristics can be real
ized. The relays are sensitive to voltage spikes or transients. At \up0 \expndtw
-3\charscalex100 present these are found in use in many power stations. \par\par
d\ql \li1440\sb190\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf2\f3\fs20 Programmable Relays \par\pard\qj \li1440\ri1251\sb110\sl-230\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs20 Development of progra
mmable devices provided a big leap in relay design. As a result, programmable \l
ine \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 microprocessor based relays were developed. Wi
th the presence of programmable devices, any relay \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex100 characteristic that can be expressed mathematically is possible to realize
in the field. These are fast \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 relays require
very less maintenance and consume less power. As the processor speed is more, \l
ine \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 implementation of a single protection function
leaves the processor idle for significant time. This led to \line \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex100 the development of multifunction relay. As result, many generato
r protection functions are integrated \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 in a s
ingle relay. So this takes less space and relay panel size is drastically reduce
d. \par\pard\ql \li1440\sb190\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 Smart Relays \par\pard\qj \li1440\ri1255\sb110\sl-230\slm
ult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs20 These are the late
st relays. It is known in different names like management relay, numeric relay e
tc. \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 The relays provide multifunctional role i
n power system. Apart from protection, these can be used as \line \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex100 primary of back up protection on synchronous or induction generat
ors of 25, 50 or 60 Hz. In addition \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 to electr
ical protection, it also takes care of some mechanical protection like stator te
mperature rise, \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 bearing temperature rise, be
aring vibration etc. The various functions and features are given below. \par\pa
rd\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg2}{\bkmk

end Pg2}\par\pard\qj \li1440\sb0\sl-460\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1440\sb0\sl-460\s

lmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1440\ri5670\sb100\sl-460\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscale
x100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs20 Protection: different protections in a single
relay are: \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs36 -\ul0\no
supersub\cf12\f13\fs36 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs20 Over voltage \par\pard\ql \l
i1440\sb51\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\
fs36 -\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs36 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs20 Over current \p
ar\pard\ql \li1440\ri4027\sb16\sl-340\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs36 -\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs36 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7
\fs20 100% Stator earth fault \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf11\f12\fs36 -\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs36 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs20 Rese
rve power \par\pard\ql \li1440\ri3632\sb0\sl-340\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charsca
lex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs36 -\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs36 \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf6\f7\fs20 Negative sequence over current \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex
100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs36 -\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs36 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf6\f7\fs20 Over flux (V/Hz) \par\pard\ql \li1440\ri4427\sb0\sl-340\slmult0 \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs36 -\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f
13\fs36 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs20 Under voltage \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs36 -\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs36 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf6\f7\fs20 Differential \par\pard\ql \li1440\sb82\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expn
dtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs36 -\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs36
\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs20 Impedance protection \par\pard\ql \li1440\ri3977\s
b38\sl-340\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs36 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs36 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs20 Inadvertent energizat
ion \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs36 -\ul0\nosu
persub\cf12\f13\fs36 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs20 Over frequency \par\pard\ql \l
i1440\ri4310\sb0\sl-340\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
11\f12\fs36 -\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs36 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs20 Under fr
equency \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs36 -\ul0\
nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs36 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs20 Loss of field \par\pard\ql
\li1440\ri4082\sb0\sl-340\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf11\f12\fs36 -\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs36 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs20 Out-o
f-step protection \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\f
s36 -\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs36 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs20 Stator temperatu
re \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs36 -\ul0\nosup
ersub\cf12\f13\fs36 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs20 Over speed \par\pard\ql \li1440
\ri4217\sb0\sl-360\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f1
2\fs36 -\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs36 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs20 Bearing vibra
tion \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs20 Control a
nd Monitoring \par\pard\ql \li1440\ri3821\sb21\sl-340\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\ch
arscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs36 -\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs36 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf6\f7\fs20 Breaker trip coil supervision \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charsc
alex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs36 -\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs36 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf6\f7\fs20 Breaker failure detection \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100
\ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs36 -\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs36 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
6\f7\fs20 VT fuse failure detection \par\pard\ql \li1440\ri3365\sb0\sl-340\slmul
t0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs36 -\ul0\nosupersub\
cf12\f13\fs36 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs20 Voltage balance among three phases. \
line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs20 Metering \par\p
ard\ql \li1440\ri4548\sb112\sl-350\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf11\f12\fs36 -\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs36 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs2
0 Current (A) \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs36 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs36 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs20 Voltage (V) \line \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs36 -\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f1
3\fs36 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs20 Power (W) \par\pard\ql \li1440\ri4099\sb0\sl
-340\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs36 -\ul0\n
osupersub\cf12\f13\fs36 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs20 Reactive Power (Var) \line
\up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs36 -\ul0\nosupersub\cf1
2\f13\fs36 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs20 Energy (Wh) \par\pard\ql \li1440\ri4021\
sb0\sl-340\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs36 -

\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs36 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs20 Reactive energy (Varh

) \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs36 -\ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf12\f13\fs36 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs20 Power factor \par\pard\ql \li144
0\sb71\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs36
-\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs36 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs20 Frequency (Hz) \par
\pard\ql \li1440\ri4226\sb16\sl-340\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf11\f12\fs36 -\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs36 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\f
s20 Maximum demand \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\
fs20 Event record \par\pard\qj \li1440\ri1259\sb120\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw
-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs20 These relays provide history featur
es so that in the event of fault, the variation of different parameters \up0 \ex
pndtw-2\charscalex100 can be studied to analyse the probable cause of the fault.
\par\pard\ql \li1440\sb112\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\no
supersub\cf10\f11\fs20 SCADA Compatibility \par\pard\qj \li1440\ri1255\sb139\sl220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs20 The modern
power stations are generally having SCADA system and these relays fit very well
for this. \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Data can be transferred to a central ma
ster or main control system through a serial interface. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs2
4\paperw11900\paperh16840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg3}{\bkmkend Pg3}\par\pard
\ql \li1440\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1440\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\
ql\li1440\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1440\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li1440\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1440\sb60\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw
-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs20 Numeric Setting \par\pard\ql \li1
440\sb110\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs
20 It has numeric settings with keyboard and settings are protected with passwor
d. \par\pard\ql \li1440\sb110\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs20 Man-Machine Interface (MMI) \par\pard\qj \li1440\ri1256
\sb108\sl-233\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs20
It is best in class in man-machine interface. The settings and other parameters
can be accessed using \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 the integrated control and n
umerical keypad. Through a serial interface, the relay can be connected to \up0
\expndtw-1\charscalex100 local computer. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and displa
y Screen (LCD) provide information related to \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 even
ts and functional status of the relay. \par\pard\ql \li1440\sb110\sl-230\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs20 Self Checking \par\
pard\ql \li1440\sb110\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf6\f7\fs20 When any fault occurs in the relay, it gives an alarm. \par\pard\
ql \li1440\sb130\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
10\f11\fs20 Remote Communication \par\pard\qj \li1440\ri1266\sb109\sl-232\slmult
0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs20 Some manufacturers
like GE and SIEMENS have provided embedded ethernet communication \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex102 system. The relay is directly connected to Local / Wide
Area Network (LAN / WAN) using TCP / IP \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 protocol v
ia a port located on the back panel of the relay. Through this, the manufacturer
gets access \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 to relay information such as setting,
oscillography, trending data and sequence of event records etc. \up0 \expndtw-1\
charscalex100 the manufacturer can notice any malfunction or abnormality in the
relay through Internet and also can \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 rectify the sa
me through Internet. \par\pard\ql \li1440\sb110\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\c
harscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs20 Time Synchronisation \par\pard\qj \li
1440\ri1259\sb119\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
6\f7\fs20 The relay has its own clock. An interface is provided for the time syn
chronisation of the internal clock \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 via external sy
nchronisation sources or master clock of the power station. \par\pard\ql \li1440
\sb132\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20
Conclusion \par\pard\qj \li1440\ri1262\sb110\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs20 In all the new power stations, smart relays
are installed due to their inherent merits. The power \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
100 stations where renovation and modernization (R&M) work is carried out, all t
he old elctromechanical \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 and static relays are bein

g replaced with the smart relays. \par\pard\qj \li1440\sb0\sl-226\slmult0 \par\p

ard\qj\li1440\ri1257\sb8\sl-226\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf10\f11\fs20 The author is passed B.Sc. Engg. (Elect) from University Coll
ege of Engineering, Burla, Orissa in \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 1979 and M.E.
in Water Resource Development from I.I.T., Roorkee in 1990. After serving in NTP
C, \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Talcher Thermal Power Station and Orissa Hydro
Power Corporation in different capacities, he is now \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex1
00 working as Assistant General Manager in MECON Limited, Ranchi. \par\pard\ql \
li1440\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1440\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li
1440\sb11\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs
20 Reference Book: \par\pard\ql \li1440\ri3945\sb102\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndt
w-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs20 Electrical India October 2006 \lin
e \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Vol. 46 No. 10 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24}