Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
1. Build the Single line diagram of connection of 3 Phase Generator Control with Motor
generator set with load connected.
The ANSI/IEEE code for phase sequence relay is 47 and of phase failure relay is 58.
3. Discuss the application of phase detection, phase failure and load unbalancing relay.
The importance of phase sequence is mainly related to the direction of rotation of motor.
The three phase supply sets up a rotating magnetic field that causes the rotor to rotate. If
the sequence is reversed, the motor will run in the opposite direction.In many cases, it
may damage electricalequipment or cause product jam.
An unbalanced load causes the current to flow through neutral wire, hence there is some
voltage drop occurs due to I2R losses in the neutral conductor. Moreover, an unbalanced load
costs on transformer losses at a distribution system. Thats why load unbalancing should be
avoided.
Lab 3:
1. Explain the importance of over and under Voltage relay and discus its effects on power
system.
Every device in a power system is designed for specific voltage and current level. As the
voltage increased, there are chances of insulation getting punctured causing fault in the
system. Due to the under voltage the current in the system increases because power
remains constant, thus high current causing damage to the equipment or winding of the
machine.
2. What is the IEEE code for under and overvoltage relays?
Adjust the Max voltage relay setting as 105% and a relay time of 5 sec of rated voltage.
Adjust the Min voltage relay setting as 90% of rated voltage (i.e. 400 V L-L) and delay time
of 5 sec.
Set multi meter as ohmmeter and connect it to the normally close contact of Max:
voltage & Min: voltage relay output & check the contacts accordingly
The 5% rise in rated 400 V is actually 420V.The moment we across the limit the Maximum
voltage relay will operate. It will disconnect the circuit (i.e. disconnect load from generator)
Contacts positions will change accordingly. (N/O to N/C and N/C to N/O vice versa)
Now take the Generator to normal operated conditions. And see contacts status.
(i.e. 360V or less). After the set time delay, contact positions will change accordingly.
Take back the voltage to 400V rated; again the supply to load will be restored.
Lab 4:
1. What is the IEEE code for over and under frequency relays?
9. Connect the multi meter to normally close (N/C) contacts of Max / Min frequency relay
output and check the contacts accordingly.
10. In case the frequency increases to 53 Hz. The Max frequency relay will operate after
the set time delay.
12. Bring frequency back to 50 Hz; the max frequency relay operation will be back to its
normal state.
13. Bring frequency to 47 Hz. In this case minimum frequency relay will operate after the
set time delay (Signal by interruption in continuity of multi meter).
Lab 5:
1. What is the IEEE code for overcurrent or overload relay?
The IEEE code for overcurrent or overload relay is C37.2 50 & 51
2. Describe the applications of over load protection in power systems
Applications of overload or overcurrent protection include protecting any power system element
that is transmission lines, motors or generators. Electrical power systems are protected against
excessive currents, which are caused by short circuits, ground faults etc by using Overload
protection.
3. Describe settings of overload relay?
Adjust the over load threshold to above 1A with minimum time delay setting.
Adjust the load current to approximately about 0.6A, either by adjusting the three
generator output voltage or by changing the load resistance values. Over current
relay will not operate as the current is within overload threshold.
Lab 6:
1. What is the power Quality of Electrical Power System?
Power Quality is characterized by parameters that express harmonic pollution, reactive
power and load Unbalance
Ideally, the best electrical supply would be a constant magnitude and frequency
sinusoidal voltage waveform. However, because of the non-zero impedance of the
supply system, of the large variety of loads that may be encountered and of other
phenomena such as transients and outages, the reality is often different. The Power
Quality of a system expresses to which degree a practical supply system resembles the
ideal supply system. If the Power Quality of the network is good, then any loads
connected to it will run satisfactory and efficiently. Installation running costs and carbon
footprint will be minimal. If the Power Quality of the network is bad, then loads connected
to it will fail or will have a reduced lifetime, and the efficiency of the electrical installation
will reduce. Installation running costs and carbon footprint will be high and/or operation
may not be possible at all.
Maximum Individual
Maximum
THD (%)
5.0%, 2.5%, 1.5%
<11
11<h<17
17<h<23
23<h<35
35<h
TDD
<20
4.0
2.0
1.5
0.6
0.3
5.0
20 - 50
7.0
3.5
2.5
1.0
0.5
8.0
50 - 100
10.0
4.5
4.0
1.5
0.7
12.0
100 - 1000
12.0
5.5
5.0
2.0
1.0
15.0
>1000
15.0
7.0
6.0
2.5
1.4
20.0
Lab 7:
1. What is the main purpose of using alarm relay?
A simple alarm relay is used to give audible and visible alarms to draw attention to primary relay
operations. It comprises of an attracted armature element which carries two normally open selfreset contacts. A separate manually operated switch, Normally closed, can be latched open when
the relay is operated. It is in series with one self-reset contact in the circuit of the audible alarm
device, which is therefore sounded as the relay operates, but it can be cancelled by latching open
the normally closed switch. The other self-reset contact energizes a lamp and it keeps on until the
fault is removed.
Alarm relay is used to give indications about the primary relay operations (Short circuit,
Overheating, Overload etc). These relays give audible and visible alarms to draw attention to
primary relay operations.
Lab 8:
1.
The difference between the ideal value Vp/KT and actual value Vs is the voltage error or
ratio error in a potential transformer, it can be expressed as,
This error gives the percentage of voltage drop across primary and secondary winding
internal impedances.
Where
The percentage error in the magnitude of the secondary current is defined in terms of CURRENT
ERROR and is given as:
4.
Where,
Kn = Rated transformation ratio.
Is = Actual secondary current
Ip = Actual primary current.
Ratio error or current error is important for relaying purposes it becomes significant because
currents are high during short circuit conditions. In general the ratio error increases with the
increase in primary current.
The percentage error ratio is defined by
, Kn=2%
1.