TE311: Introduction to

Analogue Telecommunications
PART II

Lecture #9
Linear CW Modulation III
1

Introduction
Points to be discussed in this lecture
Single Side-Band Suppressed Carrier (SSB-SC)
Modulation
Generation of SSB-SC Signals
Demodulation of SSB-SC Signals
Vestigial Sideband (VSB) Modulation
Generation of VSB Signals
Demodulation of VSB Signals

Single-Sideband Suppressed Carrier

(SSB-SC) Modulation
AM and DSB-SC signals transmission bandwidth is
twice that of the message signal m ( t ) .
One sideband can be transmitted for bandwidth
conservation as either the upper sideband or the
lower sideband contains complete information about
the message signal.
Single sideband (SSB) modulation results when only
one sideband is used for transmission of the
modulated signal.
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Single-Sideband Suppressed Carrier

(SSB-SC) Modulation
M(f)

S DSB ( f )

M (0)

0.5M ( 0 )

f
B

fc B fc fc + B

S SSB ( f )

fc B

fc

f
fc + B

S SSB ( f )

Upper
sideband

fc B fc

Upper
sideband

Lower
sideband

fc

f
fc + B
4

Lower
sideband

fc fc + B

fc B

f
fc

Single-Sideband Suppressed Carrier

(SSB-SC) Modulation
Advantage
of
SSB
modulation
transmission bandwidth requirements.

is

reduced

Disadvantage of SSB is implementation cost and

complexity.
We define the Hilbert transform of a message signal
m ( t ) , denoted by m ( t ) as

m ( )
1
m ( t ) =
d = m ( t )
t
t
1

Single-Sideband Suppressed Carrier

(SSB-SC) Modulation
Fourier transform on both sides using convolution
property gives

M ( f ) = j sgn ( f ) M ( f )

exp ( j 2 ) M ( f ) ,

= 0,
exp j M f ,
( 2) ( )

f >0
f =0
f <0

Hilbert transform produces a phase shift of / 2 for

positive frequencies of the signal and / 2 for
negative frequencies.
6

Single-Sideband Suppressed Carrier

(SSB-SC) Modulation
We define the pre-envelope of m ( t ) as

m+ ( t ) = m ( t ) + jm ( t )

Taking the Fourier transform on both sides gives

M + ( f ) = M ( f ) + jM ( f ) = M ( f ) + j j sgn ( f ) M ( f )

2M ( f ) ,

= M ( 0 ) ,
0,

f >0
f =0
f <0
7

Single-Sideband Suppressed Carrier

(SSB-SC) Modulation
We define the conjugate of pre-envelope of m ( t ) as

m ( t ) = m ( t ) jm ( t )

Taking the Fourier transform on both sides gives

M ( f ) = M ( f ) jM ( f ) = M ( f ) j j sgn ( f ) M ( f )

0,

= M ( 0) ,

2M ( f ) ,

f >0
f =0
f <0
8

Single-Sideband Suppressed Carrier

(SSB-SC) Modulation
Time-domain description of USB signal is given as

s ( t ) = m+ ( t ) exp ( j 2 f ct ) + m ( t ) exp ( j 2 f ct )
= m ( t ) cos ( 2 f ct ) m ( t ) sin ( 2 f ct )
Time-domain description of LSB signal is given as

s ( t ) = m+ ( t ) exp ( j 2 f ct ) + m ( t ) exp ( j 2 f ct )
= m ( t ) cos ( 2 f ct ) + m ( t ) sin ( 2 f ct )
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Generation of SSB-SC Signals

Frequency Discrimination Method
DSB-SC Signal
m (t )

x (t )

SSB-SC Signal
s (t )

BPF

cos ( 2 f ct )

To avoid sharp filter cutoff characteristics, this

method is suitable when the message signal has very
little frequency content near dc.

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Generation of SSB-SC Signals

Phase-Shift Method
cos ( 2 f ct ) m ( t )

cos ( 2 f ct )

m (t )

2
2

sin ( 2 f ct )

sin ( 2 f ct ) m ( t )

m ( t )
11

s (t )

Demodulation of SSB-SC Signals

Synchronous Demodulator
s (t )

s ( t )

Lowpass
filter

cos ( 2 f ct )

12

x (t )

Demodulation of DSB-SC Signals

Lowpass filter input signal s ( t )

s ( t ) = s ( t ) cos ( 2 f ct )
= m ( t ) cos ( 2 f ct ) m ( t ) sin ( 2 f ct ) cos ( 2 f ct )
2

1
1
= m ( t ) + m ( t ) cos ( 2 {2 f c } t ) m ( t ) sin ( 2 {2 f c } t )
2
2
Baseband signal

Bandpass signal

Lowpass filter output signal

1
x (t ) = m (t )
2
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Vestigial Sideband (VSB) Modulation

SSB-SC modulation is suitable for transmission of
signals m ( t ) with energy gap in the spectrum
between zero and a few hundred hertz e.g. voice
signals.
For signals m ( t ) containing significant components
near dc, it is difficult to isolate one sideband and
vestigial sideband (VSB) modulation is preferred.
In VSB modulation, one sideband is passed almost
completely whereas just a vestige of the other
sideband is retained.
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Vestigial Sideband (VSB) Modulation

M(f)

S DSB ( f )

M (0)

0.5M ( 0 )

f
B

fc B fc fc + B

S SSB ( f )

fc B

fc

f
fc + B

S SSB ( f )

Upper
sideband

fc B fc

Upper
sideband

Lower
sideband

fc

f
fc + B

15

Lower
sideband

fc fc + B

fc B

f
fc

Generation of VSB Signals

DSB-SC Signal
m (t )

x (t )

VSB

H(f )

cos ( 2 f ct )

The spectrum of VSB signal s ( t )

S( f ) = X ( f )H ( f )
1
= M ( f f c ) + M ( f + f c ) H ( f )
2
16

VSB Signal
s (t )

Demodulation of VSB Signals

Synchronous Demodulator
s (t )

s ( t )

Lowpass
filter

f B
cos ( 2 f ct )

Lowpass filter input signal

s ( t ) = s ( t ) cos ( 2 f ct )
17

x (t )

Demodulation of VSB Signals

Taking the Fourier transform it follows that

1
S ( f ) = M ( f ) H ( f f c ) + H ( f + f c )
4
1
+ M ( f 2 f c ) H ( f f c ) + M ( f + 2 f c ) H ( f + f c )
4
Spectrum of the lowpass filter output signal

1
x ( f ) = M ( f ) H ( f f c ) + H ( f + f c )
4

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Demodulation of VSB Signals

Distortionless reproduction of the baseband signal
requires that

H ( f f c ) + H ( f + f c ) = constant
B f B

H(f )

f c f v f c f c + f v

fc fv

fc fc + fv

fc + B

H ( f fc ) + H ( f + fc )

fv

2 f c
19

f
2 fc

Reading Assignments
1. B.P. Lathi, Modern Digital and Analog
Communication Systems, Chap. 4, Part 1.
2. Extra reading:
W.
Tomasi,
Electronic
Systems, Chaps. 4 & 5.

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Communications