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Hydrate formation
Definition:
Crystal structures with a set geometry that require the presence of
water and components present in hydrocarbons, for their formation.
Hydrate formation
How do they form?
Hydrate formation
How do they form?
Hydrate formation
How do they form?
Hydrate formation
Why is it a problem?
Hydrate formation
Why is it a problem ?
If a pipe becomes blocked by hydrates, the hydrate
block adheres so strongly to the pipe walls and is so hard that it
cannot be removed by any normal mechanical means.
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(% volume)
N2
1.50
H2O
1.00
H2S
15.30
CO2
9.30
C1
68.00
C2
3.00
C3
0.90
C4
0.50
C5
0.20
C6+
0.30
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Principles
This solution consists of moving the hydrate formation curve
outside the facility's operating range. To achieve this, several
solutions are at our disposal.
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Principles
Displacing the operating range
Maintain pressure
Increase temperature
Scope of application
reheaters
upstream
heat insulation
for the short pipes
short onshore gas
gathering systems.
heating upstream of the expansion nozzles (in certain cases).
acid gases or gases with non-negligible CO2 content.
offshore
long distances.
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Principles
Displacing the operating range
Advantages
Disadvantages
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Principles
Displacement of the dew point curve
Contre-indications
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Principles
Displacement of the dew point curve
Advantages
no water condensation
no corrosion when there is H2S and/or CO2
good reliability
dew points obtained at commercial sales standards (-15 / -20C at
70 bar).
Disadvantages
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Principle:
Absorption section
-
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arie
KOW:
Condenseur
de tte
Regeneration section
nte parmi
urni
Glycol humide
water-laden glycol is
drawn off from the flash drum
Still column
Brleur
Rebouilleur
- series of filters
Filtre
Colonne
de
stripping
Stripping
Fuel gas
Gaz
sec
Stockage
Gaz
de flash
Glycol sec
Gazoline
Glycol
Pompe glycol
Sparateur gazoline
glycol
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Performances
Scope of application
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Scope of application:
-
small installations
seasonal injection
subsea wells
short lines
stand-alone installation
long lines
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Scope of application:
-
- long distances
Not recommended in the following cases:
-
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Advantages:
-
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Advantages:
simple to install
low investments
good reliability
Disadvantages:
methanol supply?
storage (safety)
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Advantages:
-
good reliability
- no water discharge
Disadvantages:
-
complex to install
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Operating an installation
Absorption section
Parameters governing absorption
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Operating an installation
Absorption section
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Operating an installation
Absorption section
Normal operation
Downgraded operation
Dehydration column by
passed
MeOh pump operating
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Operating an installation
Regeneration section
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Operating an installation
Recirculation system section
Pumps
Filtration
pH neutralisation equipment
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Problems encountered
Operating problems in the regeneration section
Glycol oxidation
Thermal breakdown
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Problems encountered
Operating problems in the regeneration section
Controlling the pH
The acidity of the glycol is due to the two points mentioned above
and to the presence of acid compounds in the gas to be treated
(H2S, CO2) which increase the equipment corrosion rate.
The glycol must be maintained at a level of pH = 7 - 8 by injecting
a pH neutraliser
Deposits
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Problems encountered
Operating problems in the regeneration section
Foaming
Foaming may increase the glycol losses and reduce the capacity
of the equipment.
he causes of foaming are related to the presence of the following
in the glyco:
-
liquid hydrocarbons,
corrosion inhibitors,
salt,
Presence of condensates
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Problems encountered
Operating problems in the regeneration section
Salt contamination
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Problems encountered
The glycol losses increase the operating costs of this type of unit. They
can be caused by:
Vaporisation
These losses can be limited by sufficiently cooling the gas
upstream of the absorber.
Entrainment
The high points in the column are generally equipped with
internal systems (separator, demister, coalescer) designed to
prevent the glycol being mechanically entrained through the
system.
Mechanical leaks
Mechanical leaks can be reduced by keeping the pumps,
valves and other equipment on the lines correctly maintained
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