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Review Article
Current Trends of Nanotechnology for Cancer Therapy
Chetan C. Anajwala1*, Girish K. Jani2, S.M. Vijayendra Swamy3
1
ABSTRACT:
1043
Nanoshells
Tumor targeting
Fullerene based
derivatives
Carbon nanotube
Dendrimers
Quantum dots
Gold nanoparticles
Solid lipid
nanoparticle (SLN)
Nonowires
Paramagnetic
nanoparticles
Therapeutic and
diagnostic use
Chetan C. Anajwala et.al. : Current Trends of Nanotechnology for Cancer Therapy 1045
Liposomes
Fullerene
Nanoshells
Nanoshells were developed by West and Halas
(West JL et al., 2000) at Rice University as a new
modality of targeted therapy. Nanoshells consist of
nanoparticles with a core of silica and a coating of
thin metallic shell. These can be targeted to desired
tissue by using immunological method which is
being evaluated for cancer therapy. Hirsh et al
(Hirsch LR et al., 2003) used nanoshells which are
tuned to absorb infra red rays when exposed from a
source outside the body to demonstrate the thermo
ablative property of nanoshells. The nanoshells
when exposed to NIR region of the electromagnetic
spectrum get heated and cause destruction of the
tissue. This has been studied in both in vitro and in
vivo experiments with HER 2 expressing SK-BR-3
human breast carcinoma cells. The control cells did
not lose their viability even after treatment with
nanoshells with non specific anti IgG or PEG and
NIR ablation (Lowery AR et al., 2006).
Carbon Nanotubes
Carbon nanotubes are cylinders of one several
coaxial graphite layers with a diameter in the order
of nanometers, and they serve as instructive
examples of the Janus-like properties of
nanomaterials (Shvedova et al., 2009). They can be
classified into two general categories based on their
structure:
single-walled
carbon
nanotubes
(SWCNTs) with a single cylindrical carbon wall
and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)
with multiple walls-cylinders nested within other
cylinders (Lacerda et al., 2006). Due to their unique
electronic, thermal, and structural characteristics,
they can offer a promising approach for gene and
drug delivery for cancer therapy (Tanaka et al.,
2004). Heating of organs and tissues by placing
multifunctional nanomaterials at tumor sites is
emerging as an art of tumor treatment by
nanothermal therapy (Sharma et al., 2009).
Carbon nanotubes have become candidates to kill
cancer cells via local hyperthermia, due to their
thermal conductivity and optical properties.
Dendrimers
Dendrimers are artificial macromolecules with treelike structures in which the atoms are arranged in
many branches and subbranches radiate out from a
central core (Morrow et al., 2007). They are
synthesized from branched monomer units in a
stepwise manner. Thus it is possible to control their
molecular properties, such as size, shape,
dimension, and polarity, which depend on the
branched monomer units (Yang et al., 2009). Based
on the specific properties, the dendrimers have
shown great promise in the development of
anticancer drug delivery systems (Gillies et al.,
2005). The well-defined multivalency of
Gold Nanoparticles
Colloidal gold nanoparticles are another attractive
platform for cancer diagnosis and therapy (Paciotti
GF et al., 2004). Gold nanoparticles have been used
as contrast agents in vitro based on their ability to
scatter visible light. Sokolov et al. successfully
used gold nanoparticles conjugated to EGFR
antibodies to label cervical biopsies for
identification of precancerous lesions (Sokolov K et
Chetan C. Anajwala et.al. : Current Trends of Nanotechnology for Cancer Therapy 1047
iron
oxide
nanoparticles
Cancer Disease
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. From
a total of 58 million deaths worldwide in 2005,
cancer accounts for 7.6 million (or 13%) of all
deaths. More than 70% of all cancer deaths in 2005
occurred in low and middle-income countries.
Deaths from cancer in the world are projected to
continue rising, with an estimated 9 million people
dying from cancer in 2015 and 11.4 million dying
in 2030. The most frequent cancer types worldwide
are (a) among men: lung, stomach, liver, colorectal,
oesophagus and prostate; and (b) among women:
breast, lung stomach, colorectal and cervical (Pan
American Health Organisation, WHO 2006).
Biomarkers of Cancer
Biomarkers include altered or mutant genes, RNAs,
proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and small
metabolite molecules, and their altered expressions
that are correlated with a biological behavior or a
clinical outcome. Most cancer biomarkers are
Prostate
Breast
Markers
Characteristics
Typical
Sample
Blood
Blood
Blood
Estrogen receptors
Progesterone receptors
Overexpressed in hormone-dependent
cancer
Tissue
Tissue
Her-2/neu
Tissue
Lung (non-small
cell)
CEA (Carcinoembryonic
antigen)
NSE (Neuron-specific
enolase)
Blood
Bladder
Urine
BTA
Pancreatic
Epithelial ovarian
cancer (90 % of all
ovarian cancer)
CA 19-9 (Carbohydrate
antigen 19-9)
CA 125 (Cancer antigen 125)
Blood
Urine
Blood
Blood
Blood
Blood
Metastatic melanoma
Markers
Characteristics
Typical
Sample
B2M
(Beta-2 microglobulin)
Blood
Monoclonal
immunoglobulins
Overproduction of an immunoglobulin or
antibody, usually detected by protein
electrophoresis
Blood, urine
S100B
Serum
TA-90(Tumorassociated glycoprotein
A ti
)
Serum
Table 2b contd
Chetan C. Anajwala et.al. : Current Trends of Nanotechnology for Cancer Therapy 1049
Cancer
Markers
Characteristics
Typical
Sample
Serum,
tiss e
Blood, serum
Thyroid
Thyroglobulin
Thyroid medullary
carcinoma
Calcitonin
Testicular
Serum
The
larger
size
and
increased
concentration of the monoclonal protein
leads to serum hyperviscosity, the most
distinguishing feature of WM
Blood, urine
Waldenstroms
macroglobulinemia (WM)
Monoclonal
Lymphomas
B2M
Serum
EGFR (Her-1)
Tissue
CEA
(Carcinoembryonic
antigen )
Serum
T-cell acute
lymphoblastic leukemia
(T-ALL)
PTK7
Blood
Immunoglobulin M
Passive targeting
Chetan C. Anajwala et.al. : Current Trends of Nanotechnology for Cancer Therapy 1051
Future Directions
Product
Description
Use
Manufacturer
Preclinical
MRX 952
Nanoparticle preparation to
encapsulate camptothecin
analogues
Tumors
IMA Rx Therapeutics
Preclinical
Targeted Nano
Therapeutics
(TNT) system
Solid tumors
Triton Biosystems
Preclinical
AuroLase
Gold nanoshell
Preclinical
DendrimerMagnevist#
PAMAM dendrimer
Nanospectra
Biosciences Inc
Dendritic
Nanotechnologies Inc
Phase 1
VivaGel
Phase 1
INGN 401
Phase 1&2
CyclosertCamptothecin
IT 101
Phase 2
Phase 2
HIV prevention
Lung cancer
Introgen Therapeutics
Inc
Solid tumours
Calando
Pharmaceuticals
VivaGel
Dendrimer based
microbicide gel
HSV prevention
MRX 815
Nanobubble technology
Treatment of
intravascular clot
IMA Rx Therapeutics
Table 3 Contd
Product
Phase 3
/
Combidex
Ferumoxtran10
Marketed
Abraxane
Marketed
AmBisome
Marketed
Doxil
Description
Use
Manufacturer
AMAG Pharmaceuticals
Abraxis Oncology
Fungal infection
Astellas Pharma US
Liposomal doxorubicin
Ovarian tumour
Ortho Biotech
Webpage: http://ncl.cancer.gov/
Liposomes
Liposomes
Trade
name
Active ingredient
Indication
Company
Adenosine deaminase
(ADA) enzyme deficiency
Acute lymphoblastic
leukaemia
Relapsing-remitting
multiple sclerosis
Enzon Pharmaceuticals
Inc., Bridgewater, NJ, USA
Enzon Pharmaceuticals
Inc., NJ, USA
Teva Pharmaceuticals,
Tikva, Isreal
Nektar Therapeutics, San
Carlos, CA, USA; OSI
Pharmaceuticals, Melville,
NY, USA
Nektar Therapeutics, CA,
USA
Nektar Therapeutics, CA,
USA; Amgen Inc,
Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
Nektar therapeutics, CA,
USA
Nektar therapeutics, CA,
USA
Enzon Pharmaceuticals
Inc., NJ, USA
Enzon Pharmaceuticals
Inc., NJ, USA
Gilead Sciences Inc.,
Foster City, CA, USA
Gilead Sciences Inc., CA,
USA
Zeneus/Cephalon, Inc.,
Frazer, PA, USA
Berna Biotech, Bern,
Switzerland
Adagen
Adenosine
deaminase
Onscaspar
L-asparaginase
Copaxone
Glatiramer Acetate
Macugen
Pegaptanib
Sodium
Pegasys
Pegylated
interferon alfa-2a
Hepatitis C
Neulasta
Pegfilgrastim
Neutopenia
PEGINTRON
Peginterferon alfa2b
Hepatitis C
Somavert
Pegvisomant
Acromegaly
Abelcet
Amphotericn B
Fungal infections
Depocyt
Cytarabine
Lymphomatous
meningitis
AmBisome
Amphotericn B
Fungal infections
Daunoxome
Daunorubicin
Kaposis sarcoma
Myocet
Doxorubicin
Advanced breast
cancer
Epaxal
Inflexal V
Inactivated
Hepatitis A virus
Inactivated
influenza surface
antigen
Hepatitis A
Influenza
DepoDur
Morphine
Analgesia
Visudyne
Verteporfin
Age-related
macular degeneration
Chetan C. Anajwala et.al. : Current Trends of Nanotechnology for Cancer Therapy 1053
Liposomes
Polymeric
micelles
Nanocrystalline
drugs
Trade
name
Active ingredient
Indication
Company
Doxil
Doxorubicin
Caelyx
Doxorubicin
Ovarian cancer,
Kaposis sarcoma &
breast cancer
Schering-Plough, Kenilworth,
NJ, USA
Estrasorb
Estradiol
Menopausal Hot
flushes
Survanta
Beractant (bovine
lung homogenate)
Respiratory distress
syndrome
Alveofact
Bovactant(bovine
lung lavage)
Respiratory distress
syndrome
Boehringer Ingelheim
GmbH,Ingelheim, Germany
Curosurf
Respiratory distress
syndrome
GenexolPM
Paclitaxel
Cancer chemotherapy
Samyang Pharmaceutical,
Daejeon City, Korea
Immunosuppressant
Rapamune
Sirolimus
Emend
Aprepitant
Antiemetic
Tricor
fenofibrate
Hyperlipidemia
Megace
Megestrol acetate
Anorexia, Cachexia
Protein (albumin)
nanoparticles
Abraxane
Paclitaxel
Metastatic breast
cancer
Lipid colloidal
dispersion
Amphotec
Amphotericin B
Fungal infections
Conclusion
Cancer nanotechnology field has the potential to
better monitor therapeutic efficacy, provide novel
methods for detecting and profiling early stage
cancers, and for enabling surgeons to delineate tumor
margins and sentinel lymph nodes. Nanomaterials
have unique features that are attractive, and can be
applied to biosensing. The development of various
nanomaterials and nanotechnology has enabled
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