J.Cent.SouthUniv.

(2012) 19: 273281

DOI: 10.1007/s117710121001x

CFDpredictionoflocalscourholearoundbridgepiers
ZHU Zhiwen()1,LIU Zhenqing()1, 2
1.CollegeofCivilEngineering,HunanUniversity,Changsha410082,China
2.DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofTokyo,Tokyo,1138656,Japan
CentralSouthUniversityPressandSpringerVerlagBerlinHeidelberg2012
Abstract: In order to predict the local scour hole and its evaluation around a cylindrical bridge pier, the computational fluid
dynamics (CFD) and theories of sediment movement and transport were employed to carry out numerical simulations. In the
numericalmethod,thetimeaveragedReynoldsNavierStokesequationsandthestandardkmodelwerefirstusedtosimulatethe
threedimensionalflowfieldaroundabridgepierfixedonriverbed.Thetransientshearstressonriverbedwastreatedasacrucial
hydrodynamic mechanism when handling sediment incipience and transport. Then, riverbed volumetric sediment transport was
calculated, followed by the modification of the river bed altitude and configuration. Boundary adaptive mesh technique was
employedtomodifythegridsystemwithchangedriverbedboundary.Theevolutionoflocalscouraroundacylindricalbridgepier
waspresented.Thenumericalresultsrepresenttheflowpatternandmechanismduringthepierscouring,withagoodpredictionof
themaximumscourholedepthcompared with testresults.
Keywords: localscour bridgepier computationalfluiddynamics sedimenttransport

1Introduction
Scour is defined as the erosion of streambed
sedimentaroundanobstructioninaflowfield[1].Local
scour occurs at a bridge site when the local flow field
near the bridge pier is strong enough to remove bed
material. The obstruction to the flow caused by the
bridge pier is of primary importance in scour process.
Theprincipalfeaturesoftheflowincludethedownflow
aheadofthepier,thehorseshoevortexatthebaseofthe
pier, the surface roller ahead of the pier and the wake
vorticesdownstreamof thepier.
Forbridgeengineeringpractice,accurateprediction
oflocalscour,suchasthemaximumdepthofscourhole
around the bridge piers, is critical for bridge design,
maintenance and evaluation. Fail to present an accurate
maximum depth of scour may either lead to an
uneconomical design of substructures, orresult in scour
damageorevenbridgefailure.Thismayleadtomassive
lose on life and economy, and always result in serious
impact on local traffic. Duringthe past several decades,
there were lots of bridge scour damages in China. In
1963,thetorrentialraininHebeiProvincedamaged209
bridgesduetolocalscour.In1994,localscourdamaged
49railway bridges in China, andtherailway traffic had

been interrupted for 2 319 h. In New Zealand, at least

one serious bridge failure each year can be attributed to
the scour damage of bridge foundation [2]. In USA at
yearof1987,10peoplewerekilledbythecollapseofthe
New York State Thruway Bridge across the Schoharie
Creekbecauseofseriouslocalscour[3].Itwasestimated
that, on average, there are 5060 bridge failures each
yearinUSA [2].
Overthepastfewdecades,researchesonlocalscour
aroundhydraulicstructureshavebeencarriedoutmainly
by physical modeling or field observation [46]. Many
empirical equations were presented, such as the China
Equations 651 and 652 and the Boerdakf Equation.
With the rapid development of computer resource and
numerical methods, the computerbased numerical
simulationbecomesanalternativeandpromisingwayto
deal with bridge scour. Recently, several numerical
models have been developed to calculate scour around
riverhydraulicstructures[79].
In this work, CFD methods are employed to
simulate the flow field around a bridge pier with the
standard k turbulent model. Sediment transport model
is used to calculate the variation of riverbed elevation.
The evolution of scour around the bridge pier is
presented. And numerical results are compared with
experimentalresults.

Foundation item: Project(50978095) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Project(IRT0917) supported by the Program for
ChangjiangScholarsandInnovativeResearchTeaminChineseUniversityProjectsupportedbyChinaScholarshipCouncil
Receiveddate:20110411 Accepteddate:20110921
Correspondingauthor:ZHUZhiwen,ProfessorTel:+8673188821424Email:zwzhu@hnu.edu.cn

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J. Cent. South Univ. (2012) 19: 273281

2Numericalmodel
2.1Governingequationofflow
The fluid equations for unsteady, incompressible,
threedimensional viscous water flow around bridge
piers can be solved approximately by the Reynolds
averagedNavierStokesequationsasfollows:
ui
= 0
xi

(1)

ujui
ui
p
+r
= rFi +
[2mSij - r uiuj]
t
xj
xi xj

(2)

where donates the density of clear water ui and u

i
arethemeanandfluctuatingwatervelocity,respectively
xi =(x, y, z), is the coordinate in Cartesian coordinate
system, in which x is the cross flow direction, y is the
flowdirectionand z is theverticaldirection,respectively
t denotes the time p and are the pressure and water
molecular viscosity, respectively Fi is the body force
whichtakesthevalueofgravitationalaccelerationginz

2 xj

directionandzerosotherwise. Sij = 1 ui +

uj
,isthe
xi

meanstrainratio- ruiuj is the Reynoldsstress.

Iftheeddyviscositymodelisemployedtocloseto
Eq.(2),theReynoldsstressforincompressibleflowcan
beexpressedas
u uj
- r uiuj = m t i +

x j xi

kui
m t k

m +
+ Gk - re
=

xi x j
s k x j

e ui
m t e

e
e 2
m +
+ C1e Gk - C2e r
=

xi x j
s k x j
k
k

(4)

(5)
u u u
where Gk = m t i + j i ,is the production term
x

j xi x j
ofturbulentkineticenergyinducedbythemeanvelocity
gradientC1,C2,C,k, aretheempiricalconstants,
with value of C11.44, C21.92, C0.09, k1.0,
1.3,respectively[10].
The standard k turbulent model is based on the
hypothesisof fullydevelopedturbulentflow.Inorderto
avoid fine grids among sublayer and save computer
power, wall function is applied to obtaining wall shear
stress.Thiscanberealizedbyusing

t wall =G wallU p /d p

(6)

where subindex p stands for the centroid of control

volumeadjacenttowall Gwall isthedissipationconstant
Up isthevelocitycomponentparalleltothewall p is the
distancefromthecentroidofcontrolvolumetothewall.
Gwall can be recovered from the following
equation:
1 1
G wall = r Cm4 kp2d p

if

d p+

>11.63 ,then

if

d p+

11.63 , then G wall =r v

/U p+

(7)
(8)

where U p+ =ln( Ed p+ ) /k d p+ =Cm4 kp2d p /v donates

(3)

where tistheturbulentviscosity.
There are great varieties of turbulent models
available in industrial CFD simulation. Although the
standard k turbulent model comprises weakness in
practical application, it remains the workhouse of
industrial computation because of its relatively high
resolutionandlowCPUtimerequirement.Sincepresent
studies deal with riverbed and pier surfacebounded
threedimensional unsteady flow, the standard k
turbulent model will beadesired selection on PCbased
CFDsimulations.
For the standard k turbulent model, t=Ck2/,
where C is the empirical constant kuiu j 2, is the

m ui ui
, is the
r xk xk
dissipationrateofturbulentkineticenergy.
kand canbeobtainedfromthefollowingtransport
equations[10]:
turbulent kinetic energy =

the kinematic viscosity E is the constant of roughness

height =0.4, istheKarmanconstant.
Astoensureeffectiveuseofwallfunctions,present
studies require that the dimensionless wall distance on
thepiersurface,Y+,shouldbeintherangeof20200.
2.2Bedsurfacemodification
Sedimenttransported by waterabove river bed can
bedividedintosuspendedloadandbedload.Ifsediment
carried by flow settles down sufficiently slowlywithout
anytouchingonriverbed,theyarecalledsuspendedload,
otherwisetheyarecalledbedload.Theformofbedload
andsuspendedloaddependsonthesizeofsedimentsand
flow velocity. The critical diameter to distinguish
suspended load and bed load can be obtained from
Eq. (9):
d =

U2
360g

(9)

whereUisthemeanapproachflowvelocity.Ifthemean
sediments diameter is larger than the critical diameter,

J.Cent.SouthUniv.(2012)19: 273281

275

sediments will be transported in the form of bed load.

Otherwise,suspendedloadwillbetheformoftransport.
Whenbedslopeispresentedduringscourevolution,
Eq.(10)willbeusedtocalculatethesedimenttransport
rate:
qb,i = qb

t i
h
- Cqb
t
xi

CL/CD=0.85.istheanglebetweentheflowdirectionat
sedimentlocationand the slope direction projected onto
ahorizontalplaneisthe slopeangle tothehorizontal
plane,asshowninFig. 1.

(10)

whereqb,i isthecomponentoftimeaveragedvolumetric
sedimenttransportrateperunitwidthisthebedshear
stress vector with three components of i (i=x, y, z)
C=1.5,is anempiricalconstant h is thebedelevation.
qb is the timeaveraged volumetric sediment
transportrateperunitwidthonhorizontalbed,whichcan
beobtainedfromthe followingequations[11]:
1.5 -0.3 2.1
qb = 0.053D 0.5 g 0.5 d 50
D* T (T <2.5)

(11)

Fig.1 Forceimposedonsedimentwith inclinedbedpresented

1.5 -0.3 1.5

qb = 0.100 D 0.5 g 0.5 d 50
D* Tm (T 2.5)

(12)

Asforsedimentsonhorizontalbed,thecriticalbed
shearstresscanbeobtainedfrom

whered50 isthemediansedimentgrainsize=(s)/,
is the nominal density s is the sediment density
D*=d50[(s1)g/2]1/3, is the dimensionless sediment
parameterss/.
T and Tm canberecoveredfromEqs. (13)and(14):
T = ( t -t b,cr ) /t b,cr

(13)

l t - t b,cr
t b,cr

(14)

Tm =

where =e(0.45+0.2), is the modification factor =1g,

=d50/d90d10/d50g=(d84/d50+d50/d16)/2 d10, d16, d84 and
d90 aresedimentsizesatwhich10%,16%,84% and90%
ofsedimentsarefinerbasedonmass,respectively.
b,cr isthecriticalbedshearstressatwhichsediment
starts to move on inclined bed surface, which can be
obtainedthrough[12]

t b,cr

= 1 + L tan j (cos 2 q - sin 2 q cot 2j ) cotj

t b,cr

CD

CL
cos q + sin q sin a cot 2j + cotj

C
D

C
cos2 q - sin 2 q cot 2 j + L sin2q +

CD

CL
sin 2q sin a + sin 2 q sin 2 a cot2j
CD

1/ 2-1

(15)

whereistheangleofreposeforsedimentsCL andCD
donate the sediments lift and drag coefficients,
respectively. WEI and YE [13] suggested the value of

t b,cr = rq cr ( s -1)gD*

(16)

where b,cr is critical bed shear stress for sediments on

horizontalbedcr isthe shieldsnumber[14].
The variation of bed elevation can be derived from
equationofsedimenttransportrate,i.e.,
h
1 qb,i
=t
1- n xi

(17)

where n isthesedimentsvoidage.
2.3 grid
With scouring development, sediments on the bed
close to piers may be moved away gradually, and the
plane bed may not be maintained. This will result in
inclined bed surface, and gradually form the scour hole
around the bridge pier. On application of CFD to the
calculation of flow field around the pier, computational
grids should be remeshed since the computational
domain is changed concerning the bed scouring. Since
the scour hole may be of complex configuration,
remeshing of the computational domain with high
qualitymaypresent achallenge.
There are three remeshing strategies which are
widelyusedtofitthecomplexterrainafterscouring,i.e.,
ZlevelgridShavedgridandgrid,asshowninFig.2.
Onecanseethattherepresentedriverbedwillbezigzag
if the Zlevel grid system is applied, which does not
capturetherealbedconfiguration.TheShavedgridmay
fit the complex terrain well. However, it may be very
difficulttorefinethemeshclosetotheriverbedsurface.
Inthiswork,thegridisemployedtofitthescoured

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J. Cent. South Univ. (2012) 19: 273281

the pier. With the development of local scour hole, the

bed terrain will be modified, which means that the
bottomboundary willmove withthescourtime.Hence,
the computational domain will change because of the
movingbottomboundary.

Fig.2 Comparisonbetweenthreegridssystems

bed terrain, which can provide good representation of

bedterrain,whilegridsqualityisstillmaintained.
The relationship between the coordinate in grid
system and that in Cartesian coordinate system can be
establishedby

s=

z- z
H +z

Fig.3 Schematicplotoftestarrangement

(18)

where and H are the water elevation and river bed

elevation from the reference plane, respectively. On the
bed surface, zH and 1 on free water surface,
zand 0.

3Casestudy
In orderto validatethe effectiveness of the present
method, numerical simulations of flow field as well as
river bed scouring around a cylindrical pier are carried
out based onavailablereferencereports.The simulation
parameters are almost the same as those reported by
MELVILLE [15], except for the domain length,
boundaryconditionsimposedonthesidesurfacebecause
of the available computer resource. The test was
conducted in water flume of 19 m long, 45.6 cm wide,
with water depth of 15 cm. A cylinder withdiameter of
D=5.08 cm was simulated as a scaled bridge pier fixed
ontheriverbed.Thebedsedimentsinvolved weresand
with relatively uniform size, and the median grain size
was 0.385 mm. The approach mean flow velocity was
0.25 m/s. Water was discharged at the rate of 0.017 12
m3/s with a bed slope of 1/10 000. Figure 3 shows the
schematicplotofthetestarrangement.
3.1Computationaldomainandnumericalmethods
The computational domain, as shown in Fig. 4, is
0.15mdeep and45.6cmwide, with theinlet boundary
locates atadistance of 7D upstream of the pierandthe
outletboundarylocatesatadistanceof10Ddownstream

Fig.4 Computationaldomainandboundaryconditions

The computational domain is discretized with

hexahedralblocks.Inordertoreflectthegradientofflow
variables in the computational domain, nonuniform
meshingstrategyisapplied,withfinegridscoveringthe
regions of interest, such as the flow field near the river
bed and the pier, while grids are gradually stretched
whenmovingawayfromsolidsurfaces.Therearetotally
87 948 blocks in computation domain, as shown in
Fig. 5.
For numerical simulations, boundary condition
should be specified at particular location, such as inlet,
outlet, solid surfaces and free surface. Their reasonable
definitions are very important as to satisfy the real
physics.AsshowninFig.6,noslipconditionisapplied
on solid surfaces, including the bed and pier surfaces,
where the former is treated as smooth surface, and the
latter istreatedasrough one, with theroughnessheight
on the riverbed of 2.5d50. Because of the limited
computerresource,asymmetricconditionisimposedon
the two side surfaces and top surface. Such kind of
treatment may introduce error in flow simulation, since
therealtopboundaryisactuallyafreesurface.
The outlet boundary uses the fully developed
turbulent flow. For inlet, the velocity profile and
turbulencearenotavailablefromtests.Inthiswork,an

J.Cent.SouthUniv.(2012)19: 273281

Fig. 5 Mesh arrangement around pier: (a) Grids system

(b)Gridsclosetopier

Fig.6 Computedstreamlinesin comparison with testresults

independent threedimensional simulation of flow is

carried out in the same empty computational domain
with the standard k turbulent model and other
simulationparameters,eventhesamegridssystem.After
sufficiently long time simulation, a relatively stable
speed and turbulent profile will be established, which
will be transferred to the inlet boundary of simulation
with the pier included. This seems to be a reasonable
boundary condition since it may be consistent with the
grids system, the imposed boundary condition and the
employed turbulent model. For turbulence, the
turbulencekineticenergyandturbulentdissipationrate

277

are determined by k=1.5(0.06U)2 and e =Cm3/ 4 k 3/ 2 /

(0.09h),respectively.
The experiments reported by MELVILLE [15]
includetwo parts,i.e., the fixedbed experiment andthe
livebed experiment. In the former case, scouring will
not be considered, whichhelps to present the flow field
characteristics before scourinitiation, while the livebed
experimentwillsimulatetheevolutionofthescourhole
considering sediment transport. In order to validate the
numerical method step by step, the results in the same
conditionsarealsopresented,andthecomparisontothe
testresults ismade.
For the fixedbed simulation, the governing
equations are discretized on collocated grid system by
means of the finite volume method. A second order
upwind scheme is employed for the convective term,
while the viscosity term uses a second order central
difference scheme. The SIMPLEC algorithm is
employedtosolvethediscretizedequations.Onlysteady
statesimulationiscarriedout.
Except for the instantaneously changed bottom
boundary as the result of bed scouring, the livebed
simulation uses the same modeling parameters. For
the unsteady simulation, the time step size is 0.01s and
total simulation ends after 180 000 time steps
calculations.
3.2Simulationresults
3.2.1Fixedbedsimulation
Thevelocityandbedshearstressdistributioncanbe
obtained from CFD calculation. Figure 6 shows the
streamlines on the plane 2 mm on the bed surface. In
orderto make a direct comparison between the test and
presentresults,thecomputedresults(tophalf)isplotted
against the test results (bottom half) in Fig.6. It can be
seenthatthepresentedflowfeaturesmatchwellwiththe
testresults,suchasthereversedzonedownstreamofthe
pier.
Figure7showsboththesimulated(a)andmeasured
(b)velocitiesprojectedtothe BBplane(seeFig.3).The
simulated results agree well with the test results. Also,
one can see that when flow approaches the pier, it
graduallychangesdirectionandbecomesdownflow.The
downflowisoneoftheprinciplefeaturesofflowaround
the pier. As one can see in the following livebed
simulation,thedownflowimpingesonthebedactlikea
verticaljeterodingagrooveimmediatelyadjacenttothe
front of the pier, which gradually forms the local scour
hole.
Figure 8 shows a snapshot of shear stress contours
on bed surface around the pier. There is a large region
behindthepiershowinglowshearstressvalue,eventhe

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J. Cent. South Univ. (2012) 19: 273281

which is significantly larger than the value of

U2/(g360)=0.0177mm. Hence, bed load will be the
majortransportform.
Because of the limitation of the computational
resource, the evolution of scour hole is simulated for
only 30 min after scour initiated. Figures 9, 10 and 11
show the grid system at planeAAat the scouring time
of 10 min, 20 min and 30 min, respectively. It can be
seen that the grid shows good ability to follow the
scouringterrainwithhighresolution.

Fig.9 Gridsinvicinityofpierat10min

Fig.7VelocitydistributionatplaneBB:(a)Numericalresults
(b)Experimentalresults

Fig.10Gridsinvicinityofpierat 20 min

Fig.8 Shearstresscontoursonbedsurface

leading area of the pier also gets low stress value. The
high stress regions are located at both sides of the pier
facing the flow, indicating significant velocity gradient
amongtheregions,especiallyclosetothepier,wherethe
scour may first initiate when sediments satisfy the
scouringconditions.
3.2.2Livebedsimulation
In this work, the mean approach flow velocity is
0.25m/s,withsedimentsaveragediameterof0.385mm,

Fig. 11Gridsinvicinityofpierat 30 min

Figure12comparesthecomputedscourholeshape
with the experimental result at the scouring time of 30
min.Themaximumscour depth observed in experiment
is 4 cm and locates at the area close to the pier nose
whilethemaximumscourdepthfromthepresentstudyis
4.1 cm, and locates at pier sides. Hence, the presented

J.Cent.SouthUniv.(2012)19: 273281

maximumscourdepthagreeswellwiththetest.However,
thescourholeshapeandlocationbetweenthenumerical
simulation and the test are quite different. One can see
that the predicted scouring at the area immediately
adjacent to the pier nose is not so intensive as that
indicated in the test, i.e., there is a doublesided sharp
slopeimmediatelyclosetopiernoseinnumericalresults,
whichmaycollapseinlocalavalanchesofsedimentinto
theerosionzoneundertheactionofturbulentflowinthe
test. Such kind of collapse may change the shape of
scourholeand certainly resultindifferent flow patterns
around the pier. However, such kind of slope collapse
may be quite different to model, and thus is not
consideredinthepresentstudy.

279

In order to present the development and profile of

the scour hole, three azimuthal planes are arranged, as
showninFig.14.Oneachplane,thescourholeshapeis
characterized by the bed altitude stretched fromthepier
surfacetoaradialdistanceof3.71cm.Eighteenmonitor
pointswithequalintervalaresettopresentmoredetailed
informationofscourholeshape.

Fig. 13 Velocity (m/s) contours (t=30 min): (a) Numerical

results(b)Experimentalresults

Fig. 12 Scour hole shape (t=30 min): (a) Numerical scour

contours(b)Experimentalresults

Figure 13 shows comparisons of velocity contours

between the experiments and the numerical simulations
on BB plane at scouring time of 30 min. Both the
simulatedandtestvelocitiesarenormalizedbythemean
approach flow velocity (0.25 m/s). One can see thatthe
simulated velocity distribution agrees well with the test
results, although there is slight difference in velocity
gradient normal to the slope. The numerical simulation
also predicts the downflow in the area close to the pier
nose.

Fig.14 Azimuthalplanesarrangement

Figures 15(a), (b) and (c) show the simulated bed

slope evolutions on the plane parallel to the flow

280

direction,normaltotheflowdirectionandbetweenthem,
respectively (see Fig. 14). The horizontal axis x is the
radial distance from the pier surface, while the vertical
axis indicates the scourhole depth, in which zero atthe
verticalaxis correspondsto theriver bed altitude before
scouring.ItisshowninFig.15thatthemaximumdepth
(4.1cm)occursat30minatpointc.Thisalsoindicates
that remarkable bed scouring occurs at the region
roughlyoneradiumawayfromthepiersurface,withthe
maximum scour depth close to the pier surface line on
theplacenormaltotheflowdirection.

J. Cent. South Univ. (2012) 19: 273281

Figure 16 shows a threedimensional picture

indicatingthescourholearoundbridgepierafter30min
scouring. One can see that the simulated scouring
developsmainlybesidethepier.

Fig.16Scourholetopographyafter30min scouring

4Conclusions
1) The CFD methods, with the powerful flow
visualization, show the ability of flow representation
during local scouring. This helps to recognize scour
mechanismanddevelopmentwithscourtime.
2) It appears that the present threedimensional
RANS equations combined with the standard k
turbulence model can predict the complicate flow field
aroundbridgepiers.Theaccuratecaptureofshearstress
valueontheriverbedisacrucialstepforbedscouring.
3) The maximum scour hole depth, which is the
mostimportantparameterinscourprediction,isingood
agreement with the test results. From engineering point
of view, the present numerical method can be used to
predict local scour hole and helps to carry out scour
designofbridgepiers.
4) The location of the maximum scour hole depth
and the configuration predicted by present method are
differentfromthosereportedbytests.Thismayattribute
to the fact that slope collapse to the erosionzoneinthe
testisnotrecognizedbynumericalmethod.Suchkindof
collapse may change the intermediate shape of scour
holeandresultindifferentflowpatternsaroundthepier,
andfinallyfailtoreproducethecorrectscourholeshape.
Such kind of influence should be modeled in the future
studies.

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