BSC 2085L Midterm Review

This review is to be used as a study guide, but it is not necessarily all inclusive.
Lab 1 Human Body Overview: Exercises 1-2:
1. Know and understand Body Orientation and Directions. Be able to understand
them in practical use.
2. Know and understand Body Planes and Directions and understand the terms in
practical use.
3. Be able to identify in which body cavity a major organ or body part would be
found. (Heart, lungs, kidneys, ovaries, stomach, intestines)
4. Know what muscle separates the thoracic from abdominal cavity.
5. On a dissected rat be able to identify: lungs, heart, liver, stomach, spleen, large
intestine, diaphragm.
Lab 2 Tissues and Skin: Exercises 5-6:
1. Characteristics and function of epithelia.
2. Cell shapes and organization. (ie: squamous, columnar, etc. and simple vs
stratified)
3. Be able to identify under a microscope: simple squamous, simple cuboidal,
stratified squamous and simple columnar
4. Where on the body would you find the following epithelia: pseudostratified
columnar and transitional epithelium.
5. Characteristics and function of connective tissue (CT).
6. Be able to identify under a microscope: areolar CT, reticular CT, hyaline cartilage
and adipose tissue.
7. What type of CT is found deep to the skin?
8. What type of CT makes up the tendons and some ligaments?
9. What CT connects the ribs to the sternum?
10. What type of CT makes up the bone?
11. What are the three types of muscle tissue?
12. Be able to identify, epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layers.
13. Differentiate and identify tactile corpuscle vs. lamellar corpuscle.
Lab 3 Skeletal: Exercises 8, 9, and 10:
1. Know which bones are found in Axial vs. Appendicular skeleton.
2. Use Fig 7.1 to label bones of the axial and appendicular skeletons.
3. Know Fig. 8.1 and 8.4 for the skull bones.
4. Figure 8.7 - Be able to identify the different sections of the vertebral column:
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, coccyx/sacrum. Know how many vertebrae are in
each section.
5. Differentiate between a male and female pelvis in terms of: thickness, pubic
angle/arch and pelvic outlet.
6. Differentiate between flexion/extension, abduction/adduction,
pronation/supination.

7. Identify movement, for example:

a. Bending knee =
b. dropping head forward=
c. setting hand in correct anatomical position=
d. arms straight out then move to your hips=
Lab 4 Muscular System: Ex 11-12
1. A muscle cell is also known as ______________. Characteristics of a muscle cell
and arrangement (Fig 11.3)
2. How are muscles connected to bone?
3. What filaments are responsible for muscle contraction?
4. What is a neuromuscular junction? What chemical is released at this
junction to stimulate an action potential?
5. Know diagrams 12.1 and 12.2.
6. What muscle is responsible for:
a. chewing
b. smiling
c. looking down, turning head yes and no
d. flexes elbow, used when doing curls
e. extends forearm, used when doing "dips"
Lab 5 Brain and Cranial nerves: Ex 13-14
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Know the anatomy of a neuron.

What direction does an impulse move along a neuron.
What part of neuron sends/receives signals?
What is the function of myelin sheath and what is it comprised of?
What is the difference between afferent and efferent?
What are effectors and what do they act on?
What charge does a cell membrane have at resting potential? action
potential? Why?
8. Identify outer parts of the brain: frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe,
occipital lobe, cerebellum and brain stem. (FIG 14.1b)
9. What part of the brain functions in:
a. maintaining heart rate/breathing
b. language/comprehension
c. visual area
d. skeletal muscle control.
10. What membrane protects the brain and spinal cord that circulates cerebral
spinal fluid (CSF)?
11. On a sheep brain, identify: cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem (pons, medulla),
optic nerve, olfactory bulb (FIG 14.8).

Lab 6 Special Senses: Ex 15 & 17

1. In a cross section of the spinal cord, what is the gray matter comprised of?
White matter?
2. Where is the conjunctiva located and what is conjunctivitis?
3. What structures allow the eye to stay moist with dilute salts? Where does
this fluid "drain"?
4. Know the following for eye anatomy: iris, pupil, lens, cornea, sclera, retina,
optic nerve/central artery and vein. (FIG 17.3)
5. What part of the eye gives it color and contains muscles to regulate amount
of light entering eye?
6. What part of the eye contains rods and cones (photoreceptors)?
7. What causes a blind spot?
8. What small bones make up the middle ear and what do they do?
9. Sound waves enter from the outer ear and first hit what structure?
10. Where are taste buds located?
11. What type of cells makes up taste buds?
Ex 19 and 20: The Blood and Heart
1. Know the composition of blood and what makes up the formed elements.
2. What are characteristics of erythrocytes (RBCs); size, shape, function,
anucleate and life span.
3. Know the 5 different types of leukocytes and their roles and abundance in
blood.
4. Be able to identify a monocyte, lymphocyte and neutrophil.
5. Why are platelets necessary?
6. What is a hematocrit test and what steps did you take to perform one in lab?
7. For a hematocrit, what is the normal value for men vs. woman and what
percentage of that is WBC?
8. What is the function of hemoglobin and what metal does it contain to
perform this function?
9. What factors are involved in blood coagulation? What if the body is unable to
produce a protein such as fibrinogen?
10. Know the procedure used to determine blood type in the lab and understand
the ABO blood types. What factor makes it positive or negative?
11. How is the heart protected from rubbing against the lungs and body cavity as
it moves?
12. Know each of the heart chambers and the blood flow through these
chambers. (use FIGURE 20.3 as a guide for blood flow)
13. Be able to label/identify FIGURE 20.2 Anatomy of the heart.
14. Be able to locate structures on a sheep heart: R/L ventricles, R/L atria,
chordae tendineae, tricuspid valve, bicuspid valve, aorta, pulmonary
artery/vein.
15. Be able to identify cardiac muscle using a microscope and how its different
from other striated muscle.