B.

010

COMPUTE REFEREACE

MOTRICUIATIOR

THIRD EDITION

Bah Hock Guan

B.Sc.(Education), USM

Sri Nasariya
B.Sc.
Michigan State University

ORIENTAL
ACADEMIC PUBLICATION

ORIENTAL ACADEMIC PUBLICATION (001451124-T)

44, Jalan 4/133, Taman Sri Sentosa,
Off Jalan Kiang Lama,
58000, Kuala Lumpur.

ISBN 978-967-0317-18-2
Complete Reference: Matriculation Biology 2, Third Edition
Copyright 2013 by Oriental Academic Publication.
All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form
or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or
by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written
permission of the publisher

Published 2013
Printed in Malaysia

Preface

Complete Reference: Matriculation Biology 2, Third Edition is a book written specially

to cater for the need of the students studying in the local matriculation colleges. It is written
in concise points form to help students to have a firm grasp of concepts in Biology. The
content is based on the latest Biology syllabus at matriculation level.
The special features in these books include the followings:
Explanations are developed in a logical sequence.
Ample diagrams and tables to facilitate understanding of text and concepts in learning
Biology.
Quick reviews appear at strategic intervals within chapters to give students the chance to
recall information. It facilitates students' understanding and intermittent checks of what
they have learned as quick reviews are based on important concepts and principles.
Review exercises which include multiple choice and subjective questions to reinforce
learning of concepts are at the end of each chapter. These exercises gear students to
prepare for their Biology examination.
With all these, we are confident that these books will provide students with the knowledge,
understanding, skills and application techniques they need in order to be effective in learning
Biology and successful in their examinations.
Please do not hesitate to contact the authors through the Oriental Academic Publication,
email: aoppub@tm.net.my with any suggestions or comments that could improve the text.

Bah Hock Guan

Sri Nasariya

Table of Contents
Preface

CHAPTER 1 Biodiversity
1.1

Biodiversity and classification 2

1.1.1
1.1.2
1.1.3

1.2

Domain Bacteria and Archaea 6

1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
1.2.4

1.3

Unique characteristics of fungi 19

Classification of Kingdom Fungi 19
Importance of fungi 22

Kingdom Plantae 24
1.5.1
1.5.2
1.5.3
1.5.4
1.5.5
1.5.6
1.5.7

1.6

Unique characteristics of protists 11

Classification of Kingdom Protista 11
Algae 12
Protozoa 13
Importance of protists 16

Kingdom Fungi 19
1.4.1
1.4.2
1.43

1.5

Unique characteristics of prokaryotes 6

Classification of prokaryotes 6
Classification of bacteria 8
Importance of bacteria 10

Kingdom Protista / Protoctista 11

13.1
1.3.2
1.3.3
1.3.4
13.5

1.4

The classification system 2

The five-kingdom system 2
Types of diversity 5

Unique characteristics of plants 24

Unique classification of Kingdom Plantae 25
Bryophyta (liverworts, mosses and hornworts) 26
Pteridophytes 28
Gymnosperms (conifers, cycads, ginkgo, and gnetophytes) 31
Angiosperms 35
Evolution of Seed Plant 36

Kingdom Animalia 38
1.6.1 Characteristics of animals 38
1.6.2 Characteristics of Porifera 39
1.63 Phylum Cnidaria / Coelentrata 41
1.6.4 Phylum Platyhelminthes 45
1.6.5 Phylum Nematoda 48
1.6.6 Phylum Annelida 49
1.6.7 Phylum Arthropoda 52
1.6.8 Phylum Mollusca 58
1.6.9 Phylum Echinodermata 61
1.6.10 Phylum Chordata 64
1.6.11 Evolutionary relationship in Kingdom Animalia 70

Multiple Choice Questions 73

Structured Questions 76
Review Questions 78

CHAPTER 9 Ecology
-

2.1 Introduction to ecology 80

2.1.1

Basic terminologies in ecology 80

2.2 Ecosystem concept 83

2.2.1
The biotic component 83
2.2.2
The abiotic environments 84
Interaction among the biotic components 84
2.2.3
2.2.4 Lake ecosystem 86
2.2.5 Terrestrial ecosystem of tropical rainforest 88
2.3 Energy flow through ecosystem 89
2.3.1
Trophic levels, food chain, food web and ecological pyramids 89
The sun as a source of energy 92
2.3.2
Energy transfer 92
2.3.3
2.4 Biogeochemical cycles 93
2.4.1
Carbon cycle 94
2.4.2
Nitrogen cycle 95
2.5 Biodiversity : conservation and management 96
2.5.1
Introduction 96
2.5.2 Sustainable management 97
2.5.3
Conservation and preservation 97
Multiple Choice Questions 100
Structured Questions 102
Review Questions 103

CHAPTER 3 Population Ecology

3.1 Population Growth 106

3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.1.5

Introduction 106
Terms related to population growth 106
Factors affecting population 107
Population growth curves 108
Limiting factors affecting population size 110

Multiple Choice Questions 112

Review Questions 113

CHAPTER 4 Variation
4.1 Introduction 116

4.1.1
Continuous variation 116
4.1.2
Discontinuos variation 117
4.1.3
Source of variation 118
4.2 Selection 119
4.2.1
Natural selection 119
4.2.2
Artificial selection 121
4.3 Speciation 123
Biological species concept 123
4.3.1
4.3.2
The Process of Speciation 124
4.3.3
Factors involved in the formation of new species 126
Multiple Choice Questions 131

Structured Questions 133

Essay Questions 134

CHAPTER 5 Biocatalysis

er , e"

'

s--

- "; ' ,,,i454174,447?4,*.i;vititliviek,:*14,,AM4,0tri,i1M.014th,tWgdi~01-C7041',44e00,04.,

5.1 Enzymes 136

5.1.1
Introduction 136
5.1.2 Properties of enzyme 136
5.1.3 Activation energy 137
5.1.4 Mechanism of enzyme action 138
5.1.5 Factors affecting enzymatic reactions 140

5.2 Cofactors 143

5.3 Enzyme inhibition 145
53.1 Reversible inhibition 145
53.2 Irreversible inhibition 147
533 End-product inhibition 147

5.4 Enzyme classification 149

Multiple Choice Questions 152
Structured Questions 155
Review Questions 156

CHAPTER 6 Cellular Respiration

6.1 Respiration 158
6.1.1 Introduction 158
6.1.2 Types of respiration 158
6.1.3 ATP the currency of energy 159

6.2 Aerobic respiration 160

6.2.1
Glycolysis 161
6.2.2 Krebs Cycle 166
6.2.3
Oxidative phosphorylation : electron transport chain and chemiosmosis 170

6.3 Anaerobic respiration : alcoholic and lactate fermentation 177

Multiple Choice Questions 180
Structured Questions 182
Review Questions 184

CHAPTER 7 Photosynthesis
.

,kv,,,,,,w,61,0vareiraitie4t3

7.1 Overview of photosynthesis 186

7.1.1
7.1.2

Introduction 186
Outline of photosynthetic process 186

7.2 Photosynthetic pigments and photosystems 187

7.2.1
Photosynthetic pigments and absorption spectrum 187
7.2.2 Photosystem 188

7.3 Light dependent reaction 189

7.3.1
Non-cyclic photophosphorylation 189
Cyclic
photophosphorylation 190
7.3.2
7.3.3 ATP synthesis by chemiosmosis 191

7.4 Light independent reaction 192

7.4.1
7.4.2

Stages in Calvin cycle 192

Photorespiration 194

Nroc0.00-..tfro,

7.5 Alternative mechanism of carbon fixation 195

7.5.1 Hatch-Slack (C4) pathway 196

7.5.2 Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) pathway 197
Multiple Choice Questions 201
Structured Questions 203
Review Questions 204

CHAPTER 8 Gaseous Exchange and

its Control

.
17- 7""v.7.-.7,""

8.1 Gaseous exchange and control in mammals 206

8.1.1 The respiratory system 206

8.1.2 Structure of haemoglobin 207
8.1.3 Transport of carbon dioxide 208
8.1.4 Transport of oxygen and oxygen dissociation curve 209
8.2 Regulation of breathing 213
8.2.1 Mechanism of breathing 213
8.2.2 Role of chemoreceptors in controlling breathing 214
8.3 Gaseous exchange and control in plants 217
8.3.1 Regulation of stomatal opening and closing based on starch-sugar hypothesis 218
Multiple Choice Questions 219
Structured Questions 222
Review Questions 223

CHAPTER 9 Transport System

9.1 The human heart and its regulation 226

9.1.1 The structure of human heart 226

Initiation of heart beat and its control 229
9.1.2
9.1.3 The cardiac cycle and heart sound 231
9.1.4 Electrocardiogram 233
Factors affecting heak rate 234
9.1.5
9.2 Lymphatic system and its role in transport 236
9.2.1 Human lymphatic system 236
9.2.2 Role of lymphatic system 237
9.3 Transport in plants 238
9.3.1 Pathways of water 238
9.3.2 Uptake of water and mineral ions 239
9.3.3 Water movement via xylem 240
9.3.4 Phloem and translocation 242
Multiple Choice Questions 245
Structured Questions 247
Review Questions 249

CHAPTER 10 Homeostasis
10.1 Concept of homeostasis 252
10.2 Negative feedback mechanism 253

10.2.1 Control of blood glucose 253

10.3 Human homeostatic organs 256

10.3.1 Structure and functions of liver 256

1032 Structure and ftmctions of kidney 259

Multiple Choice Questions 269
Structured Questions 272
Review Questions 274

CHAPTER 11 Coordination
1/./ Nervous system 276
11.1.1
11.1.2
11.13
11.1.4
11.1.5
11.1.6

Structure and organization 276

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems 277
Res g potential and action potential 280
Impulse alolg an axon 282
Structure of synapse and transmission of impulse at synapse 285
Action of cocaine at synapses 288

11.2 Mecha, ism of muscular control 289

11.2.1
/1.2.2

Structure of neuromuscular junction 289

Structure of sarcomere and muscular contraction 290

11.3 Hormones in mammals 295

11.4

113.1 Endocrine system 295

113.2 Mechanism of action of hormones 298
Hormones in plants 300
11.4.1 Roles of hormones in plants 300
11.4.2 Phytochrome and its regulation in flowering 303
11.4.3 Photoperiodism 304

Multiple Choice Questions 306

Structured Questions 309
Review Questions 310

CHAPTER 12 Immunity

44.`t,.4 4,i *1,N941"0?"`0,400

12.1 The immune system 312

12.1.1 Introduction 312
12.1.2 Structure and classes of antibody 312
12.1.3 Immune response 314
12.1.4 Role of lymphoid organs 319
12.1.5 Types of antigen and antibody interactions 321
12.2 Development of immunity 324
12.2.1 Primary and secondary immune responses 324
12.2.2 Concept of self and non-self recognition 324
Multiple Choice Questions 326
Structured Questions 328
Review Questions 329

Appendix

Answers Key 331

-4000(44

140091.'