International Journal of Electrical and

Electronics Engineering Research (IJEEER)

ISSN(P): 2250-155X; ISSN(E): 2278-943X
Vol. 4, Issue 4, Aug 2014, 127-140
TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF CSI BASED PV SYSTEM CONNECTED TO GRID BY

USING FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER
MUTYALA ANUSHA1, B. SREENIVASA RAO2 & J. HEMA LATHA3
1,3

Assistant Professor, J. B. I. E. T Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
2

Assistant Professor, MITS Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Madanapale, Andhra Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT
This paper presents Fuzzy logic control based control scheme for current source inverter (CSI) based PV inverter
which is used for a grid connected system. Generally voltage source inverters (VSI) for grid connected PV systems.
But voltage source inverters cannot boost the voltage, so current source inverters which has the property of boosting
capability is adopted for PV systems. The Research on current source inverters is still growing interest. This paper presents
modeling of PV system and current source inverter. The proposed system is also tested under fault conditions. In addition
to the above work conventional PI controller can be replaced with Fuzzy logic controller which has better performance
than PI controller. The proposed system is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK and the results are shown.

KEYWORDS: Multi Level Inverters, Photovoltaic Cells, Medium Voltage Drives, Harmonic Analysis, Total Harmonic
Distortion (THD)

INTRODUCTION
Photovoltaic systems are increasing in size as they become more affordable and supporting schemes start to
include larger installations. In a near future, photovoltaic systems of 100kW peak power or more are going to be very
common, and it is expected that they will contribute with a significant share to power generation. In such a scenario,
the contribution to the grid stability of PV systems is likely to become relevant, as it has already happened with other
renewable energies like wind power in some countries. In Spain, for instance, wind farm operators are encouraged to
contribute to sys- tem stability by means of remuneration for reactive power control. The requirements for robust operation
under grid faults and perturbances have also increased. This could be applied to PV systems once they reach a certain
amount of installed power in a given region. Proper integration of medium or large PV systems in the grid may therefore
require additional functionality from the inverter, such as reactive power control. Furthermore, the increase of average PV
system size may lead to new strategies like eliminating the DC-DC converter that is usually placed between the PV array
and the inverter, and moving the MPPT to the inverter, resulting in increased simplicity, overall efficiency and a cost
reduction. These two characteristics are present in the three-phase inverter that is presented here, with the addition of a
fuzzy MPPT control that shows excellent performance.
A renewable energy application such as photovoltaic (PV) system has been widely used for a few decades since
PV energy is free, abundant and distributed throughout the earth. The focus of the Engineers is to make use of abundantly
available PV energy and so to design and control an inverter suitable for photo voltaic applications. Power electronic
circuits with pulse width modulation (PWM) are mostly used in energy conversion systems to achieve closed loop control.
But even updated pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques; do not produce perfect waveforms [2], which strongly
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Mutyala Anusha, B. Sreenivasa Rao & J. Hema Latha

depend on the semiconductors switching frequency. Also, it is well known that distorted voltages and currents waveforms
produce harmonic contamination, additional power losses, and high frequency noise that can affect not only the load power
but also the associated controller. When this output is fed to the induction drives it causes heating which in turn causes
increased losses and low efficiency. The presence of harmonics not only increase losses, but also produces opposite torques
(fifth order harmonic) in the motor and may overload motor if their amplitude is very high [3]. So, sinusoidal supply is
mandatory for enhancing the motor performance which results in minimizing the power line transmission and distribution
losses.
The present practice in PV inverter mainly relies on Voltage-source inverter (VSI) topology which normally
requires another stage of power-electronic conversion for stepping up the voltage of the PV modules for a large-scale PV
inverter. Reducing the cost and improving the robustness and performance of power-electronic grid interface can further
facilitate proliferation of PV systems in the power systems. The current-source inverter (CSI) has the potential of becoming
a preferred topology for interfacing a PV system to the ac power grid for the following reasons. 1) CSI provides a smooth
dc-side current, which is a desirable feature for PV modules. 2) The energy storage element of a CSI has a longer lifetime
than that of a VSI. 3) CSI has an inherent voltage boosting capability, which allows integration of PV panels of lower
output voltages and reduces the requirements of the step-up interface transformer. 4) With the evolution of
reverse-blocking (RB) IGBT switches, the series diodes will be eliminated, resulting in a considerable reduction in the cost
and conduction losses. 5) The recent advancements in superconductor technology, which has led to the development of
superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) systems, can considerably reduce the losses in the energy storage
element of the CSI.
A literature survey on the application of CSI in PV system applications shows an ongoing attempt to take
advantage of the points of strength of this topology while identifying the weaknesses and trying to rectify them.
A performance evaluation of a CSI interfacing a PV source with the grid under reduced ac voltage level is carried out in
[3]. The CSI employed in this study is made of RB-IGBTs. Reference [3] has focused on low-voltage fault ride-through
capability but has not made any discussion of how the CSI will behave when the grid is disconnected, i.e, during islanding.
It is known that using a small dc-side reactor would result in an increase in the harmonic contents of the CSIs ac-side
current. However, a large dc-side reactor is not acceptable from the size and cost points of view. To overcome this
problem, a new control strategy aiming at reducing the harmonic contents in the output current of a single-phase
utility-interactive PWM CSI-based PV system has been proposed in [4]. The method proposed in [4] is able to eliminate
low-order harmonics without any feedback control. However, the results presented are obtained for a very low-power PV
system. No evidence has been presented to prove that the proposed scheme will also work successfully for high-power
applications. The CSI topology has an inherent stability problem caused by the resonance between the ac-side filter
capacitance and grid inductance. In [5], these oscillations are damped actively by generating a damping current from the
filter capacitor voltage. Reference [5] proposes a closed-loop charge control algorithm in a synchronously rotating
reference frame to suppress the natural frequency of oscillation produced by the filter. The CSI topology adopted in [5] is
based on line-commutated thyristors. A simple method to suppress the resonance oscillations in a PWM current-source
converter is discussed in [6]. The method is based on pulse control and suppresses the resonance current caused by the
CSIs ac-side low-pass filter. The advantage of this method is that it does not need any extra feedback loop to suppress the
oscillations. However, the system employed in [6] has not been integrated with any renewable energy source.
The performance of a single-phase, grid-connected CSI is investigated in [7]. In [7], a CSI is combined with a boost
Impact Factor (JCC): 5.9638

Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0

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129

converter which acts as the wave-shaper. However, neither the dynamic performance of the PV inverter in response to the
variations in solar insolation level nor the behavior of the PV system during fault conditions is addressed in [7]. Reference
[8] evaluates the performance of a three-phase transformerless grid-connected PV system based on CSI with a new
maximum power point tracking (MPPT) system and PWM control scheme. The MPPT proposed in [8] tracks the
maximum power by adjusting the modulation factor. One major drawback of the control method proposed in [8] is that it
does not allow the PV inverter to operate in standalone mode. In some scenarios, where intentional islanding is desired,
standalone mode of operation of a PV inverter is a requirement.

PV CELL MODELLING AND MPPT

A PV cell is the basic structural unit of the PV module that generates current carriers when sunlight falls on it
[11]. The power generated by these PV cell is very small. To increase the output power the PV cells are connected in series
or parallel to form PV module [12]. The equivalent circuit of the PV cell is shown in figure 1.

Figure 1: Equivalent Circuit of the PV Cell

The main characteristics of the PV cell are given by:

Where,
I and V- Cell output current and voltage;
Io-

Cell reverse saturation current;

T-

Cell temperature in Celsius;

K-

Boltzmanns constant;

q-

Electronic charge;

Ki-

Short Circuit current/temperature coefficient;

G-

Solar radiation in W/m2;

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Gn-

Nominal Solar Radiation in W/m2;

Eg-

Energy Gap of silicon;

Io,n-

Nominal saturation current;

Tn-

Nominal temperature in Celsius;

Rs-

Series resistance;

Rsh-

Shunt resistance;

Ideality factor between 1.0 to 1.5;

Ipv-

Light generated current;

The I-V characteristic of a PV module shown in Figure 2 is highly non-linear in nature. This characteristics
drastically changes with respect to changes in the solar radiation and temperature. Whereas the solar radiation mainly
affects the output current, the temperature affects the terminal voltage. The I-V characteristics of the PV module under
varying solar radiation at temperature T=250 is shown below[12].The data of the PV system used in this are taken from
msx60i type of panels.

Figure 2: Current Versus Voltage at Constant Cell Temperature T=250,

Irradiation G=100, 250,500, 750, 1000w/M2
Figure 1 shows the I-V characteristics of the PV module under varying cell temperature at constant solar radiation
(1000 W/m2).

Figure 3: Current versus Voltage at Constant Solar Radiation

G = 1000 W/m2, t=25, 50, 75, 100 Deg Cent

Impact Factor (JCC): 5.9638

Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0

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MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING (MPPT)

The PV array will be having only one point on its current and voltage characteristics, and that point is called as
the Maximum Power Point. The systems which are connected directly will not operate at MPP. So significant amount of
energy is wasted because of this problem. But systems which have a DC-DC converter as a controller to match PV array to
Pump set will definitely act at MPP [8-10]. Several MPPT strategies have been proposed in the past like

Voltage Reference MPPT

Perturb and Observe(P&O) MPPT

Incremental Conductance(INC) MPPT

In this paper Perturb and Observe type of MPPT is used for calculating the Duty Cycle for the DC-DC converter.

The flowchart of the MPPT algorithm is shown below in figure 4.

Figure 4: Flow Chart of P & O MPPT Algorithm

The below figure 5 shows the working behavior of P&O based MPPT method.

Figure 5: MPPT Tracking

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When compared with the other MPPT algorithms P&O algorithm is simpler to implement and it does not need
much knowledge of the previous PV array and details about irradiance and temperature. There are two methods of P&O
algorithm

Reference Voltage Perturbation

Direct Duty ratio Perturbation

The block diagrams of each method are discussed below figure 6 and figure 7. In the reference voltage control

taking the inputs of voltage and current of the PV system, then implementing to MPPT algorithm, the reference PV voltage
is found out. The obtained reference voltage is compared with the actual PV voltage and error is given to PI controller to
calculate the duty cycle for DC-DC converter.

Figure 6: Block Diagram of Reference Voltage Based MPPT

In the Direct Duty Ratio control method the voltage and current inputs from the PV array are taken and the
flowchart shown is implemented to calculate the duty cycle for DC-DC converter. When compared with the reference
voltage method duty cycle method have several advantages like better stability characteristics and good energy utilization
performance.

Figure 7: Block Diagram of Direct Duty Ratio Based MPPT

MATLAB/SIMULINK MODELLING AND SIMULATION RESULTS

The below figure shows the Matlab/Simulink circuit of the proposed system with PV system and current source
inverter

Impact Factor (JCC): 5.9638

Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0

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Performance Analysis of CSI Based PV System Connected to Grid by Using Fuzzy Logic Controller

Figure 8: Matlab / Simulink Circuit of the CSI Based PV System

The below figure shows the current source inverter circuit and the gating pulses given to them.

Figure 9: Inverter Circuit

The below figure shows the PI based control circuit for generating the gating pulses of the inverter

Figure 10: PI Based Control Circuit for Generating the Gating Pulses of the Inverter

Figure 11: Fuzzy Based Controller for DC Side

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Mutyala Anusha, B. Sreenivasa Rao & J. Hema Latha

Figure 12: CSI Voltage at the PCC and Phase A Current at the PCC
The above figure shows, VSI voltage at the PCC and phase a current at the PCC. With the increase in the isa,
the current on the secondary side of the transformer iga also Increases. The utility mandates that the current injected by the
inverter iga be in phase with the voltage at the PCC

Figure 13: VSI Voltage at the PCC and Phase A Current at the PCC

CASE STUDY 2: FAULT CONDITIONS

This Case study is designed to present a comparative analysis of behaviours during fault for CSI based PV system.
For This Case study the insolation level is maintained at 1KW/m2. In this case the comparitive study on both PI controller
as well as Fuzzy controller is studied in which Fuzzy controller gave best results.
Types of Faults

Single Line To Ground Fault (SLG)

Double Line To Ground Fault(DLG).

Line To Line Fault(LL).

Three Phase To Ground Fault(TPG).

Impact Factor (JCC): 5.9638

Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0

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135

Figure 14: Voltage Waveform under the SLG Fault Condition

The above figure shows at time t=1.5 secs, an SLG fault is applied on phase-a of secondary side of the
transformer . Due to the fault, the voltage Va drops to zero, as shown in above figure

Figure 15: Voltage Waveform under the DLG Fault Condition

At time t=1.5 secs, an DLG fault is applied on phase-a of secondary side of the transformer. Due to the fault,
the voltages Va and Vb drops to zero, as shown in above Figure

Figure 16: Voltage Waveform under the LL Fault Condition

The above figure shows the Three phase voltage waveform under the LL fault condition

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Mutyala Anusha, B. Sreenivasa Rao & J. Hema Latha

Figure 17: Voltage Waveform under the TPG Fault Condition

The above figure shows the Three phase voltage waveform under the TPG fault condition.
The below figure shows the total harmonic distortion analysis of the CSI based PV system using PI controller
with LL Fault applied to it. The harmonic content is 6.55%

Figure 18: Harmonic Spectrum of CSI with LL Fault Using PI Controller

In the below case the PI controller is replaced and Fuzzy controller is used and the Harmonic Distortion content is
studied. It clearly shows that when Funny controller is used THD is 3.98%.

Figure 19: Harmonic Spectrum of CSI with LL Fault Using FUZZY Controller
The below figure shows the total harmonic distortion analysis of the CSI based PV system using PI controller
with SLG Fault applied to it. The harmonic content is 6.38%

Impact Factor (JCC): 5.9638

Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0

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137

Figure 20: Harmonic Spectrum of CSI with SLG Fault Using PI Controller
In the below case the PI controller is replaced and Fuzzy controller is used and the Harmonic Distortion content is
studied. It clearly shows that when Funny controller is used THD is 5.33%.

Figure 21: Harmonic Spectrum of CSI with SLG Fault Using FUZZY Controller
The below figure shows the total harmonic distortion analysis of the CSI based PV system using PI controller
with TPG Fault applied to it. The harmonic content is 17.27%

Figure 22: Harmonic Spectrum of CSI with TPG Fault Using PI Controller
In the below case the PI controller is replaced and Fuzzy controller is used and the Harmonic Distortion content is
studied. It clearly shows that when Funny controller is used THD is 1.06%.

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Mutyala Anusha, B. Sreenivasa Rao & J. Hema Latha

Figure 23: Harmonic Spectrum of CSI with TPG Fault Using FUZZY Controller
The below figure shows the total harmonic distortion analysis of the CSI based PV system using PI controller
with DLG Fault applied to it. The harmonic content is 6.46%

Figure 24: Harmonic Spectrum of CSI with DLG Fault Using PI Controller
In the below case the PI controller is replaced and Fuzzy controller is used and the Harmonic Distortion content is
studied. It clearly shows that when Funny controller is used THD is 4.35%.

Figure 25: Harmonic Spectrum of CSI with DLG Fault Using PI Controller

CONCLUSIONS
In this work the performance of the grid connected CSI and VSI based inverters with PV system are designed and
studied with various fault conditions and also a no fault condition. These are first done with the PI controller and then
compared with Fuzzy controller .The Fuzzy controller based systems gave the best results where all the cases are analyzed
based on the THD analysis. When compared with the PI controller, the fuzzy controller gave the best result in which the
THD(Total Harmonic Distortion) content is very low. From the above work it is clear that the fuzzy controller gave the
best performance when compared with the conventional PI controller The THD content in the CSI is very less and in the
acceptable range

Impact Factor (JCC): 5.9638

Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0

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Performance Analysis of CSI Based PV System Connected to Grid by Using Fuzzy Logic Controller

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AUTHORS DETAILS

Mutyala Anusha received B. Tech degree in electrical and electronics engineering from D. M. S. S. V. H college
of Engineering in 2008,and doing Masters degree M. Tech (EPS) from Madanapalle Institute of Technology and Science.
Currently she is working as a Assistant Professor in J. B. I. E. T, Hyderabad. Areas of Interests on Power Systems and
Power Electronics & Drives.

B. Sreenivasa Raju Received B.Tech Degree from Electrical and Electronics engineering from Anurag
Engineering College, Kodada in 2006, and the Masters degree M.E with the specialization Industrial Drives & Control
from the Osmania University in 2011.His Areas of Interest on Power Electronics and Drives. Currently he is working as
An Assistant Professor in Madanapalle Institute of Technology & Science.

J. Hemalatha Jonnala Received B. Tech Degree in electrical and electronics engineering from Vasireddy
Venkatadri Institute of Engg and Technology College, Guntur in 2011,and Pursuing Masters degree M. Tech with the
specialization Power electronics and Drives from the KITS. Areas of Interest on Power Electronics and Drives. Currently
She is working as Assistant Professor in J. B. I. E. T

Impact Factor (JCC): 5.9638

Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0