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Gould
perimeter, P
q conv
t
q x
q x+dx
Tb
base
temp.
w
x
cross-sectional
area, A c
dx
L
With no fins
Tb T Tb T
1
Rconv
Awet h
Chapter 2 Page 40
tip
base
cond
kAc
Only if Rcond Rconv is the addition of fins useful
(i.e., internal resistance << external resistance).
The Biot number is a non-dimensional number which is a ratio of the conduction resistance
(internal) to the convection resistance.
Bi
R
h
h
convection
th,cond
k s k s conductance of solid Rth,conv
volume
where
is a characteristic length,
.
wetted area
t
For rectangular fin
(will show later)
2
If Bi < 0.1, then fins will enhance the heat transfer (i.e., k ~ large, h ~ small)
Chapter 2 Page 41
2.
3.
q x+dx
q x
x
conv
dx
Chapter 2 Page 42
heat heat
conducted
- conducted
at x x + dx
q x kAc
q x dx q x
heat lost
= 0
-
by convection
dT
dx
d q x
dT d
dT
dx kAc
kAc
dx
dx
dx dx
dx
dqconv hPdxT x T
Chapter 2 Page 43
d 2T
kAc
dx
d 2T
or
dx
hPT x T 0
hP
T x T 0
kAc
m2
Defining
d 2T x
dx
d x dT x
dx
dx
and
d 2 x
dx 2
(convenience)
m 2 T x T 0
x T x T
d 2
dx
hP
kAc
[Eq. 3-67]
m 2 x 0
d 2T
dx 2
[Eq. 3-69]
Chapter 2 Page 44
x C1e mx C2 e mx
[Eq. 3.71]
To find the temperature distribution in the fin, T(x), and qconv(x) or qbase we need
only to apply the two boundary conditions.
Fin Case D (Long fin T L T )
Governing equation
Base B.C.
Tip B.C.
d 2
dx 2
m 2 0 in x > 0
0 Tb T b at x = 0
x 0 or T x T
as x
x C2 e mx
Chapter 2 Page 45
x b e mx
x T x T
mx
e
e
Tb T
b
hP x
kAc
[Eq. 3.84]
The heat transfer rate can be found by using Newtons law of cooling
L
x 0
x 0
q f hP x dx hP b e
mx
hP
b e mx
dx
m
x L
x 0
hP b
h 2 P 2 b
hP
0 b
kAc PhkAc b
m
m
hP
q f PhkAc b
[Eq. 3-85]
or using Fouriers law at the base of the fin, we get the same result.
q f Ac k
d x
Ac k b me mx
dx x 0
x 0
Akm b b PhkAc
Chapter 2 Page 46
d 2
dx
m 2 0
in 0 x L
B.C. at base
0 Tb T b
at x = 0
B.C. at tip
d
0
dx
at x = L
General Solution
x C1e mx C2e mx
mx
mx
e
e
e mx e mx
Note:
,
coshmx
sinh mx
2
2
Therefore, the general solution can also be written as
, tanh mx sinh mx
cosh mx
x C3cosh mx C4sinh mx
C3e mx C3e mx C4 e mx C4 e mx
2
2
2
2
C C4 mx C3 C4 mx
3
e
e
2
2
Chapter 2 Page 47
x T x T coshmL x
b
Tb T
coshmL
[Eq. 3-80]
q f b PhkAc tanhmL
[Eq. 3-81]
Chapter 2 Page 48
in 0 x L
m 2 2 0
B.C. at base
0 Tb T b
B.C. at tip
k
k
d x
h x 0
dx
dT
dx
hT
xL
dT d
dx dx
k
General solution
at x = 0
d
dx
xL
T
h
x L
at x = L
xL
xL
xL
at x = L
x C5coshm L x C6sinh m L x
Chapter 2 Page 49
Tb T
b
h
cosh mL
sinh mL
mk
[Eq. 3.75]
q f b
mL
mL
sinh
cosh
mk
PhkAc
cosh mL
sinh mL
mk
[Eq. 3-77]
Chapter 2 Page 50
Chapter 2 Page 51
t
x
L
P 2w t 2w1
w
P 2w
Ac wt
and
volume
Awetted surface
Lwt wt t
PL 2w 2
Chapter 2 Page 52
Note that m
sinh
cosh
mL
mL
mk
PhkAc
cosh mL
sinh mL
mk
[Eq. 3-77]
Ph
2h
dq f
dL
from (3-77).
0. 1
or introducing the Biot number:
k ~
Add fins if:
k large
h small
For forced convection where the fluid is liquid or for condensing vapors
W ht
don't add fins
h ~ 1000 10,000
1
m 2 C 2k
or
W
2
m C
, add fins.
For these reasons fins are found on air-cooled engines, boiler air preheaters and
economizers, air conditioner evaporators & condensers, auto radiators, etc., but not for
water to water heat exchangers, condensers, etc.
Chapter 2 Page 54
qf
qf
actual heat tranfer through fin
kP
f
hA
c
12
2k
ht
12
1
Bi
[Eq. 3-87]
In general, fins should not be used unless 2 - 3. This requires that Bi 0.1 - 0.25.
Fin Efficiency, f
qf
qmax
where,
and
qmax A f hTb T A f h b
Chapter 2 Page 55
q f b PhkAc tanhmL
[Eq. 3.81]
A f PL
qmax PLh b
b PhkAc tanh mL
kAc tanh mL tanh mL
b PLh
mL
L Ph
[Eq. 3.92]
Chapter 2 Page 56
q f f qmax f A f h b
Lc3/2(h/kAp)1/2
Lc and Ap are geometry dependent and are defined in Figures 3.19 and 3.20.
Chapter 2 Page 57
Figure 3.19
Chapter 2 Page 58
The heat transfer from this fin can be approximated to good accuracy by unwrapping
the tip area and using the much simpler insulated tip fin formula. A corrected length
accounts for the heat transfer from the tip of the actual fin.
Insulated tip
L
t/2
Lc
Chapter 2 Page 59
h
sinh
cosh
mL
mL
mk
PhkAc
cosh mL
sinh mL
mk
[Eq. 3-77]
We can use the simpler insulated tip formula if we correct the length:
q f b PhkAc tanhmLc
[Eq. 3-93]
Chapter 2 Page 60
qb
quf
If there is thermal contact resistance between the base and the fin, draw the thermal
circuit and apply the proper rate equations written in terms of their thermal
resistances!
Chapter 2 Page 61
Chapter 2 Page 62
Chapter 2 Page 63
T
b
t
s
Chapter 2 Page 64
Chapter 2 Page 65
Chapter 2 Page 66
Figure 3.20
Chapter 2 Page 67