PHYSICAL METHODS

OF MICROBIAL CONTROL
Physical Methods of Microbial Control is a part of Stataization.
Sterlaization is Process In which the Kill the Microganisms from
Contaminated thing such as glass ware Petri dish, test tube, slaid Flaks,
and also the Plateform where the Practical are performed.

PHYSICAL METHOD- The Control and killing of Microorganisms by the

physical agents is Physical Method of Microbial Control.
The control of Microorganisms mean to reduce the Activity of Microbes
The controlling of micros stop to transmission of deices and infection
species of microorganism different in susceptibility to the physical and
and Chemical agent. The microorganisms which is spore forming species
and the growing vegetative cell are mush susceptible as Compared to
spore forms, the bacterial spares are most Resistant of all living
organisms and they Cop bile to service under physical and chemical
conditions. The major Physical agents Used for the control of
microorganisms Such as Temperature, desiccation osmotic pressure,
Radiation and filtration.
TEMPERATURE:- Sterilization is done b an the any object Heating is a
lethal process. By the temperature distorting the protein and Chemical
substens of Microbes.
Dry Heat- In his process there is Direct heating of the equipments and
glass warily used in sterilization there are two process of Dry Heating:1|Page

(A). Flaming- In this process there is direct Heating of the Equipment in

red Hot heat the Tools such as used in this strelization is needle sissar
and also strelized the neck of test tube and flosk.
(B) Hot Air Oven- In this Method the glass were such as specimen tube,
Culture Flosk, Bakers, Petrideshed, are dryad and they re introduced in
side Thermostatically Control hot air oven in the Process the Complete
sterilizationis Done mainteniy A temperature of 160C0 for 4-6 hours in
side the oven.
(2) Wet Heat- In this Method steam which is more efficient in culture
material is used wet heat Sterilization involves following methods.
(A) Boiling- In this Process the Instruments such Inaculeting needle,
scalp slides, Petridistics, Syringes are caption a condoner field with
Distilled water and these are allowed to boiled for about 15 minute by
this method all the Articks become free form Microorganisms but it
does not remove the spore which are heat Persistent for Distraction
Registrant spore the method of wet heating which s used is called
tyndlizations.
(B) Tyndlization- This Method was introduce \by Tyndelll and in this
method the material from sterilization is heated with surevlating steam.
At 100C0 for two hours for about 3 days in this method Intermittent
heating help in the complete permeable of persistent spore.
(C) Steam Under Pressure (Autoclave)- This method steam under
pressure is aplide for sterilizing equipment in an instrument which
called- Autoclave, an autoclave consists of cylindrical maxillae Bissell
with liable walls in this instrument the steam under pressure is applied
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for about 15 minute and it is used to sterilised most of the culture

tables and flask used from microbial culture.

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D- Filtration- These method is used for sterilizing those material which
are distrait by the effect of dry and wet heat, this metod is stable from
thermable materials such as culture media cantoning harmonies.
Enzyme and organic substrate such materials are sterlised by filtration
there the filtered of Fine poroeity which help became micro-orgnism
such as bacteria, fungi and virus.
The filters used from this process are made up of plaster of peris
intend gived and they do not allow bacteria to pass out. There for the
filtrate becomes sterile.

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The filter commonly used are chamber lamp. Pasteur filter and
berkland filter filtration is performed under pressure.

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E- Sterilization by Radiation- In this process U.V. Radiations are
generally used for stylizing culture rooms and tables in this method the
materials to be sterilized is taken in to gass tapes which to not observe
U.V. Radiations and the exposer time is about one hours.
Asmotie Pressure- Microorganism in high concentrations of salts and
sugars undergo plasmolysis molds and yeasts are more capable than
bacteria of growing in materials with law moisture of high osmotic
pressure.
Cold -Freez - It is done by liquid nitrogen dieres the biological material
a netural temp to 196C0 Deping in 20 to 18C0 in Refrigerator if we put.
The materid on at 4C0 them is is not freez the sample but the slow the
growth of the contoment.
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PAPAYA RING SPOT VIRUS

Papaya Rigspot virus is a Pathegenic plant Virus. The Papaya Ring spot
Virus diseur Occurs in many tropical Countries worldwide.
Papaya Ring spot Virus is the genus potyvirus Potyvirus and the Virus
Family is Potyviridoe.
The Virus is a non- Flexuous Rod- Shaped the size is between 760-800
mm long 12 mm in diameter. It is transmitted infection between plant
by mechanical activities little Priming. The ring spot virus transmission
not detected in the seed.
There is two type of virus a serologically indistinguishable and are so
closely genetically related they are now considered the some Virus
specie the two type of virus are Type P and Type W. These are Infected
the papaya and Many members of melon family and type W is not
Effected the papaya be if efect watermelon, Cucumber and there are
known as watermelon mosaic Virus.
History- The Virus is first time uin Oahu in 1937. Papaya protections
has bean severely affected by Papaya Ringspot Virus.
The Disease was mild 12 years. Unit in either mutated a aggreesive
strain was introduced around 1960, in this 12 years the land under
papaya production is dropped down 94% the production was move to
from Oahu to Puna a region of Hawaii island.
In 1971 the papaya Ringspot Virus is found in home garder. But efforts
were prevents it spread. The Virus is observing in Commercial forms in
1992 and by 1995 production is Impossible in Puna. The Transgenic

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plant of the papaya are Persistent to papaya Ringspot Virus and

Production will stort in 1998 and Resuscitated the industry.

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Distribution and Origin:- The both type of the virus papaya Ringspot P
and W is Present in Middle east, Africa, south and Central America, If is
also found in china, France, Germany, Italy, Mexico, Taiwan, USA and
also in India.
In Asia little India about 2250 years Ago. From there it is transmitted
slowly to the continent Teaching China. It is also transmitted Australia
and America Directly by India. The Papaya Introduce in India only 500
year Age so the Virus is made from the cucurbits. The Virus is switched
back and forth between Pathtypes some tiem in its evolution.
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Symptoms:- The infected papaya free show symptoms in 2-3 week. The
symptoms consists of leaf muffling and distortion, small share strong.
New leaf, dark green and slightly sunken ring on the surface of
Misshapen fruits and streaks and stem and petiols Quality on yeialed of
Infected plants are markedly Reduced.

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Properties of Virus- The papaya Ring spot Virus Consist two type of
Virus one is PRSV-P which is caused papaya Ringspot and also attack on
Cucurbits Family and another one is PRSV-W who is Infected only
Cucurbits PRSV-W also called is watermelon music virus This are single
stranded RNA and coat Proteins submit of 36 KDA

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Transmission- Papaya Ringspot Virus is transmitted by Several Species

of Aphids in non Persistent manner. The papaya Ring spot Virus is
transmitted easily with Infected plant sop. Which may be or important
for field spread as it is for experimental Purpose.

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Control:- There is no any particular control for the papaya Ringspot

virus. For control of PRSV he certain Variation are most symptomatic
the outher. There are some Method for controlling the transmission of
Papaya Ringspot Virus, Such as Raguing, Cross protection, Transgenic
and netting.
It also control to the translocation of the plant from the infected field.
The conventions of temperature change is also help in the controlling
of the pathogen.

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a. ROGUING:- In this process the removal and Detraction of the

infected plants to control the spread the ringspot virus This
method is unsuccessful in puna and Hawaii region but is elective
in by aphids.
b. NETTING- this method used to prevent inset vectors from
spreading the Virus. This method is very expensive per small seale
producers. Some time it not effective dev to geographical Region.
c. CROSS PROTECTION- This method is little the vaccination in
Human. A mild strain of PRSV is introduced into the host plant,
which develop Resistance to virulent strains of the virus.
d. TRANSGENIC- This type of control is introduced in 1998. Rainbow
is F hybrid which is a cross between the yellow fleshed kapoho
and the red- fleshed sun up. Rainbow it proved 76% of Hawaiian
papaya this method is very effective agents Hawaii strain of PRSV.
e. ECONOMIC IMPACT- The Papaya Ringspot virus pot More effect
on the Economic Stability of the world. In Hawaii PRVS has
dramatic effect between 1992 and 1977 all field in puna region
had beed affected this is local industry worth 11 Million yearly.
Brazil accounts for nearly help of global output, with India second
and Nigeria third in worldwide production.

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DNA PACKAGING IN PROKARYOTES

The packaging of Chromosome and organized Chromatin, a complex of
Macromoleculed which is found in the cell. It also consist of DNA,
Protein and RNA the information- carry Macromolecule is a single piece
of coiled of double stranded DNA, which is contorting many gene,
Regulatory elements and other some non- coding DNA. The DNA is
bound the Macro molecules and protein. Which is provide the help to
package the DNA and Control the all function.

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Some species also contain plasmids or other extra chromosomal DNA.
The Chromosome very widely in between different organisms.
Compaction of the Duplicated chromosome during mitosis and meioses
result as a Four- arm Structure. It the centromere is located in the
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middle of chromosome or a two arm structure if the centromere show

near one end. The chromosome recombinant play important rote in
Genetic diversity.
HISTORY OF DISCOVERY:- The word chromosome come from greek
lawn ( Chroma, Colour) and (Soma, body) the chromosomes and
chromatin are very strongly stained by particular.
The scientists Schneider, Virchow and butsehli and who accepted the
structure of chromosome for everyone. The term was given by ven
wonderer hartz the chromatin is Deraiv by welther Fleming.
The experiment started in mid 1880 Theodor Baveri gave the
knowledge about the chromosome are vectors of heredity the two
principles of Theodor Boveri is continuity of chromosomes and then
individuality of chromoson.

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The second principle of Boveri was so original.

Scientists wilt helm Roux suggested that the each chromosome carry a
different genetic load. Bavari was abe to best and confirm this
hypothesis by the rediscovery of the 1900 Groger mentel earlies work,
Boveri was able to know he connection between the rules of
inheritance and the behaviours of the chromosomes.
The number of Human Chromosomes was published in 1923 by
Theophilus pointer In 1956 that the true nember 46 was determined by
indo nesiabarn Gytogeneticist hin Tjio.

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PROKACYOTES:- The prokoryoted cell have single circular chromosome

but some prokaryates have variations most of the bacterial
chromosome size is in range of only 1600,000 base pairs but the endo
symbolic bacterium candidates coresonella ruddi to 12,200,000 base
pair the bacteria such as borrelia burgdorferi the couse of lyme diseare
containing a single linear chromosome.

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STRUCTURE- Prokaryoted cell chromosomes have less sequences

based structure them eukooyotes.
The bacteria have a lipicell single point the origin of Replication and
some Archaea contain multiple replication origins. In prokaryotes cell
the gene are often organized in open as and dono't caontain Introns
unlike eukaryotes.

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DNA PACKAGING:Prokaryotes do not have own nuctei, instead their DNA is organized in
to a structured celled nucleoid, The nucleoid is a structure and a
defined region of the bacterial cell, This structur is dynamic and is
maintained and remodeled by the action of a range of the Histone
protein which link with bacterial chromosomes in reechoes the DNA in
chromosome is more organized with he DNA packaged with structure
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similar to eukaryotic nucleosides the bacterial cromorome is save the

plasma membrane is become catch with a type of thread of the
bacteria. In the molecular biology application. This process is allows for
the Isoloation from plasmid DNA by Centrifugation of need bacteria
and attached the DNA and the member prokaryotic chronisomes and
plasmid are like eukaryotic DNA which is generally supercoiled.

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The prokaryotes his terms are a family of small positively charged

pretines such as H1, H2a, H2B Hz and Hy. The DNA is negetely charged
due to the phosphate groups in its phosphate sugar is backbone so the
histone is bind with Dna very highly, which is building block of
chromatin packaging. DNa can be futher packaged by forming coil of
nuclirosome called chromatin fibers are in to chromosomes of
chromatin during mitosis of the process of cell division
The chromatin division in to daughter cell and after mitosis is
complete, he DNA is unpacked so transcription can occur again. So we
can say the mitosis is a big DNA moving time the packaging starts with
HDAC , and HMT, lightening the packaging and mitosis is completed
HAT, and HPT, Peevethe packaging.

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