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I. Functions
Notes for the Coursera Single-Variable Calculus course
2013-01-16 fixed arctan's Taylor series' summation form
2013-01-13 first draft

The Exponential ex
2

= 1+x+

x
+

+. . .

2!

3!

Properties of the exponential

d

= e

dx

e dx = e

ln

is the inverse of ex

+C

1
ln(x) =

dx

Euler's formula
ix

= cos x + i sin x
2

x
cos x = 1

+. . . = (1 )

4!

6!

x
+

5!

(2n)!

n=0

2n+1

3!

2n

2!

sin x = x

x
+

+. . . = (1 )
7!

(2n + 1)!

n=0

Taylor Series
Taylor Series about

x = 0

is

f (0)
f (x) = f (0) +

(k)

(0)

(k)

(0)

x +. . . =

1!

where f

(0)

x+
2!

x
k!

k=0

is the kth derivative of f evaluated at 0.

The Taylor series for f about

x = a

f (a)
f (x) = f (a) +

(a)

(x a) +
1!

(k)

(a)

(x a) +. . . =
2!

k=0

(x a)
k!

Hyperbolic Trigonometric Functions

x

sinh(x) =
2
x

+e

cosh(x) =
2
sinh x
tanh(x) =

+e

e
=

cosh x

Note cosh2 sinh2

= 1

In [29]: fig, (ax1,ax2) = subplots(1,2, figsize=(16,5))

x=linspace(-2,2,100)
ax1.axhline(0, color="#c0c0c0")
ax1.axvline(0, color="#c0c0c0")
ax1.plot(x, cosh(x), label="cosh", lw=3)
ax1.plot(x, sinh(x), label="sinh", lw=3)
ax1.legend(loc="lower right")
ax2.axhline(0, color="#c0c0c0")
ax2.axvline(0, color="#c0c0c0")
ax2.plot(x, tanh(x), label="tanh", lw=3)
ax2.legend(loc="lower right")

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Out[29]: <matplotlib.legend.Legend at 0x7a4a9f0>

Taylor Series for sinh and cosh

3

sinh(x) = x +

+. . .

3!

5!

cosh(x) = 1 +

+. . .

2!

4!

They are similar to sin x and cos x without the alternating signs.
d
sinh x = cosh x
dx
d
cosh x = sinh x
dx

The Geometric series

= 1+x+x

+ x +. . . = x

1x

for|x| < 1

k=0

ln
This can be used to find the Taylor series for ln(1 + x). Note
d

1
ln(1 + x) =

dx

1+x

Integrating as geometric series gets

2

ln(1 + x) = x

+
2

. . .
3

k1

= (1)

(|x| < 1)
k

k=1

Arctan
d

1
arctan(x) =

dx

1+x
3

x
arctan(x) = x

x
+

. . .
5

2k+1

= (1)

(|x| < 1)
2k + 1

k=0

Binomial Series

(1 + x)

= (
k=0

)x

for|x| < 1

Limits
lim f (x) = L

iff for every > 0 there exits a > 0 such that

xa

|f (x) L| <

whenever 0 < |x a| <

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Limit Rules
lim (f + g)(x) = lim f (x) + lim g(x)
xa

xa

xa

lim (f g)(x) = ( lim f (x))( lim g(x))

xa

xa

xa

limxa f (x)
lim (f /g)(x) =

if denominator 0

xa

limxa g(x)

lim (f g)(x) = f ( lim g(x))

xa

if f is continuous

xa

L'Hpital's rule
The 0/0 Case
If limxa f (x) = 0 and

then

f (x)
lim

f (x)
= lim

g(x)

xa

limxa g(x) = 0

xa

g (x)

The / Case
If limxa f (x) = limxa g(x) = then

f (x)
lim

f (x)
= lim

g(x)

xa

xa

g (x)

l'Hpital's rule can be applied repeatly if the derivative is still

0/0

or /.

Orders Of Growth
Compare the asymptotic growth by taking limits of quotients
f (x)

f (x)

lim

or lim
g(x)

g(x)

x0

From greatest to smallest

Factorial: x!
Expontential: cx for any c > 1
Polynomial: xk for any k > 1
Logarithmic: ln(x)

Big-O notation, x
f (x)

is in O(g(x)), as

Big-O notation, x
f (x)

x 0

iff |f (x)| C|g(x)|

is in O(g(x)), as

iff |f (x)| C|g(x)|

Trigonometric Functions Refresher

sin
tan =
cos

Secant

sec =

Cosecant

1
cos

csc =

Cotangent

1
sin

cot =

1
tan

Inverse functions
arcsin, arccos, arctan, arcsec, arccsc, arccot

Pythagorean identity
2

cos

+ sin

= 1

Calculus

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- Calculus
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x = Single Variable Notes.html

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sin x = cos x
dx
d

2
1 x

arccos x =

1 x2

d
cos x = sin x

dx

dx
2

tan x = sec
dx

arcsin x =
dx

d
x

1
arctan x =

dx

1+x

Trigonometric functions - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

List of trigonometric identities - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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