8/25/2013

General Biology I
BIOL 1110
MWF 11:50 12:45

Chase Hively
clhively@pstcc.edu

What is Biology?

General Biology I
Instructor: Chase Hively

Office Hours: Wed 10:45 11:45

Office: DV 131
Email: clhively@pstcc.edu
Use WEBMAIL not D2L
Textbook: Hoefnagels 2nd ed.
Vol 1
Syllabus Lecture is 75% of
grade

Life is Diverse!

Bios- Life
ology- the study of

8/25/2013

Life is Connected!
All living organisms share common
characteristics.

Common Characteristics of
Living Organisms
1. Complex Organized Structure
Hierarchy: cellstissuesorgansorgan
systems ____?____
A cell is the smallest unit of life
Every organism made of one or more cells

Copyright The McGraw -Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Figure 1.3
An Emergent PropertyFrom Tiles to Tubes.
ORGANELLE
A m embrane-bounded
structure that has a specific
function w ithin a cell.
Exam ple: Chloroplast

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Endothelial
cell

CELL
The fundamental
unit of life.
Exam ple: Leaf cell

MOLECULE
A group of joined atoms.
Exam ple: DNA

Sheetof
endothelial
cells

ATOM
The sm allest chemical
unit of a type of pure
substance (element).
Exam ple: Carbon atom

Figure 1.2
Levels of
Biological
Organization.

POPULATION
A group of the same species of organism
living in the sam e place and time.
Exam ple: Multiple acacia trees

ORGANISM
A single living individual.
Exam ple: One acacia tree

TISSUE
A collection of specialized
cells that function in a
coordinated fashion.
Exam ple: Epiderm is of leaf
ORGAN
A structure consisting
of tissues organized to
interact and carry
out specific functions.
Exam ple: Leaf

ORGAN SYSTEM
Organs connected
physically or chemically
that function together.
Exam ple: Aboveground
part of a plant

Capillary

Redblood
cell

Endothelial
cell

BIOSPHERE
The global ecosystem;
ECOSYSTEM
the parts of the planet
The living and nonliving
and its atm osphere
com ponents of an area.
w here life is possible.
Exam ple: The savanna
(population): Gregory G. Dimijian, M.D./Photo Researchers; (community): Todd Gustafson/ Danita Delimont;
(ecosystem): Manoj Shah/The Image Bank/Getty Images (biosphere): Corbis (RF)

COMMUNITY
All populations that occupy
the sam e region.
Exam ple: All populations
in a savanna

8/25/2013

All Cells Have

Plasma membrane or cell membrane made of
lipids; regulates what can enter or leave cell
Cytoplasm- cell fluid made primarily of water
DNA- the genetic information inherited from
parent cells; provides instructions for protein
production

Common Characteristics of
Living Organisms
3. Acquire and use energy
Metabolism - sum total of controlled chemical
reactions in the cell related to acquisition and
use of energy.

Common Characteristics of
Living Organisms
2. Make controlled responses to environment
Respond to stimuli- internal physiological
changes based on external environmental stimuli
Maintain Homeostasis- an ability to maintain
stable internal conditions in the face of external and
internal environmental changes

Ex. - body temperature, blood oxygen, water

balance, blood sugar levels

Autotrophs - self feed

Producers - primary mechanism photosynthesis - using
light to make
Energy
from
sunlight

Heat

Heterotrophs - other feeder

- obtain food from outside source
- can ingest or absorb

Heat

Consumers, Decomposers

Consumers obtain
energy and nutrients by
eating other organisms.
Producers extract energy
and nutrients from the
nonliving environment.
Heat
Heat
Decomposers are consumers
that obtain nutrients from dead
organisms and organic wastes.

Figure 1.4 Life Is Connected.

8/25/2013

Common Characteristics of
Living Organisms
4. Reproduction and Growth
Growth - cell division
binary fission
mitosis

Common Characteristics of
Living Organisms
4. Reproduction and Growth
Reproduce by passing on DNA
Asexual reproduction
All offspring identical

Sexual reproduction
Offspring have new combination of traits

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Common Characteristics of
Living Organisms
4. Reproduction and Growth
Reproduce by passing on DNA

Spore

a.

SEM (false color) 5 m b.

c.

a: Dennis Kunkel/Phototake; b: Brand X Pictures/Getty Images (RF); c: Corbis Animals in Action CD

Deoxyribonucleic acid- the genetic material of all

living organisms - controls protein production
DNA is made of a sugar/phosphate backbone and
4-nitrogen bases that create codes for specific
amino acids to be used in protein production.

Figure 1.5 Asexual and Sexual Reproduction.

8/25/2013

Common Characteristics of
Living Organisms
5. Capacity to Evolve
Adaptation
Natural selection
Resources are limited
Organisms vary

Evolution - a change in the DNA (due to a

mutation) that becomes common in the
population
Figure 1.6 Blending In.

QUESTION

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Generation1

Generation2

Multiple generations later

Antibiotic present

Hair
Time

Time

Bacterial
cell

Reproduction
and
Selection
Staphylococcus aureus
before mutation

a.

SEM (false color) 10 m

Mutation
occurs (red)

b.

a (left): Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc.; a (inset): Ron Occalea/ The Medical File/Peter Arnold/Photolibrary

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria
are most successful

List the levels of lifes

organizational hierarchy from
smallest to largest, starting with
atoms and ending with the
biosphere.

Figure 1.7 Natural Selection.

8/25/2013

How Do We Organize Diversity?

How Do We Organize Diversity?

3 main criteria or characteristics help

divide all life into large groups
1. Cell Type
- Prokaryotic before kernel
- Eukaryotic true kernel

3 main criteria or characteristics help

divide all life into large groups
2. Cell Number
- Unicellular
- Multicellular

How Do We Organize Diversity?

How to Organize Life?

3 main criteria or characteristics help divide

all life into large groups
3. Mode of Nutrition
Autotroph
Photoautotrophs
Chemoautotrophs

Heterotroph
Ingest
Absorb
Slide 24 of 39

8/25/2013

How to Organize Life?

Taxonomy science of naming and classifying
organisms
Carolus Linnaeus (1700s) devised binomial
nomenclature system of 2-part names
first part is Genus one or more species
second is species most specific
example: Canis familiaris

Linnaean system of classification

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Did
King
Philip

Come
Over
For
Good
Soup?

Slide 26 of 39

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Tree of Life - 3 Main Branches

3 Domains divided into Kingdoms
Domain Bacteria
Domain Archaea
Domain Eukarya

8/25/2013

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Prokaryotes

DOMAIN EUKARYA
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Animals
DOMAIN
BACTERIA

DOMAIN
ARCHAEA

Fungi

DOMAIN BACTERIA

DOMAIN ARCHAEA

Cells lack nuclei (prokaryotic)

Unicellular

Cells lack nuclei (prokaryotic)

Unicellular

Plants

Protista
TEM (false color) 1 m

SEM (false color) 1 m

(bacteria): Kwangshin Kim/Photo Researchers; (archaea): Ralph Robinson/Visuals Unlimited/Getty Images

Figure 1.8 Lifes Diversity.

Figure 1.8 Lifes Diversity.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

DOMAIN EUKARYA
Cells contain nuclei (eukaryotic)
Unicellular or multicellular
Protista (multiple kingdoms)
Unicellular or multicellular
Autotrophs or heterotrophs

Question

Kingdom Animalia
Multicellular
Heterotrophs (by ingestion)

What are the goals of taxonomy?

LM 200 m
Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Fungi
Most are multicellular
Heterotrophs (by external
digestion)

Multicellular
Autotrophs

(protista): Melba Photo Agency/Punch Stock (RF); (animalia): Courtesy of The National Human Genome Research Institute; (fun gi): Corbis (RF);
(plantae): Photo by Keith Weller/USDA

Figure 1.8 Lifes Diversity.

8/25/2013

How Do We Study Biology?

No single way to answer all questions
The Scientific Method is the general approach
Observations
Questions
Hypothesis
Data collection
Analysis
Conclusions
Peer review

Publish

Peer
review

Make
observations

Draw
conclusions

Ask a question

Consult prior
knowledge

Consult prior
knowledge

Collect and
interpret data

Formulate
a hypothesis

Figure 1.9 Scientific Inquiry.

How to Study Biology

How to Study Biology

An Experimental Design Is a Careful Plan

An Experimental Design Is a Careful Plan

Variables experimental conditions

in vitro - in glass
in vivo in life

Hypothesis tentative explanation based on

prior knowledge - guides you in creating a
testable prediction
Experiment tests only one variable at a time
Quantitative Data or Qualitative Data?

Independent Variable manipulated by researcher

Dependent Variable measured by researcher
Standardized Variables kept the same

Controls provide baseline of comparison

Negative Control no phenomenon expected
Positive Control phenomenon expected

Sample size bigger = better statistical power

May also use blind or double-blind methods

8/25/2013

How To Study Biology

B. An Experimental Design Is a Careful Plan
Statistical analysis and significance
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Figure 1.10
Vaccine Test.

Question
In the vaccine trial, what was the
dependent variable?
A.Virus concentration in vaccine
B.Number of infants
C.Incidence of illness

Incidence of Illness
(# cases/100 child-years)
Virus
Concentration
in Vaccine

Number
of
Infants

Any
Rotavirus
Illness

Severe
Rotavirus
Illness

Low

79

2.15

2.15

Medium

86

6.19

High

78

6.86

Placebo(control)

87

25.86

14.46

INTERPRETING DATA
Suppose you were a politician and were
asked to consider the following data regarding
the chemical dihydrogen monoxide to
determine whether it should be banned from
industrial use.

Here are the facts!!

10

8/25/2013

Scientific research has shown

dihydrogen monoxide
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Is a major component in acid rain

Can cause severe burns in its gaseous state
Can kill you if accidentally inhaled
Contributes to erosion
Decreases effectiveness of automobile brakes
Has been found in tumors of cancer patients
Can cause excessive sweating and vomiting

WOULD YOU SUPPORT

A BAN???

Publishing

Results & Conclusions

Analyze data (results) and draw
CONCLUSIONS
interpretation and meaning of the results (data).
A determination as to the validity of the
hypothesis.
Results answer what questions
Conclusions - answer why questions

A formal scientific paper contains these parts:

TITLE
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
METHODS AND MATERIALS
RESULTS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES

11

8/25/2013

How to Study Biology

Question

Theories Are Comprehensive Explanations

Theory vs. hypothesis

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Scope
Acceptance
Predictive power

What is the difference between a

hypothesis and a theory?
Nectartubes

Geoff McIlleron: Firefl y Images/photographersdirect.com

Figure 1.11 Prediction Confirmed.

How to Study Biology

Scientific Inquiry Has Limitations
Scientific inquiry is neither foolproof nor
always easy to implement
Misinterpretation
Slow acceptance i.e. spontaneous generation
Some questions cannot be answered by
science

Limitations & Assumptions

1. Natural Causality - assume that results we
observe are due to NATURAL causes, not
supernatural phenomenon.
2. Uniformity of Time and Space - Physical
laws that govern how matter behaves are
uniform through space and time.
3. Common perception - Can only answer
questions in which we have a common
perception. Science cannot answer questions of
value, morality, aesthetics.

12

8/25/2013

The Orchid and the Moth

Charles Darwin speculated
on pollinator of Angraecum
sesquipedale in 1862
Alfred Russel Wallace in
1895
Xanthopan morgani
described in 1903

Figure 1.12 Found at Last.

Question

How does this story illustrate

discovery science?

13