Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 34

Fire Safety Engineering Research Group,

Department of Mechanical Engineering


Universitas Indonesia,

Disampaikan pada pertemuan TABG-ME,


Jakarta, 29 Oktober 2014

In general the design stages


include:
1. Conceptual Design
2. Basic Engineering Design
3. Detailed Engineering Design

Survey and Investigation


topographical and geotechnical
hydrological / flood survey
pedestrian / road traffic analysis
Forecasting of Future demand
Architectural and Structure design
Energy design (Electrical and
Mechanical facility design)
Fire safety and disaster management
system design

Architectural design
Structure design
Installation (Mechanical/Electrical system)
design

Building interior space arrangement


Building exterior space design
Safety requirements
Accessibility

Structural and construction design are close


related to Passive Fire Protection system.
Material selection: fire rated concrete, fire
rated door and windows, coating materials,
fire barrier and compartmentation, smoke
barrier partitions
Structural loading: static, dynamic,
earthquake, and fire load.

Mechanical and electrical design are close


related to Active Fire Protection system.

Standpipe systems and fire hoses


Automatics sprinkler system
Fire pumps
Fire Extinguisher
Fire detection and alarm system
Communication system
Ventilation and smoke control system (smoke
extraction system, smoke-stop lobby, and fire
fighting lobby)

1. Life safety and Means of Egress


2. Passive protection

3. Active protection
4. Building Fire Safety Management
5. Fireman and Fire Engine access

The design document at least consist of, but not limited to


(description, calculations and drawings ):

Project description including building function by floor, occupant


density)
Design criteria and fire scenario
Conceptual design of Means of Egress and Fire Protection System
Fireman and Fire truck accessibility
Passive Fire Protection system including compartmentation
Water based Fire Protection system
Fire Detection and Alarm system
Smoke extraction system and pressurization
Elevator and escalator control system in emergency condition
Emergency power supply and communication system.

Prescriptive-based design:
Based on prescriptive codes

Performance-based design:
May be based on performance codes
May be used with prescriptive codes
Requires rigorous engineering analysis

This is what we are used to.


International Building Code (IBC)
NFPA 13 (Sprinklers)
NFPA 72 (Fire Alarm)
NFPA 101 (Life Safety)
Code making process
Consensus
Based on loss history (reactive in many cases)
Implements minimum requirements generic by
occupancy
Does not demonstrate how requirements contribute to
goals
Very appropriate for standard construction projects

Consider an office building for XYZ corporation.


IBC prescribes fire resistance ratings of walls
NFPA 13 prescribes sprinkler spacing / density
IBC / NFPA 101 prescribes travel distances to
exits
NFPA 72 prescribes the implementation of
notification appliances
Design meets code but loss potential is unclear
How much damage is expected in a fire
event?
Is the environment tenable until the last
occupant evacuates?

Fire safety design to meet specific goals


defined by project stakeholders
Fundamental, rigorous engineering approach to
fire safety design
May be applied to varying degrees (levels)
Code equivalency with prescriptive codes
Complete PBD for an innovative facility
May be applied based on a model
performance code
Likely applied in a prescriptive environment
through
Alternative means and methods clause.

SFPEs SFPE Engineering Guide to PerformanceBased Fire Protection provides a framework


Prescriptive
Performance
Intent of the guide
provides a process by which engineers can
develop fire protection measures
a means to document that specific fire safety
goals are achieved for specific hazards for a
particular project.
identifies parameters that should be considered
in performance-based analysis or design.

Stakeholder One who has an interest in the


successful completion of the project
Emergency responders
Building owner
Building manager
Design team
Authorities having jurisdiction (AHJ)
Fire
Building
Insurance
Accreditation agencies
Construction team
Tenants

Defining Project Scope

Identifying Goals
Developing a Fire
Protection Engineering
Design Brief

Defining Stakeholder
And Design Objectives
Developing Performance
Criteria

Developing Design Fire


Scenarios
Developing Trial Designs

Evaluating Trial Designs

Modify Design
Or Objectives

No

Selected Design
Meets Performance
Criteria?
Yes
Select the Final Design

Design Report

Prepare Detail Design


Documentation
Ref. SFPE Engineering Guide on Performance-Based Design Process

Specifications, Drwgs,
and Operations and
Maintenance Manual

What makes the environment tenable?


Be conservative!

Understanding of effects of fire and smoke upon humans:


Heat exposure
Toxic by products exposure (particularly CO)
Visibility

Bottom Line
Occupants must be able to escape to a safe
place, directly or through a protected exit,
before untenable conditions are reached during
a fire emergency.
Fire-fighters must be provided with adequate
means of access for fire fighting and rescue
operations within the building.

Develop Reliable Fire Scenarios /


Design Fires
Fire dynamics :

Type of fire : (1 MW, 2.5 MW, 5.0 MW, etc)


Growth rate
Maximum heat release rate
Time
Heat of combustion
Heat flux
Soot yield
HRR
CO yield
Effect of Wind
Time

HRR

Evaluate Trial Designs


Prepare egress calculations (computer or hand) determine
required safe egress time (RSET)
Prepare Fire modeling and evaluate against performance
criteria during the time occupants are present.
Determine available safe egress time (ASET)
Bottom line:

Can occupants egress the area of threat before


conditions become untenable?

ASET > RSET

Evacuation

Detection
Alarm
Displacement away from the fire
Crowd management

Compartmentation
Slows fire growth
Minimizes smoke spread

Response
Automatic (fire suppression)
External
Internal

Structural Integrity

Evacuation
Completed

Untenable
Conditions

Structural
Failure
100%

Untenable
Conditions

%
100%

Evacuation
Completed
Structural
Failure

te<<<<tf
te<<<<tS
ts

Walking Speed

Run-off Coefficient

Flat

1.0 m/s

Stair

0.5 m/s

Flat

1.2 person/m/s

Stair

1.0 person/m/s

Regulasi tentang Bangunan Sangat Tinggi (Very


tall building) dengan jumlah lantai 40 lantai
dan bangunan bawah tanah / bismen dengan
kedalaman 15 m.
Regulasi untuk Opsi Penerapan Performancebased Building/Fire Code.
Penerapan Performance-based Code untuk
bangunan sangat tinggi dan bangunan bawah
tanah / bismen dalam dapat diwajibkan
(mandatory) karena code prescritive yang ada
belum tersedia.

Currently, Building Fire Safety


Regulatory Framework in Indonesia
is based on the prescriptive
approach.
However, for very tall and complex
buildings, it is suggested to
evaluate the safety performance of
the design (developed by
prescriptive code), using the
RSET/ASET approach.

1. Indonesia Law, Government Regulations,


Ministerial Regulations, Local Regulation related
to fire prevention, control and management.
2. Presentation materials of coordination meeting
for National Strategy in Fire Risk Reduction,
Bali, February 2013.
3. Indonesia Nasional Standard and Reference
related to Fire Science and Engineering.

34

Вам также может понравиться