Disturbance Detection

& Analysis for Power System

21-25 December, 2014
Dubai, UAE

Early Bird Discount

Register and pay 20 days prior to the
event date and get 15% discount.

When a major power system disturbance

occurs, protection and control actions are
required to stop the power system degradation,
restore the system to a normal state
and minimize the impact of the disturbance.
The present control actions are not
designed for a fast-developing disturbance and
may be too slow. Local protection
systems are not able to consider the overall
system, which may be affected by
the disturbance.

Director of the Consultation Center, Faculty of

Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.

Course Overview:

Course Objectives
Logically organized, Disturbance Analysis for
Power Systems begins with an introduction to the
power system disturbance analysis function and
its implementation. This course will guide participants through the causes and modes of clearing
of phase and ground faults occurring within power systems as well as power system phenomena
and their impact on relay system performance.
The course will demonstrate how protection systems have performed in detecting and isolating
power system disturbances in:

Generators

Transformers

Overhead transmission lines

Cable transmission line feeders

Circuit breaker failures

The fault recording equipment used in monitoring power systems

evolved from a wet trace and light beams writing on special photo
sensitive paper or lm oscillograms to digital, microprocessor-based
technology. Some of the old records took days to develop, as in the case
of the wet trace and recurring problems with sensitive papers.
As a result, some key records were lost, making the analysis of power
system disturbances extremely difcult. In addition, starting recording
equipment was a hassle, causing unreliable oscillograph operations.
A digital fault recorder (DFR) is considered an intelligent electronic
device that can be accessed via communication links to send fault
records automatically to remote operating centers and engineering ofces
immediately following a disturbance. This allowed a rapid analysis
to make it possible to restore the system. Accurate root-mean-square
measurements as well as a host of software packages can be executed to
verify the system model and to assess the impact of disturbances on
power system equipment.
Analysis of power system disturbances is an important function that monitors the performance of a protection system. It can also provide a wealth
of valuable information regarding correct behavior of the system. Understanding power system phenomena can be simplied, and adoption of
safe operating limits and protective relaying practices can be enhanced.
Review of DFR and numerical relay fault records for system operations
can help to isolate incipient problems so that corrections can be implemented before the problems become serious. Understanding power system oscillations and system relaying response during a power swing condition can be enhanced, thus avoiding system blackouts. In addition, understanding power system engineering concepts and the use of symmetrical components in the analysis of power system faults can be enforced
and enhanced through DFR analysis.

Course Language:

Who should attend?

The Presentation, supplied documents, and

This beneficial course for Electrical Engineers and

workshop exercises of the course are in English.

Senior Technicians specialized in the fields of Pow-

However, based on the trainees desires, use of

er Quality, Operation, Design, Instrumentation, and

bilingual

Analysis. In addition, the course is suitable for those

(English

and

explanation is available.

Arabic)

for

oral

who want to get deep understanding of Power

Systems monitoring, and mitigation techniques.

Course Outlines
Module (01) Power System Sources and Configurations
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Generation Plants
1.2.1 Thermal or Steam Power Stations
1.2.2 Hydraulic Power Stations
1.2.3 Nuclear Power Stations
1.3 Transmission Networks
1.4 Distribution Networks
1.5 Electric Supply Systems on High Voltage Level
1.5.1 General
1.5.2 Schemes of High Voltage Network
1.5.2.1 H Type Arrangement
1.5.2.2 Single Busbar
1.5.2.3 Duplicate Busbar
1.5.2.4 One And Half ( 11/2 ) - Switch Busbar
1.6 On Medium Voltage Level
1.6.1 Category And Reservation Of Consumers
Feedings
1.6.1.1 First Category Customers
1.6.1.2 Second Category Customers
1.6.1.3 Third Category Customers
1.6.2 The Existing Electric Supply Systems Adopted On
Medium Voltage Level (6.6.11. 22 kV)
1.6.2.1 Industrial Loads
1.6.2.2 Agricultural Loads
1.6.2.3 Electricity Distribution Companies (Urban
And Rural Electric Networks )
1.7 On Low Voltage Level
1.7.1 Introduction
1.7.2 End Feeding Circuits
1.7.2.1 Residential Loads And Public Lighting
1.7.2.2 Commercial And Small Workshops Loads
1.7.2.3 Irrigation Loads
1.7.3 Branched Circuits (Feeding Risers)
1.7.4 Principal Circuits
1.7.4.1 In Urban Zones
1.7.4.2 In Rural Zones
1.7.5 Security Feeding For Important Loads
1.7.6 Earthing Systems
1.8 Equipment And Utility Supply Systems Reliability Data
1.9 Reliability Data From IEEE Surveys
1.10 Reliability Of Electrical Equipment
1.11 Reliability Of Electric Utility Power Supplies
Module (02) Power System Disturbances
2.1 Sudden Disturbance
2.1.1 Weather
2.1.2 Environment
2.1.4 Plant Failure

2.1.5 Human Error

2.1 Sudden Disturbance
2.1.1 Weather
2.1.2 Environment
2.1.3 Balance Between Demand And Generation
2.1.4 Plant Failure
2.1.5 Human Error
2.2 Predictable Disturbances
2.2.1 Shortage of Plant Capacity
2.2.2 Shortage of Fuel
2.2.3 Shortage of 'Ancillary' Supplies
2.2.4 Shortage of Operating Staff
2.2.5 Shortage of Control Staff
2.3 Forms of System Failure
2.3.1 Thermal Overloads
2.3.2 Switchgear Ratings, Excessive System Fault
2.3.3 Voltage Outside Limits
2.3.4 Frequency Outside Limits
2.3.5 Steady State, Transient and Dynamic Stability
2.3.6 Voltage Instability

Module (03) Disturbances and Stability Measure For

Power Systems as Affected by Load Types and Modeling
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Active Power Transmission Using Elementary Models
3.3 Reactive Power Transmission Using Elementary Models
3.4 Relation of Voltage Stability to Rotor Angle Stability
3.5 Classification of Power System Analysis
3.5.1 Power System Operation
3.5.1.1 Load Flow
3.5.1.2 Short Circuit Studies
3.6 Power System Reliability &Control
3.6.1 Power Angle Stability
3.6.2 Voltage Stability
3.7 Steady State Stability Analysis
3.7.1 Dynamic Instability Analysis
3.7.2 Transient Instability Analysis
3.7.2.1 The Time Domain Simulation Method
3.7.2.2 Equal Area Criterion
3.7.2.3 Voltage collapse
3.8 Load Characteristics Influence On Voltage Stability
3.8.1 Load Modeling
3.8.2 Static Models
3.8.3 Dynamic Models
3.8.3.1 Influence of the Load Power Factor
3.8.3.2 Voltage Performances with Different
load Class Composition
3.9 Effect of Load Model

Course Outlines
Module (04) The Per Unit System and Percentage
System
4.1 The Per-Unit System
4.2 Impact on Transformers
4.3 Per-Unit Scaling Extended to Three-Phase Systems
4.4 Per-Unit Scaling Extended to a General Three
Phase System
4.5 Symmetrical Components for Power System
Analysis
4.6 Fundamental Definitions
4.7 Voltage and Current Transformation
4.8 Impedance Transformation
4.9 Power Calculations
4.10 System Load Representation
4.11 Summary of the Symmetrical Components in the
General Three-Phase Case
4.12 Reduction to the Balanced Case
4.13 Balanced Voltages and Currents
4.14 Balanced Impedances
4.15 Balanced Power Calculations
4.16 Balanced System Loads
4.17 Summary of Symmetrical Components in the
Balanced Case
4.18 Sequence Network Representation in Per-Unit
4.19 Power Transformers
Module (05) Short Circuit Faults and Disturbance
Calculations
5.1 Short Circuit Current dependence on the different
types of short-circuit
5.2 Three-phase short-circuit
5.3 Phase-to-phase short-circuit clear of earth
5.4 Phase-to-earth fault (one or two phases)
5.5 Determining the various short-circuit impedances
5.6 Relationships between impedances at the different
voltage levels in an installation
5.7 Impedances as a function of the voltage
5.8 Calculation of the relative impedances
5.9 Fault arc
Module (06) Symmetrical Components
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Symmetrical Components : Motivation
6.3 The -operator
6.4 Symmetrical components
6.5 Sequence impedances
6.6 Transformer
6.7 Cables

6.8 Recap
6.9 Important concept
6.10 Developing sequence networks
6.11 Loads
6.12 Lines
6.13 Transformers
6.14 Rotating machines
6.15 Obtaining Thevenin equivalents
6.16 Connecting the networks
6.17 Three-phase fault
6.18 Single-phase fault
6.19 Line-to-line fault
6.20 Two-line to ground fault

Module (07) Power Flow Studies

7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Power Flow Problem
7.3 Formulation of the Bus Admittance Matrix
7.4 Formulation of the Power Flow Equations
7.5 Bus Classifications
7.5.1 Slack Bus
7.5.2 Load Bus (P-Q Bus)
7.5.3 Voltage Controlled Bus (P-V Bus)
7.6 Generalized Power Flow Development
7.7 The Basic Power Flow Equations (PFE)
7.8 Solution Methods
7.9 The Newton-Raphson Method
7.10 Fast Decoupled Power Flow Solution
7.11 Component Power Flows
Module (08) AC Line Disturbance Transients and its
countermeasures
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Naturally Occurring Disturbances
8.2.1 Sources of Atmospheric Energy
8.2.2 Characteristics of Lightning
8.2.2.1 Cloud-to-Cloud Activity
8.2.3 Lightning Protection
8.2.3.1 Protection Area
8.2.4 Electrostatic Discharge
8.2.4.1 Turboelectric Effect
8.2.5 EMP Radiation
8.2.6 Coupling Transient Energy
8.3 Equipment-Caused Transient Disturbances
8.3.1 Utility System Faults
8.3.2 Switch Contact Arcing
8.3.3 Telephone System Transients
8.3.4 Nonlinear Loads and Harmonic Energy

Course Outlines
8.3.5 Carrier Storage
8.3.6 Transient-Generated Noise
8.3.6.1 ESD Noise
8.3.6.2 Contact Arcing
8.3.6.3 SCR Switching
8.4 Power Disturbance Classifications
8.4.1 Standards of Measurement
8.5 Assessing the Threat
8.5.1 Fundamental Measurement Techniques
8.5.1.1 Root-Mean-Square
8.5.1.2 Average-Response Measurement
8.5.1.3 Peak-Response Measurement
8.5.1.4 Meter Accuracy
8.5.2 Digital Measurement Instruments
8.5.3 Digital Signal Conversion
8.5.3.1 The A/D Conversion Process
8.5.4 Digital Monitor Features
8.5.4.1 Capturing Transient Waveforms
8.5.4.2 Case in Point
8.6 Reliability Considerations

Module (09) Fault Current Level and its Transient

Recovery Voltage
9.1 Effect of Fault Location on Fault Current Level
9.2 Calculation of the Transient Recovery Voltage
9.3 Making Current
9.4 Breaking Current
9.5 Rate of Rise of Re-striking Voltage
Module (10) Measures to Minimize the Impact of
Disturbances
10.1 Factors in Onset, Severity and Propagation of a
Disturbance
10.2 Measures in the Planning Timescale to Minimize the
Risk of a Disturbance 1
10.2.1 The Basic Formulation
10.2.2 Generation Provisions in the System Plan
10.2.3 Measures for Demand Adjustment
10.3 Measures in the Operational Timescale to Minimize
the Risk and Impact of a Disturbance
10.3.1 Under-frequency Load Disconnection .
10.3.2 Other Frequency Control Mechanisms
10.3.3 Memoranda and Procedures
10.4 Special Protection Schemes
10.4.1 The Elements of a Protection Scheme
10.4.2 The Performance of SPS
10.4.3 Prevention of Overload and Instability
10.4.4 System Application of SPS

10.5 Reduction in the Spread of Disturbances

10.5.1 Rapid Clearance of Faults
10.5.2 Sustainable Conditions Following the Initial
Fault Clearance
10.5.3 Restoration of Normal Conditions
10.6 Measures to Minimize the Impact of Predictable
Disturbances
10.6.1 Natural Phenomena
10.6.2 Incipient Breakdown of Plant
10.6.3 Labour Problems
10.7 An Approach to Managing Resources
10.8 The Control Centre
10.8.1 SCADA
10.8.2 Main, Standby and Backup SCADA/EMS
Systems
10.8.3 Communications

Module (11) Disturbances Detection Technique in

Electrical Power System
11.1 Utility requirements for fault analysis
11.2 Fault recording equipment : sequence of events
recorders
11.2.1 Background
11.2.2 Brief description of the drawings
11.2.3 Detailed description
11.2.4 Types of recorded signals
11.2.5 Data security and cyber attacks
11.2.6 Wireless ports
11.2.7 Memory storage
11.2.8 Time synchronization
11.2.9 Secure access and commands
11.2.10 Triggering and record organization
11.3 Digital fault records
11.4 Fault diagnosis using SCADA system

Course Summary & Conclusion

About the Instructor

Prof. Dr. Salem El Khodary is a full Professor at
the Electrical Power and Machines Department, Ain
Shams University, in Cairo, Egypt. Prof. Elkhodary had
his Ph.D Degree in the year 1995, from the University of
Windsor, Canada, major in Electrical Power Engineering. He has an extensive practical experience in various
Electrical Power fields. Since then, Prof. Dr. Elkhodary
is the consultant for several projects belong to International firms (European Union Commission EU, the
European Investment Bank EIB, The USAID, the
World Bank, The United Nation Development Plan
UNDP). Prof. Salem Elkhodary is also provides Consultancy Services for several projects in Egypt, The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, The Government of Libya. He is
responsible of writing the Electrical Code for the
Egyptian Sewage and Water Plants. He is also affiliated with International Electrical Code IEC, International Ceigre Committee, the Egyptian Society of
Engineers (ESE), and the Egypt Engineers Syndicate
(EES). He is Certified Energy Manager from the Association of Energy Engineers (Georgia USA), and Certified
Consultant.
Dr. Salem had various technical visits
around the globe for trainings, seminars, & conferences
such as Alstom Company Transformer Factory
& Schneider Electric Factories, Grenoble, France,
EASI Company for Energy Conservation in Tennessie USA, University of British Columbia & its
laboratory, Vancouver British Columbia, University of
California San Diego and its laboratory, Furthermore,
Eng. Salem has various publications and participated
in Research concerned with the Electrical Distribution Network, the Distributed Generation, the
Renewable Energy, High Voltage Network, Dielectrics, GIS Substations, Load Forecast, Reactive Power
Management, Mitigation of Electromagnetic Fields,
Loss Reduction, Networks Stability, Networks Reconfiguration, Standardization of Switchgear and Networks
Planning. He has invited talks in different places
from which (the ARAB ELECTRICITY REGULATORS FORUM AT THE COUNCIL OF ARAB
STATE LEAGUE, THE CLIMATE CHANGE
CONFERENCE
(AFRICA
INSTITUTE OF
SOUTH AFRICA) IN DURBAN, SOUTH AFRICA, IEEE, POWER ENGINEERING SOCIETY
SEMINARS, AT THE UNIVERSITY OF WINDSOR, CANADA, THE DAL-HOUSEY UNIVERSITY, HALIFAX, CANADA).

Course Fee:
The amount of 3500 USD will be charged for the course
fee. Send (3) delegates and get a 10% discount on
the third participant.

Payment Method:
A confirmation letter will be sent upon your registration.
Note that full payment must be made prior to the event.
Only those delegates who have paid in full will be
admitted to the event. All payments should be to APEX
Account:
HSBC Bank Middle East limited,
Jebel Ali Branch, Dubai, UAE
IBAN No: AE020200000035626472101

Cancellation:
If you are unable to attend the course you may send
a substitute delegate.
Cancellation should be made 20 days prior to the course
conduction. Failure to cancel within 10 days will be to pay
the course fee in full amount.

Registration Methods:
Email : info@apex-dubai.com
Fax : 00971 4 4542910
Website : www.apex-dubai.com

General Information:

Closing of Registration will be two (2) weeks prior to

the course date.

APEX can assist and provide corporate rates for the

hotel accommodation.

Course fees will cover coffee breaks, lunch, materials

and certificate of participation.

In-House course is also available upon request and can

be customized as per clients needs.

Contact Details:
Tel : +971 4 3622021 / +971 4 4458567
Fax : 00971 4 4542910
Email : info@apex-dubai.com