Module A Structural Analysis Suscos 2013 2014 l4 Wa

Conceptual Design of Buildings
(Course unit code 1C2)
Module A
Structural Analysis
J.P. Jaspart (University of Lige)
European Erasmus Mundus Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards and Catastrophic Events
520121-1-2011-1-CZ-ERA MUNDUS-EMMC
Module A Structural Analysis
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
Buckling analysis
Approximate
methods
Examples
In many flexural structures, such as current steel framed structures, the ultimate
load tends to be governed by instability phenomena - collapse modes
characterized by large lateral displacements induced by members submitted to
high axial compression forces.
The collapse by instability phenomena may involve the global structure (global
instability) or only some members (partial instability).
Load
1st order elastic analysis

Elastic stability analysis (buckling load)
2st order elastic analysis
Buckling in a global mode
1st order plastic analysis

ULS load
Service load
2st order plastic analysis

(advanced analysis)
European Erasmus Mundus

Master Course
Displacement
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
Buckling in a local mode

L4 Elastic critical load of framed structures - Buckling analysis
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
Buckling analysis
Approximate
methods
Examples
In general, non-sway structures (which include braced structures) present

high buckling loads and sway structures present low buckling loads.
Buckling in a sway mode
Buckling in a non-sway mode
The elastic buckling load (also called elastic critical load) of a structure
may be determined by several processes:
i) Analytical evaluation (out of scope of this course).
Master Course
ii) Numerical calculation (used by computer programs Robot,.).

iii) Approximate methods (Horne, Wood, ).
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
Buckling analysis
Approximate
methods
Examples
Approximate methods WOODs METHOD (can be found in the

publication P119 of ECCS or other references).
The application of this method consists of the following steps:
- determination of the equivalent length Le for the column to be studied
(depending if the structure is sway or non-sway);
- determination of the critical load of the column Ncr, using equation:
N cr
- calculation of cr by:
cr
2 EI
L2e
N cr
N Ed
This process must be repeated for all columns of the structure in order to find
Master Course
the lowest critical load multiplier cr .
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
Buckling analysis
Approximate
methods
Examples
Calculation of the equivalent length Le

N
K1
K c K1
K c K 1 K 11 K 12
Kc K2
K c K 2 K 21 K 22
Kc is the column stiffness coefficient,

given by I/L;
K1 and K2 are the stiffness
coefficients for the adjacent columns,
also given by I/L;
Kij represent the effective stiffness
coefficients of the adjacent beams;
I denotes the moment of inertia
(second moment of area) and L is
the length of the member.
Master Course
Column bases:
2 = 0.0 for fixed bases and
2 = 1.0 for pinned bases.
K11
K12
LE
Kc
K22
K21
K2
N
No-sway frames
N
K1
K11
K12
Kc
K21
K22
K2
N
Sway frames
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
Buckling analysis
Approximate
methods
Examples
Other situations can be found in P119 of ECCS

Master Course
a)
Beam with double curvature

b)
Beam with single curvature
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
Buckling analysis
Approximate
methods
Examples
Approximate methods HORNEs METHOD (in accordance with clause

5.2.1(4) of EC3-1-1).
Applicable for plane frames and one-storey frames with low inclination of the
A fy
beams ( 26 ), unbraced and with low axial force ( 0,3
):
N Ed
H,Ed
H Ed ( top ) hi
cr
VEd ( base ) H ,Ed

Master Course
HEd
hi
VEd
where:
HEd is the total horizontal reaction at the top of the storey,
VEd is the total vertical reaction at the bottom of the storey,
H,Ed is the relative horizontal displacement between the top and the bottom of a
given storey, when the frame is loaded with the design horizontal loads
(included imperfections) and
hi
is the height of the storey, such as illustrated in figure above.
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
Buckling analysis
Approximate
methods
Examples
EXAMPLE 1
Consider the following steel frame fixed at base supports, composed by columns
HEA 260 and beams IPE 400 submitted to the shown load combination.
Calculate the elastic buckling load (load factor multiplier cr) using:
a) Hornes method;
b) Woods method;
c) Computer program Robot.
204.0 kN
204.0 kN
33.6 kN/m
18.2 kN
253.5 kN
45.0 kN/m
253.5 kN
5m
14.8 kN
5m
Master Course
10 m
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
Buckling analysis
Approximate
methods
Examples
EXAMPLE 1
a) Hornes method - Using a 1st order elastic analysis, the internal force
diagrams due to vertical loads and horizontal loads are obtained.
Vertical loading diagrams (which due symmetry do not induce horizontal
displacements): axial force and shear force diagrams
168.0 kN
-78.0 kN
-372.0 kN
225.0 kN
78.0 kN
-372.0 kN
168.0 kN
78.0 kN
41.9 kN
-850.5 kN
-850.5 kN
225.0 kN
36.0 kN
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Axial force diagrams
36.0 kN
Shear force diagrams
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
Buckling analysis
Approximate
methods
Examples
EXAMPLE 1
Vertical loading diagrams (which due symmetry do not induce horizontal
displacements): bending moment diagrams.
200.9 kNm
200.9 kNm
200.9 kNm
200.9 kNm
309.0 kNm
309.0 kNm
219.1 kNm
119.9 kNm
119.9 kNm
189.0 kNm
189.0 kNm
253.5 kNm
60.3 kNm
Master Course
60.3 kNm
Bending moment diagrams
10
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
Buckling analysis
Approximate
methods
Examples
EXAMPLE 1
Horizontal loading diagrams: axial force and shear force diagrams
9.1 kN
-9.1 kN
5.3 kN
5.3 kN
9.1 kN
-5.3 kN
-7.4 kN
10.4 kN
-15.8 kN
15.8 kN
16.5 kN
Axial force diagrams
16.5 kN
Shear force diagrams

Master Course
11
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
Buckling analysis
Approximate
methods
Examples
EXAMPLE 1
Horizontal loading diagrams: bending moment diagrams
26.6 kNm
26.6 kNm
52.2 kNm
33.4 kNm
18.9 kNm
33.3 kNm
18.9 kNm
52.3 kNm
49.2 kNm

Master Course
49.1 kNm
Bending moment diagrams
12
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
Buckling analysis
Approximate
methods
Examples
EXAMPLE 1
From the previous internal force diagrams, it is obtained the displacements
along the structures, in particular the horizontal displacements at floor levels.
So according the Hornes method we have:
23.5 mm
1st
floor: HEd = 33.0 kN, VEd = 1701.0 kN,

h = 5.00 m and H,Ed = 12.4 mm.
2
8
.
7
0
1
4
.
2
1
0
.
1
0
7
1
0
0
.
5
0
.
3
3
r
c
12.4 mm
2nd floor: HEd = 18.2 kN, VEd = 744.0 kN,

h = 5.00 m and H,Ed = 11.1 mm.
2
0
.
1
1
0
0
.
5
0
1
1
.
1
1

Master Course
0
.
4
4
7
2
.
8
1
r
c
cr is minimum value, so cr =7.82.

13
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
Buckling analysis
Approximate
methods
Examples
EXAMPLE 1
9
.
0
2
9 0 0
.
5
0
4 0
2 0
5
1
0
5 0
4 0 IcLc
0 5
1
Kc
K2
IcLc r
o
K1
b) Woods method
Considering the frame with lateral displacements (sway frame), the stiffness
coefficients for the columns are given by:
where Ic is the in-plane second moment of area

(Iy = 10450 cm4 for HEA 260) of the columns and
Lc is the length of the column.
0
7
.
4
3
0
3 0
1 0
3 0
2 1
0
5
.
1
5
.
1

Master Course
K2
K1
IbLb
The effective stiffness coefficients of the

adjacent beams (double curvature) are given by:
Lowest sway buckling mode
where Ib is the in-plane second moment of area (Iy = 23130 cm4 for IPE 400) of the beam
and Lb is the length of the beam.
14
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
Buckling analysis
Approximate
methods
Examples
EXAMPLE 1
5
5
.
0
0
7
.
4
9 3
.
0
2 9
.
0
9 2
.
0
2 9
.
0
2
Kc 0
K1
K1
K1
Kc
b) Woods method
The distribution coefficients for the upper (1) and lower (2) ends of columns
1 and 2 are given by:
(fixed base).
0
3
.
6
0
0
.
5
6
2
.
1
LE
6
2
.
1
LEL
From the abacus for sway structures we obtain:

N
K1
K11
K12
Kc
K21
K22
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K2
N
15
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
Buckling analysis
Approximate
methods
Examples
EXAMPLE 1
b) Woods method
0
0
.
7
0
0
.
5
0
4
.
1
LE
From the abacus for sway structures we obtain:
0
4
.
1
LEL
5
5
.
0
9
.
0
2
9
.
0
2
0
7
.
4
3
9
.
0
2
9
.
0
2
8
3
.
0
9
.
0
2
K2
2
2
K1 K 2
c
K
Kc
Kc
0
7
.
4
9 3
.
0
2
Similarly, the distribution coefficients for the upper (1) and lower (2) ends of
columns 3 and 4 are given by:
N
K1
K11
K12
Kc
K21
K22

Master Course
K2
16
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
Buckling analysis
Approximate
methods
Examples
EXAMPLE 1
b) Woods method
The critical loads Ncr of columns of both levels are:
N
k
0
.
7
5
4
5
0
1
0
5
4
0
1 2
3
6 .
0 6
1
0
1
2
2e
L
Nc
I
E
Level 1 (columns 1 and 2):
N
k
7
1
.
0
2
4
4
0
1
0
5
4
0
1
2
0
.
7
6
0
1
0
1
2
2e
L
Nc
I
E
Level 2 (columns 3 and 4):
3
.
6
6
8
3
.
7
7
3
7
.
1
1
7
1
.
0
2
4
4
3
.
6
0
.
7
5
4
5
r
c
4
3
,
r
c
2
1

Master Course
,
r
c
N NE NcNE
With the maximum axial forces, on each level, previous obtained NEd12 = 866.3 kN
and NEd34 = 377.3 kN, comes:
So, in accordance with Woods

method cr = 6.3.
17
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
Buckling analysis
Approximate
methods
Examples
EXAMPLE 1
c) Using Robot:
Buckling mode 1
cr = 7.59
Buckling mode 2
cr = 15.40
Buckling mode 3
cr = 42.70
So, in accordance with software Robot,

cr = 7.59.
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Buckling mode 4
cr = 72.58
18
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
Buckling analysis
Approximate
methods
Examples
EXAMPLE 2
Consider the 2D frame analysed in Example 1 (Lesson 3). Calculate the first
buckling load with lateral displacements, using the Hornes method and the
computer program ROBOT.
i) Pre-design solution 1.
Pinned supports
Rigid joints
Beams: Levels 1 and 2 IPE 450
Level 3 IPE 360
Columns: External HEB 220
Internal HEB 260
Material: S 235
Software ROBOT
3
1
.
5
Frame loading
r
c
1
4
.
5

Master Course
3
.
8
9
4
.
4
3
3
3
r
c
0
0
5
3
5
7
.
2
4
Hornes method level 1

(evaluated with 1st order elastic
internal forces and displacements
of Example 1 - Lesson 3)
19
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
Buckling analysis
Approximate
methods
Examples
EXAMPLE 2
ii) Pre-design solution 2.
Column cross sections increased.
Pinned supports
Rigid joints
Level 3 IPE 360
Internal HEB 360
Material: S 235
Hornes method level 1

(evaluated with 1st order elastic
internal forces and displacements
of Example 1 Lesson 3)
0
7
.
0
1
7
2
.
2
1
r
c
Software ROBOT

Master Course
2
.
4
9
4
.
4
3
3
3
0
0
5
3
5
7
.
2
4
r
c
Frame loading
20
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
Buckling analysis
Approximate
methods
Examples
EXAMPLE 2
iii) Pre-design solution 3.
Initial cross sections but introducing
bracing members.
Pinned supports
Beam-column joints pinned
Level 3 IPE 360
Internal HEB 260
Bracing members CHS 60x5
Material: S 235
Hornes method (not applicable)
Software ROBOT
cr 20.68

Master Course
Frame loading
21
This lecture was prepared for the Edition 1 of SUSCOS

(2012/14) by RUI SIMES (UC) and FLOREA DINU (UPT).
Adaptations brought by J.P. Jaspart (Ulg)

for Edition 2 of SUSCOS
The SUSCOS powerpoints are covered by copyright and are for the exclusive use by the
SUSCOS teachers in the framework of this Erasmus Mundus Master. They may be
improved by the various teachers throughout the different editions.
Thank you
for your attention
http://steel.fsv.cvut.cz/suscos

Module A Structural Analysis Suscos 2013 2014 l4 Wa

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Conceptual Design of Buildings

(Course unit code 1C2)

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

Module A Structural Analysis

1st order elastic analysis

Buckling in a global mode

1st order plastic analysis

2st order plastic analysis

European Erasmus Mundus

Buckling in a local mode

Module A Structural Analysis

In general, non-sway structures (which include braced structures) present

Buckling in a sway mode

Buckling in a non-sway mode

ii) Numerical calculation (used by computer programs Robot,.).

Module A Structural Analysis

Approximate methods WOODs METHOD (can be found in the

the lowest critical load multiplier cr .

L4 Elastic critical load of framed structures - Buckling analysis

Module A Structural Analysis

Calculation of the equivalent length Le

Kc is the column stiffness coefficient,

L4 Elastic critical load of framed structures - Buckling analysis

Module A Structural Analysis

Other situations can be found in P119 of ECCS

European Erasmus Mundus

Beam with double curvature

Beam with single curvature

L4 Elastic critical load of framed structures - Buckling analysis

Module A Structural Analysis

Approximate methods HORNEs METHOD (in accordance with clause

European Erasmus Mundus

Module A Structural Analysis

L4 Elastic critical load of framed structures - Buckling analysis

Module A Structural Analysis

Axial force diagrams

L4 Elastic critical load of framed structures - Buckling analysis

Shear force diagrams

Module A Structural Analysis

Bending moment diagrams

L4 Elastic critical load of framed structures - Buckling analysis

Module A Structural Analysis

Axial force diagrams

Shear force diagrams

European Erasmus Mundus

L4 Elastic critical load of framed structures - Buckling analysis

Module A Structural Analysis

European Erasmus Mundus

Bending moment diagrams

L4 Elastic critical load of framed structures - Buckling analysis

Module A Structural Analysis

floor: HEd = 33.0 kN, VEd = 1701.0 kN,

2nd floor: HEd = 18.2 kN, VEd = 744.0 kN,

European Erasmus Mundus

cr is minimum value, so cr =7.82.

Module A Structural Analysis

where Ic is the in-plane second moment of area

Lc is the length of the column.

European Erasmus Mundus

The effective stiffness coefficients of the

Module A Structural Analysis

From the abacus for sway structures we obtain:

L4 Elastic critical load of framed structures - Buckling analysis