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HW 1

FVCproductions
Chapter 1: 52-54

1. Explain each of the following terms in your own words:


a. Translator
A translator is used to convert a program to another language ergo a high level
language (orga) to a low level language (mehca).
b. Interpreter
An interpreter fetches a program one at a time, with a first instruction being executed first,
second instruction being executed second, and so on and so forth.
c. Virtual machine
A virtual machine is a conceptual machine does not exist physically but what is set up on
an actual physical machine and executes in a similar way as the physical machine.
2. Is it conceivable for a compiler to generate output for the micro-architecture
level instead of for the ISA level? Discuss the pros and cons of this proposal.
Yes, this is very much conceivable. In the micro-arch. level, data path execution is
managed by a micro-program, which means a compiler can generate output for the microarch instead of ISA level.

Some pros involve the program possibly becoming faster and the independence of ISA
level programming while the cons involve having the program becoming much more
complex and the compiler having to generate a huge amount of micro-programs, which is
inefficient/inconvenient.
4. . Consider a multilevel computer in which all the levels are dierent. Each level
has instructions that are m times as powerful as those of the level below it; that
is, one level r instruction can do the work of m level r 1 instructions. If a level-1
program requires k seconds to run, how long would equivalent programs take at
levels 2, 3, and 4, assuming n level r instructions are required to interpret a single
r + 1 instruction?
Each instruction is performing in a recursive manner, so k can be derived as k = m/n, and
each time it goes up a level, it will increase by a level of m/n.
So on level 2, k = m/n
On level 3, it will be k = m/n * m/n which equals m/n
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CSC 204
HW 1

FVCproductions
Chapter 1: 52-54

On level 4, it will be k = m/n * m/n * m/n which equals m/n


7. In what sense are hardware and software equivalent? In what sense are they
not equivalent?
Hardware is just the physical component of any computer while software composes of the
internal instructions that make the machine work and produce output. Hardware is
physical and can always be seen even when turned off, software is logical and cannot be
seen if the system is sleeping or turned off. Hardware and software are not equivalent
really in how they function,t hey are simply directly connected with each other or
interdependent. Both are necessary in order for the computer to do something with high
utility value.
9. One of the consequences of von Neumanns idea to store the program in
memory is that programs can be modified, just like data. Can you think of an
example where this facility might have been useful? (Hint: Think about doing
arithmetic on arrays.)
If we want to relate this consequence to the arrays, we can add two of them together. We
can assume X and Y are two different arrays. We can also assume we want our first
instruct to be to fetch X[0] and our second instruction to fetch Y[0]. After these instructions
were executed we would save it in lets say Z[0]. After those instructions were granted out,
the instructions would be iterated and modified to increase by 1, so that the data would be
saved in Z[1] and so forth. Von Neumanns idea of modification was used to solve this sort
of addition for arrays before indexing was perfected.
12. Suppose that each of the 300 million people in the United States fully
consumes two packages of goods a day bearing RFID tags. How many RFID tags
have to be produced annually to meet that demand? At a penny a tag, what is the
total cost of the tags? Given the size of GDP, is this amount of money going to be
an obstacle to their use on every package oered for sale?
Each person gets 2 packages in 1 day, so 2 * total # of days in a year = 2 * 365 = 730
packages per year per person.
So with 300 million people we have 730 packages * 300 million people = 219,000 million
packages every year or in other words 219 billion packages every year.
For each package, there is 1 tag, so that just means 219 billion RFID tags a year.
Each tag is one penny, so we take 219 billion tags * .01 cents = 2.19 billion dollars.
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Chapter 1: 52-54

For our gross domestic product, this is definitely not an obstacle, since it merely represents
.02% of our total GDP, because 2.19 * .01% = .02%.
13. Name three appliances that are candidates for being run by an embedded
CPU.
Appliances can be run by an embedded CPU include a washing/drying machine, a
microwave, and alarm clocks.
14. At a certain point in time, a transistor on a chip was 0.1 micron in diameter.
According to Moores law, how big would a transistor be on next years model?
Moore said that the next generation computer will increase constantly with about 4 times
in terms of transistor number. So this next year chip will have 1 + .6 or 1.6 times the
number of transistors. The transistor area would be 1/1.6 or .625 smaller than the previous
years chip. Therefore, the size would be about .79 microns if the last chip was .1 microns.
21. Pick the three people you think were most influential in creating modern
Websites that draw a lot of trac and write a short report describing their
contributions and why you picked them.
Larry Page was the co-founder of Google and is the inventor of PageRank, which acted as
the foundation of Googles search ranking algorithm. Google is now the most popular
search engine internationally, and now serves as a power hub for all kinds of innovation,
which is why I picked Larry.
Jackson Nielsen is frequently called The Kind of Usability and The Smartest Person on
the Web. He is one of the pioneers of UX or user experience design, which make any
website you go to now a much more enjoyable and feasible visit. Nielsen has helped pave
the way for sites that guarantee usability and a better experience, which is why I picked
him.
Steven Chen is a Taiwanese internet entrepreneur who is best known for being the cofounder and previous CTO of YouTube, which has been dubbed by some as the new
radio, MTV, record store, and music magazine of the 21st century. Because of the sheer
amount of video that is uploaded every second to the website, more and more people get
to watch whatever they want. I myself use YouTube frequently for a variety of reasons,
which is why I chose Chen.

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