Passive Design

BUILDING ENERGY EFFICIENCY
TECHNICAL GUIDELINE FOR
PASSIVE
DESIGN
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BUILDING ENERGY EFFICIENCY

TECHNICAL GUIDELINE FOR
PASSIVE
DESIGN
CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword
Preface
Messages from the Authors
3
4
6
CHAPTER 1
FUNDAMENTALS OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILDINGS
Introduction
A Holistic Approach
1st Law of Thermodynamics
Fundamentals of Air Properties
Dry Bulb Temperature (C)
Wet Bulb Temperature (C)
Dew Point Temperature (C)
Moisture Content in Air (kg/kg)
Relative Humidity (%)
Effective Sky Temperature (C)
Fundamentals of Heat
Sensible Heat
Latent Heat
Fundamentals of Heat Transfer
Fundamentals of Thermal Comfort
Operative Temperature
Fangers PMV-PPD Thermal Comfort Model
Adaptive Thermal Comfort Model
Summary
15
16
19
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
22
22
22
22
24
24
25
26
26
CHAPTER 2
MALAYSIAS WEATHER DATA
Introduction
Source of Weather Data
Location and Sun-Path
Dry Bulb Temperature
Design Potential
Design Risk
Wet Bulb Temperature
Design Potential
Design Risk
Humidity Ratio (Moisture Content)
Design Potential
Design Risk
29
29
30
32
32
32
33
33
33
34
34
34
CONTENTS
Dew Point Temperature

Design Potential
Design Risk
Relative Humidity
Design Potential
Design Risk
Horizontal Global Radiation
Diffuse Solar Radiation
Direct Solar Radiation
Comparison of Global, Direct & Diffuse Radiation
Design Potential
Design Risk
Cloud Cover (Oktas)
Design Potential
Design Risk
Effective Sky Temperature
Design Potential
Design Risk
Ground Temperature
Design Potential
Design Risk
Wind Speed
Design Potential
Design Risk
Wind Direction & Hours of Air Temperature below 29C
Design Potential
Design Risk
Summary
35
35
35
36
36
36
37
37
38
39
39
39
40
40
40
41
41
41
42
42
42
43
43
43
44
44
44
46
CHAPTER 3
BUILDING FORM, CORE LOCATION
& ORIENTATION
Objective
Key Recommendations
Location of AHU Room
Executive Summary
Introduction
Methodology
Test Cases
Test Results
Ranking Based on BEI (kWh/m2-year)
Ranking Based on Ratio of BEI/View Out
Detailed Layout of Each Case Scenario
Building Model
Weather Data
HVAC Details of Case 0
49
50
50
51
53
53
56
57
58
60
62
67
67
67
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 4
DAYLIGHT HARVESTING
Introduction
Daylight Availability
Daylight Factor
Acclimatisation of the Daylight Factor to Malaysia
Key Principles of Daylight Harvesting
Solar Heat Gain Minimisation
Glare Prevention
Deep Penetration of Daylight
Uniform Daylight Distribution
Electrical Light Response to Daylight Harvested
Interior Design
Design Tools
Technologies for Daylight Harvesting
Classic Daylight Harvesting for the Tropical Climate
External Light Shelves
Internal Light Shelves
Embedded Blinds in Double Glazing with External Light Shelves
Rules for Good Daylight Harvesting
Right-Sizing the Window Area on the Faade
Harvesting Daylight from the Faade
Harvesting Daylight from the Roof
Harvesting Daylight from Skylight
Summary
73
74
74
75
77
77
78
78
78
78
78
79
80
80
81
81
81
82
82
83
88
90
94
CHAPTER 5
GLAZING PROPERTIES
Introduction
Key Recommendations
The Solar Spectrum
Glazing Terminologies
Visible Light Transmission (VLT)
Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) or G-value
Light to Solar Gain Ratio (LSG)
U-value (W/m2K)
Glazing Technologies for Energy Efficiency
Single Glazing Low-E
Double Glazing Low-E
Glazing Properties & Energy Reduction
Reduction of Glazing Area
Reduction of Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)
Reduction of U-value in Glazing
The MS1525 OTTV
Replacement of SC with SHGC in OTTV
Using OTTV to Estimate Energy Reduction
Summary
97
98
99
100
100
100
100
100
101
101
101
102
102
103
105
105
107
107
108
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 6
EXTERNAL & INTERNAL SHADES
Introduction
Key Recommendations
Estimating SHGC Values
Estimating Energy Saved
External Shading Devices
Horizontal Shading Devices
Estimating the SHGC of Horizontal Shading Devices with Offset Distance
Vertical Shading Devices
Combined Horizontal and Vertical Shades
Estimating Energy Reduction
Internal Shading Devices
Reflective Internal Blinds
SHGC of Internal Shades
Important Considerations for Internal Shades
Summary
111
112
114
115
116
116
118
121
122
122
123
124
125
126
126
CHAPTER 7
WALL INSULATION
Introduction
Key Recommendations
Simulation Model
Wall Properties
Night Time Parasitic Load
Simulation Results
Summary
129
130
130
133
134
137
137
138
CHAPTER 8
ROOF INSULATION
Introduction
Key Recommendations
Concrete Flat Roof
Light Weight Pitch Roof with Plasterboard Ceiling
Light Weight Pitch Roof with Concrete Ceiling
Simulation Models
Concrete Flat Roof Model
Pitch Roof with Plasterboard Ceiling Model
Pitch Roof with Concrete Ceiling Model
Air-Conditioning System
Detailed Simulation Charts
Simulation Results
Summary
141
142
142
144
146
148
148
148
149
149
150
152
152
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 9
ATRIUM VENTILATION STRATEGIES
Introduction
Key Recommendations
Comfort
Natural Ventilation
Simulation Model
Air-Conditioned Atrium Strategies
Natural Ventilation Strategies
Summary
155
156
157
158
160
161
163
166
CHAPTER 10
ZONING & INFILTRATION CONTROL
Introduction
Key Recommendations
Modelling of Zoning Control
The Science of Zoning Control
Modelling of Infiltration
Infiltration Control
Infiltration Limits
Prescriptive Requirements for Doors Separating Non-Air-Conditioned
and Air-Conditioned Zones
Examples of Door and Window Seal Installation
Summary
169
170
172
173
175
178
178
178
179
182
CHAPTER 11
INTERIOR LAYOUT OF OFFICES
Introduction
Key Recommendations
Simulation Model
Simulation Results
Summary
185
186
186
188
190
191
Glossary of Terms
192
CHAPTER
FUNDAMENTALS
OF ENERGY
EFFICIENCY
IN BUILDINGS
CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Energy Efficiency in Buildings
FUNDAMENTALS OF
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
IN BUILDINGS
INTRODUCTION
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1ST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

A basic understanding of the 1st Law of
Thermodynamics is essential to understand
energy flow in buildings
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Only a fraction of the

electrical lighting energy
used ends up as heat in
the building
Only a fraction of the fan

motor energy used ends
up as heat in the building
All the electrical energy

used by a pump ends up
as heat in the pump room
MYTH A 100 watt light bulb

only produces 50 watts of heat
in the building
MYTH A 100 watt fan motor

with 70% efficiency only
produces 30 watts of heat in the
building
MYTH A 100 watt pump motor

with 60% efficiency produces
100 watts of heat in the pump
room
TRUTH A 100 watt light bulb

produces 100 watts of heat in
the building
TRUTH A 100 watt fan motor

of any efficiency produces 100
watts of heat in the building
TRUTH 40 watts will end up as

heat in the pump room
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1 OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE
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& WR SURYLGH FRPIRUWDEOH WKHUPDO FRQGLWLRQV 7KLV
PHDQV WKDW LI WKH $LU 7HPSHUDWXUH LV VHW WR & WKH
PD[LPXPDOORZDEOH0HDQ5DGLDQW7HPSHUDWXUHLV&
LQRUGHUWRREWDLQDQ2SHUDWLYH7HPSHUDWXUHRI&
7KLV DOVR PHDQV WKDW LI D URRPV 0HDQ 5DGLDQW
7HPSHUDWXUHLVPRUHWKDQ&WKH$LU7HPSHUDWXUHRI
WKHURRPQHHGVWREHORZHUWKDQ&WRSURYLGHFRPIRUW
WR WKH EXLOGLQJ RFFXSDQWV 7DEOH RQ WKH QH[W SDJH
VKRZVWKHYDULRXV$LU7HPSHUDWXUHVLQFRPELQDWLRQZLWK
WKH 0HDQ 5DGLDQW 7HPSHUDWXUHV WR SURYLGH WKH VDPH
FRPIRUWFRQGLWLRQ
,Q WKH 0DOD\VLDQ FOLPDWH LW LV SRVVLEOH WR SURYLGH

DGHTXDWHLQVXODWLRQWRH[WHUQDOZDOOVZLQGRZVRUURRIV
WRUHGXFHWKH0HDQ5DGLDQW7HPSHUDWXUHLQWKHEXLOGLQJ
WRPDWFKWKH$LU7HPSHUDWXUHRIWKHVSDFH+RZHYHULW
LV QRW SRVVLEOH WR UHGXFH LW EHORZ WKH $LU 7HPSHUDWXUH
XVLQJ LQVXODWLRQ DORQH $FWLYH FRROLQJ WHFKQRORJLHV DUH
UHTXLUHGWRUHGXFHWKH0HDQ5DGLDQW7HPSHUDWXUHEHORZ
WKH$LU7HPSHUDWXUH$FWLYHVXUIDFHFRROLQJWHFKQRORJLHV
DUH DOVR NQRZQ DV 5DGLDQW &RROLQJ 6\VWHPV LQFOXGLQJ
WHFKQRORJLHV VXFK DV FKLOOHG RRU VODEV FKLOOHG EHDPV
FKLOOHGFHLOLQJVHWF
TABLE 1.1 | AIR TEMPERATURE, MEAN RADIANT

TEMPERATURE AND OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE
$LU7HPSHUDWXUH
&
0HDQ5DGLDQW
7HPSHUDWXUH&
2SHUDWLYH7HPSHUDWXUH
&

7KH 2SHUDWLYH 7HPSHUDWXUH LV D EHWWHU LQGLFDWRU RI

WKHUPDO FRPIRUW WKDQ $LU 7HPSHUDWXUH DORQH EHFDXVH
ERWK WKH $LU 7HPSHUDWXUH DQG WKH 0HDQ 5DGLDQW
7HPSHUDWXUH KDYH DQ HTXDO LQXHQFH RQ WKH WKHUPDO
FRPIRUWRIDSHUVRQ
2 FANGERS PMV-PPD THERMAL COMFORT MODEL
7KHVL[SULPDU\IDFWRUVDUH
0HWDEROLF5DWH
&ORWKLQJ,QVXODWLRQ
$LU7HPSHUDWXUH
0HDQ5DGLDQW7HPSHUDWXUH
$LU6SHHG
5HODWLYH+XPLGLW\
$OOVL[RIWKHVHIDFWRUVPD\YDU\ZLWKWLPH+RZHYHUWKLV
VWDQGDUG RQO\ DGGUHVVHV WKHUPDO FRPIRUW LQ D VWHDG\
VWDWH $V D UHVXOW SHRSOH HQWHULQJ D VSDFH WKDW PHHW
WKHUHTXLUHPHQWVRIWKLVVWDQGDUGPD\QRWLPPHGLDWHO\
QGWKHFRQGLWLRQVFRPIRUWDEOHLIWKH\KDYHH[SHULHQFHG
GLIIHUHQWHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQGLWLRQVMXVWSULRUWRHQWHULQJ
WKH VSDFH 7KH HIIHFW RI SULRU H[SRVXUH RU DFWLYLW\ PD\
DIIHFWFRPIRUWSHUFHSWLRQVIRUDSSUR[LPDWHO\RQHKRXU
)DQJHUV 30933' FRPIRUW PRGHO SURYLGHV D VHW RI
HTXDWLRQVWRFRPSXWHWZRIDFWRUV
3UHGLFWHG0HDQ9RWH309
3UHGLFWHG3HUFHQWDJH'LVVDWLVHG33'
1 Predicted Mean Vote (PMV)

7KH 309 LQGH[ SUHGLFWV WKH PHDQ UHVSRQVH RI D ODUJHU
JURXS RI SHRSOH DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH $6+5$( WKHUPDO
VHQVDWLRQVFDOHRIWRZKHUHLVQHXWUDO

cold
cool

slightly
cool

slightly
ZDUP
QHXWUDO
+2
+3
ZDUP
hot
2 Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PPD)

7KH 33' SUHGLFWV WKH SHUFHQWDJH RI SHRSOH WKDW ZLOO EH
WKHUPDOO\ GLVVDWLVHG 7KH 33' FXUYH LV EDVHG RQ WKH
309DVSURYLGHGEHORZ
100
80
PPD
7KH )DQJHUV 30933' WKHUPDO FRPIRUW PRGHO VWDWHV

WKDW WKHUPDO FRPIRUW LV D EDODQFH RI KHDW WUDQVIHU
EHWZHHQ D SHUVRQ ZLWK KLVKHU VXUURXQGLQJV 7KLV
PRGHOKDVLGHQWLHGVL[SULPDU\IDFWRUVWKDWPXVWEH
DGGUHVVHGZKHQGHQLQJFRQGLWLRQVIRUWKHUPDOFRPIRUW
60
40
20
0
-3
-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0
0.5
1.5
2.5
PMV
7KH,62RQWKHUPDOFRPIRUWUHFRPPHQGVWKDWWKH
33'VKRXOGQRWEHKLJKHUWKDQZKLOH$6+5$(
UHFRPPHQGV WKDW WKH 33' VKRXOG QRW EH KLJKHU WKDQ
7KHUH DUH PDQ\ IUHH VRIWZDUHV DYDLODEOH RQ WKH
LQWHUQHWWRFDOFXODWHWKH309DQG33'
3 ADAPTIVE THERMAL COMFORT MODEL

:KLOH WKH )DQJHUV 30933' LV ZHOO DFFHSWHG IRU FRQGLWLRQHG VSDFHV PDQ\ SXEOLVKHG SDSHUV VXJJHVW RWKHU WKHUPDO
FRPIRUWPRGHOVVKRXOGEHXVHGIRUQDWXUDOO\YHQWLODWHGVSDFHV7KHDGDSWLYHWKHUPDOFRPIRUWPRGHOLQ$6+5$(ZDV
SURYLGHGWRDGGUHVVWKLV
7KHDGDSWLYHPRGHOVWDWHVWKDWSHRSOHLQJHQHUDODUHQDWXUDOO\DGDSWDEOH7KH\ZLOOPDNHYDULRXVDGMXVWPHQWVWRWKHPVHOYHV
DQGWKHLUVXUURXQGLQJVWRUHGXFHGLVFRPIRUWDQGSK\VLRORJLFDOVWUHVV7\SLFDODFWLRQVWDNHQLQDZDUPFOLPDWHOLNH0DOD\VLD
LQFOXGHVDOWHUDWLRQRIFORWKLQJQRMDFNHWGLHWFRQVXPLQJFROGGULQNVYHQWLODWLRQRSHQLQJFORVLQJZLQGRZVDQGDLU
PRYHPHQWVZLWFKLQJRQWKHIDQ,WZDVSUHVHQWHGWKDWGXHWRWKHVHDGDSWLYHDFWLRQVWDNHQSHRSOHZRXOGEHDEOHDGDSW
WRDFRPIRUWFRQGLWLRQWKDWLVFORVHWRWKHDYHUDJHDLUWHPSHUDWXUH
7KHWKHUPDODGDSWLYHPRGHOVXJJHVWVWKHIROORZLQJHTXDWLRQWRSUHGLFWWKHWKHUPDOFRPIRUWUHTXLUHPHQW
Toc = 18.9 + 0.255 Tout

Where:
7ocLVWKHRSHUDWLYHFRPIRUWWHPSHUDWXUH&
7outLVWKHRXWGRRUDYHUDJHGD\DQGQLJKWWHPSHUDWXUH&
7KHERXQGDU\WHPSHUDWXUHVIRUDWKHUPDODFFHSWDELOLW\DUHDSSUR[LPDWHO\7oc &DQG7out &
)RUWKH0DOD\VLDQFOLPDWHZKHUHWKHDQQXDODYHUDJHWHPSHUDWXUHLV&UHIHUWR&KDSWHU7oc &
$WWKHUPDODFFHSWDELOLW\WKHXSSHUOLPLWRI7oc && &
CHART 1.2 | ADAPTIVE THERMAL COMFORT
90% Upper Limit
Toc
90% Lower Limit
31
7KLV FRPIRUW PRGHO LV UHFRPPHQGHG IRU

QDWXUDO DQG K\EULG YHQWLODWHG VSDFHV DQG
VWDWHVWKDWIRUWKH0DOD\VLDQFOLPDWHLWLV
UHFRPPHQGHG WR PDLQWDLQ WKH 2SHUDWLYH
7HPSHUDWXUH EHORZ & IRU D
DFFHSWDQFH
Operative Temperature (C)
29
27
25
90%Thermal
Acceptability
23
21
19
17
15
10
15
20
25
30
Average Air Temperature (C)
35

'HXEOH03DQGGH'HDU5-0L[HGPRGHEXLOGLQJV$
GRXEOHVWDQGDUGLQRFFXSDQWVFRPIRUWH[SHFWDWLRQV%XLOGLQJDQG
(QYLURQPHQW9ROXPH,VVXH3DJHV

'HQLV-%RXUJHRLV'HWDLOHGRFFXSDQF\SUHGLFWLRQRFFXSDQF\
VHQVLQJFRQWURODQGDGYDQFHGEHKDYLRXUDOPRGHOOLQJZLWKLQZKROH
EXLOGLQJHQHUJ\VLPXODWLRQ&KDSWHU7KHUPDODGDSWDWLRQDSSO\LQJ
WKHWKHRU\WRK\EULGHQYLURQPHQWV
SUMMARY
,Q D FRQGLWLRQHG VSDFH LW LV UHFRPPHQGHG WR XVH )DQJHUV 30933' WKHUPDO FRPIRUW PRGHO WR SUHGLFW WKH FRPIRUW
FRQGLWLRQ $OWHUQDWLYHO\ WKH GHVLJQ RSHUDWLYH WHPSHUDWXUH RI QRW PRUH WKDQ & LV VXJJHVWHG DV WKH VLPSOHVW GHVLJQ
LQGLFDWRU RI WKHUPDO FRPIRUW LQ FRQGLWLRQHG VSDFHV LQ WKLV FOLPDWH ]RQH +RZHYHU IRU D QDWXUDOO\ YHQWLODWHG VSDFH WKH
$GDSWLYH7KHUPDO&RPIRUWPRGHOLVUHFRPPHQGHGWREHXVHGLQVWHDGRI)DQJHUV30933'PRGHO,QWKLVFOLPDWH]RQHWKH
$GDSWLYH7KHUPDO&RPIRUWPRGHOVWDWHVWKDWZHVKRXOGPDLQWDLQRSHUDWLYHWHPSHUDWXUHEHORZ&IRUDDFFHSWDQFH
RIWKHFRPIRUWOHYHOSURYLGHG
END OF CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER
MALAYSIAS
WEATHER DATA
CHAPTER 2 Malaysias Weather Data
2 MALAYSIAS
WEATHER DATA
INTRODUCTION
A clear understanding of Malaysias weather data enables designers to design
buildings that benefit from the climate conditions
7KHGDLO\FOLPDWHLQ0DOD\VLDLVIDLUO\FRQVLVWHQWWKURXJKRXWWKHHQWLUH\HDUWKHUHIRUHLWLVXVHIXOWRKDYHDQRYHUYLHZRI
DQDYHUDJHGD\VSDWWHUQVDQGWKHPD[LPXPDQGPLQLPXPKRXUO\ZHDWKHUYDOXHVIRUDIXOO\HDU7KLVFKDSWHUSURYLGHV
LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ GU\ EXOE WHPSHUDWXUH ZHW EXOE WHPSHUDWXUH UHODWLYH KXPLGLW\ KXPLGLW\ UDWLR PRLVWXUH FRQWHQW GHZ
SRLQWWHPSHUDWXUHJOREDOUDGLDWLRQGLUHFWUDGLDWLRQGLIIXVHUDGLDWLRQFORXGFRYHUZLQGVSHHG GLUHFWLRQHIIHFWLYHVN\
WHPSHUDWXUHDQGJURXQGWHPSHUDWXUH&KDUWVDUHSURYLGHGWRPDNHLWHDVLHUWRXQGHUVWDQGWKHGDWDDQGDWDEOHRIUDZFURVV
WDEXODWLRQGDWDPDGHXVLQJWKHSLYRWWDEOHIXQFWLRQLQ([FHOLVDOVRSURYLGHGIRUXVHUVZKRZLVKWRPDNHXVHRIWKLVGDWDIRU
PRUHLQGHSWKDQDO\VLVRQWKHLURZQ
SOURCE OF WEATHER DATA

7KH KRXUO\ ZHDWKHU GDWD RI .XDOD /XPSXU XVHG LQ WKLV
FKDSWHU ZDV EDVHG RQ D 7HVW 5HIHUHQFH <HDU 75<
ZHDWKHUGDWDGHYHORSHGLQ8QLYHUVLW\7HNQRORJL0DOD\VLD
8L70 XQGHU WKH '$1&(' 'DQLVK ,QWHUQDWLRQDO
$VVLVWDQWSURMHFWIRU(QHUJ\6LPXODWLRQVIRU%XLOGLQJVLQ
0DOD\VLD7KH75<LVEDVHGRQ\HDUVWRRI
ZHDWKHUGDWDIURPWKH0DOD\VLDQ0HWHRURORJLFDO6WDWLRQ
LQ 6XEDQJ .ODQJ 9DOOH\ 6HODQJRU 7KH KRXUO\ ZHDWKHU
GDWDWKDWZDVREWDLQHGIURPWKLVVWDWLRQLVDVVKRZQLQ
7DEOHEHORZ
TABLE 2.1 | WEATHER DATA COLLECTED IN SUBANG
6XEDQJ0HWHRURORJLFDO6WDWLRQ
.ODQJ9DOOH\6HODQJRU0DOD\VLD
/RQJLWXGH101deg 33
/DWLWXGH3deg 7
Parameters (hourly2)
Units
&ORXG&RYHU
>RNWDV@
'U\%XOE7HPSHUDWXUH
>&@
:HW%XOE7HPSHUDWXUH
>&@
5HODWLYH+XPLGLW\
*OREDO6RODU5DGLDWLRQ
>@
$7HVW5HIHUHQFH<HDU75<FRQVLVWVRIZHDWKHUGDWDIRU

DJLYHQORFDWLRQ,QRUGHUIRUWKH75<WREHUHSUHVHQWDWLYH
RIWKHFOLPDWHLWZDVFRQVWUXFWHGRQWKHEDVLVRIDWOHDVW
\HDUVRIZHDWKHUGDWD7KH75<LVPDGHXSIURPDFWXDO
PRQWKO\ GDWD QRW DYHUDJH YDOXHV WKDW DUH SLFNHG DIWHU
KDYLQJEHHQVXEMHFWHGWRGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIDQDO\VLV
,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWDW\SLFDOHQHUJ\VLPXODWLRQSURJUDP
UHTXLUHVWZRH[WUDGDWDYDOXHVWKDWZHUHQRWFROOHFWHGE\
WKH 0DOD\VLDQ 0HWHRURORJLFDO 6HUYLFH QDPHO\ WKH GLUHFW
DQG GLIIXVH UDGLDWLRQ 7KH PLVVLQJ UDGLDWLRQ GDWD ZDV
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KRUL]RQWDOJOREDOVRODUUDGLDWLRQ
$OWKRXJK QRW SHUIHFW WKH 75< LV FXUUHQWO\ WKH RQO\
NQRZQVHWRIZHDWKHUGDWDIRUHQHUJ\VLPXODWLRQWKDWZDV
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XVHG LQ PDQ\ HQHUJ\ VLPXODWLRQV RI YDULRXV EXLOGLQJV LQ
0DOD\VLDZLWKVDWLVIDFWRU\UHVXOWV7KLVZHDWKHUGDWDZDV
DOVR XVHG IRU WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH FRQVWDQWV LQ WKH
2YHUDOO 7KHUPDO 7UDQVPLVVLRQ 9DOXH 2779 HTXDWLRQ
IRXQGLQWKH0DOD\VLD6WDQGDUG06(QHUJ\
(IFLHQF\LQ1RQ5HVLGHQWLDO%XLOGLQJV
> 0-P@
6XQVKLQH+RXUV
>KRXUV@
Wind Direction
>GHJ@
Wind Speed
>PV@

5HLPDQQ*(QHUJ\6LPXODWLRQVIRU%XLOGLQJVLQ0DOD\VLD7HVW5HIHUHQFH<HDU

7KHYDOXHVDUHLQWHJUDWHGRYHUDSHULRGRIRQHKRXUEXWWKHH[DFWWLPHLQWHUYDOKDVQRWEHHQ
VSHFLHG
LOCATION AND SUN-PATH

7KHJOREDOSRVLWLRQDQGVRODUQRRQRIVL[FLWLHVLQ0DOD\VLDLVSURYLGHGLQ7DEOHEHORZ
TABLE 2.2 | GLOBAL POSITIONING AND SOLAR NOON OF 6 CITIES IN MALAYSIA
Locations
Latitude (N)
Longitude (E)
.XDOD/XPSXU6XEDQJ

Solar Noon

3HQDQJ

-RKRU%KDUX

.RWD%KDUX

.XFKLQJ

.RWD.LQDEDOX

7KHVXQSDWKGLDJUDPIRUWKHORFDWLRQVDERYHLVSUHVHQWHGLQWKLVVHFWLRQDQGVKRZVWKDWWKH
VXQSRVLWLRQLVDOPRVWWKHVDPHIRUDOOVL[ORFDWLRQVH[FHSWIRUWKHWLPHRIWKH6RODU1RRQ
7KH6RODU1RRQZKHQWKHVXQLVDWLWVKLJKHVWSRLQWLVLQ.XDOD/XPSXUZKLOHLQ.RWD
.LQDEDOXLWLVDERXWDQKRXUHDUOLHUDW
7KHVXQSDWKLVJHQHUDOO\IURPHDVWZHVWZLWKWKHVXQDSSUR[LPDWHO\WRWKHQRUWKGXULQJ
VXPPHUVROVWLFHDQGWRWKHVRXWKGXULQJZLQWHUVROVWLFHIRUDOOORFDWLRQVLQ0DOD\VLD
7KHVXQSDWKGLDJUDPLVDXVHIXOWRROWRKHOSLQWKHGHVLJQRIH[WHUQDOVKDGLQJGHYLFHV7KH
VXQSDWKGLDJUDPLVXVHGWRHVWLPDWHWKHVXQVDQJOHDWYDULRXVWLPHVRIWKHGD\DQG\HDU
DOORZLQJDUFKLWHFWVDQGHQJLQHHUVWRGHVLJQVKDGLQJGHYLFHVWREORFNRUDOORZGLUHFWVXQOLJKW
LQWRWKHEXLOGLQJDWDQ\WLPHRIWKHGD\
CHART 2.1.1 | LARGE SUN-PATH OF KUALA LUMPUR
CHART 2.1.2 | SUN-PATH OF KUALA LUMPUR
CHART 2.1.3 | SUN-PATH OF PENANG
CHART 2.1.4 | SUN-PATH OF JOHOR BHARU
CHART 2.1.5 | SUN-PATH OF KOTA BHARU
CHART 2.1.6 | SUN-PATH OF KUCHING
CHART 2.1.7 | SUN-PATH OF KOTA KINABALU
DRY BULB TEMPERATURE
7KH DYHUDJH ORZ GU\ EXOE WHPSHUDWXUH LV

&DWDPLQWKHPRUQLQJZKLOHWKHORZHVW
GU\EXOEWHPSHUDWXUHRIWKH75<LV&DW
DPLQWKHPRUQLQJ
DESIGN POTENTIAL
7KHXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHGU\EXOEWHPSHUDWXUH
DOORZV D FOHDU DSSUHFLDWLRQ RI ZKHQ QDWXUDO
YHQWLODWLRQ ZLOO ZRUN DQG ZKHQ LW LV QRW OLNHO\
WRZRUN,QDGGLWLRQGDWDFHQWUHGHVLJQHUVFDQ
DOVR PDNH XVH RI WKLV NQRZOHGJH WR SURYLGH
QDWXUDO YHQWLODWLRQ WR WKH FRPSXWHU VHUYHUV
ZKHQHYHU SRVVLEOH WR VDYH D VLJQLFDQW
DPRXQWRIDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJHQHUJ\
DESIGN RISK
7KH75<LV\HDUVRIZHDWKHUGDWDLQ6XEDQJ
$LUSRUWIURP\HDUWR'XULQJWKHVH
\HDUV WKH 6XEDQJ $LUSRUW ORFDWLRQ ZDV IDLUO\
ZHOO VXUURXQGHG E\ JUHHQHU\ 7KH SHDN GU\
EXOE WHPSHUDWXUH LQ FLWLHV LV H[SHFWHG WR EH
KLJKHUGXHWRWKHXUEDQKHDWLVODQGHIIHFW
Minimum
Maximum
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
RAW DATA | DRY BULB TEMPERATURE

+RXUV
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
$0
$YHUDJH

0LQLPXP

0D[LPXP

6WG'HY

12:00:00 AM
9:00:00 PM
6:00:00 PM
3:00:00 PM
12:00:00 PM
9:00:00 AM
6:00:00 AM
20
3:00:00 AM
7KHDYHUDJHSHDNGU\EXOEWHPSHUDWXUHLVMXVW
EHORZ & EHWZHHQ SP WR SP ZKLOH WKH
PD[LPXPGU\EXOEWHPSHUDWXUHRIWKH75<LV
&DWSP
Average
36
12:00:00 AM
7KHDYHUDJHGU\EXOEWHPSHUDWXUHRIWKHZKROH
\HDULQFOXGLQJGD\DQGQLJKWLV&
CHART 2.2 | DRY BULB TEMPERATURE
Degree Celcius
7KH GDLO\ DYHUDJH PD[LPXP DQG PLQLPXP

GU\EXOEWHPSHUDWXUHLVVKRZQLQWKHFKDUWLQ
WKLV VHFWLRQ 7KH VWDQGDUG GHYLDWLRQ LV PRUH
WKDQ & IURP SP WR SP LQGLFDWLQJ WKDW
WKH DIWHUQRRQ KRXUV KDYH D KLJKHU FKDQJH RI
WHPSHUDWXUHIURPGD\WRGD\ZKLOHLQWKHKRXUV
RI PLGQLJKW WR DP WKH VWDQGDUG GHYLDWLRQ
RI WKH GU\ EXOE WHPSHUDWXUH LV OHVV WKDQ &
LQGLFDWLQJ D IDLUO\ FRQVLVWHQW DQG SUHGLFWDEOH
GU\ EXOE WHPSHUDWXUH IURP PLGQLJKW WR WKH
HDUO\PRUQLQJKRXUV
WET BULB TEMPERATURE
7KH ZHW EXOE WHPSHUDWXUH LV DOVR D YHU\

LPSRUWDQW IDFWRU IRU VL]LQJ DQG SUHGLFWLQJ
WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI D FRROLQJ WRZHU 7KH
ORZHU WKH ZHW EXOE WHPSHUDWXUH WKH EHWWHU
WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH FRROLQJ WRZHU
$6+5$(UHFRPPHQGVGHVLJQLQJDQDSSURDFK
WHPSHUDWXUHRIWKHFRROLQJWRZHUWREH&
KLJKHU WKDQ WKH ZHW EXOE WHPSHUDWXUH 7KH
ORZHU WKH FRQGHQVHU ZDWHU WHPSHUDWXUH DV LW
H[LWVIURPWKHFRROLQJWRZHUWKHPRUHHIFLHQW
LW LV IRU WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH FKLOOHU %DVHG
RQ WKH 75< GDWD LW ZLOO EH EHVW WR UXQ WKH
FKLOOHUHDUO\LQWKHPRUQLQJZKHQWKHZHWEXOE
WHPSHUDWXUHLVWKHORZHVWWRJDLQWKHPD[LPXP
HIFLHQF\IURPWKHFKLOOHU8QIRUWXQDWHO\PRVW
EXLOGLQJVDUHRQO\RFFXSLHGIURPDPRQZDUGV
DQG WKH XVH RI WKHUPDO VWRUDJH VROXWLRQV ZLOO
QRUPDOO\ LQWURGXFH IXUWKHU LQHIFLHQFLHV WKDW
PD\ QHJDWH DQ\ HIFLHQF\ JDLQHG E\ UXQQLQJ
WKHFKLOOHUV\VWHPLQWKHHDUO\PRUQLQJKRXUV
Average
Minimum
Maximum
30
28
26
24
22
20
12:00:00 AM
9:00:00 PM
6:00:00 PM
3:00:00 PM
12:00:00 PM
9:00:00 AM
6:00:00 AM
18
3:00:00 AM
DESIGN POTENTIAL
7KHZHWEXOEWHPSHUDWXUHLVDJRRGLQGLFDWRU
RI WKH SRWHQWLDO RI D GLUHFW HYDSRUDWLYH
FRROLQJ VWUDWHJ\ ,I WKH GLUHFW HYDSRUDWLYH
FRROLQJ V\VWHP LV HIFLHQW WKH ORZHVW
DLU WHPSHUDWXUH WKDW FDQ EH DFKLHYHG E\
WKH HYDSRUDWLYH FRROLQJ V\VWHP LV WKH ZHW
EXOE WHPSHUDWXUH 7KH HIFLHQF\ RI GLUHFW
HYDSRUDWLYH FRROLQJ GHYLFHV GHSHQGV RQ WKH
V\VWHP ZDWHU GURSOHW VL]H ZHWWHG VXUIDFH
DUHD DQG DLU VSHHG DQG DQ HIFLHQF\ RI XS
WR 'XULQJ WKH GD\WLPH WKH GU\ EXOE
WHPSHUDWXUH LV VLJQLFDQWO\ KLJKHU WKDQ WKH
ZHW EXOE WHPSHUDWXUH WKHUHIRUH HYDSRUDWLYH
FRROLQJ ZLOO ZRUN ZHOO +RZHYHU GXULQJ WKH
QLJKW WLPH WKH GU\ EXOE WHPSHUDWXUH LV YHU\
FORVH WR WKH ZHW EXOE WHPSHUDWXUH WKHUHIRUH
WKH HIIHFWLYHQHVV RI HYDSRUDWLYH FRROLQJ LV
UHGXFHG VLJQLFDQWO\ LH WKH UHGXFWLRQ RI
DLU WHPSHUDWXUH LV YHU\ VPDOO ZLWK WKH XVH RI
HYDSRUDWLYHFRROLQJHYHQDWHIFLHQF\
CHART 2.3 | WET BULB TEMPERATURE
12:00:00 AM
7KHDYHUDJHORZRIWKHZHWEXOEWHPSHUDWXUH
LV & DW DP DQG WKH ORZHVW ZHW EXOE
WHPSHUDWXUHLQWKH75<LV&DWDPLQWKH
PRUQLQJ
DESIGN RISK
7KHZHWEXOEWHPSHUDWXUHLVQRWPXFKDIIHFWHG
E\ WKH XUEDQ KHDW LVODQG HIIHFW 7KHUHIRUH WKH
ZHW EXOE WHPSHUDWXUH SURYLGHG E\ WKH 75< LV
UHOLDEOHWREHXVHG
Degree Celcius
7KHZHWEXOEWHPSHUDWXUHLVIDLUO\FRQVLVWHQW
EHWZHHQ GD\ DQG QLJKW DQG WKURXJKRXW
WKH \HDU 7KH DYHUDJH SHDN RI WKH ZHW EXOE
WHPSHUDWXUH LV & DW SP ZKLOH WKH
PD[LPXPZHWEXOEWHPSHUDWXUHLQWKH75<LV
&DWSP
RAW DATA | WET BULB TEMPERATURE

+RXUV
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
$0
$YHUDJH

0LQLPXP

0D[LPXP

6WG'HY

KWWSZZZZHVFRUKYDFFRP(YDSRUDWLYHFRROLQJZKLWHSDSHUKWP
HUMIDITY RATIO (MOISTURE CONTENT)

Average
Minimum
Maximum
24
22
20
18
16
14
12:00:00 AM
9:00:00 PM
6:00:00 PM
3:00:00 PM
12:00:00 PM
9:00:00 AM
3:00:00 AM
6:00:00 AM
12
12:00:00 AM
DESIGN POTENTIAL
7KH KXPLGLW\ UDWLR JLYHV XV LQIRUPDWLRQ
DERXW KRZ PXFK ZDWHU LV LQ RQH NLORJUDP
RI DLU WKHUHIRUH LW JLYHV D SRWHQWLDO ZDWHU
TXDQWLW\WKDWFDQEHVTXHH]HGRXWIURPWKH
DLU 7KH IROORZLQJ NQRZQ PHWKRGRORJLHV IRU
VTXHH]LQJZDWHURXWIURPWKHDLUDUH
CHART 2.4 | MOISTURE CONTENT
g/kg
7KH KXPLGLW\ UDWLR RU PRLVWXUH FRQWHQW RI

WKH 75< ZHDWKHU GDWD LV IDLUO\ FRQVLVWHQW
WKURXJKRXW WKH \HDU 7KH DYHUDJH PRLVWXUH
FRQWHQW LQ WKH 75< LV JNJ DQG LV
FRQVLVWHQWGD\RUQLJKW'D\WRGD\XFWXDWLRQ
LVKLJKHVWDWSPLQWKHDIWHUQRRQZLWKDSHDN
VWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQRIJNJ
t &ROGVXUIDFHVWKDWDUHEHORZWKHGHZ
SRLQWWHPSHUDWXUH
t 'HVLFFDQWPDWHULDOWKDWDEVRUEV
$ FOHDU XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WKH KXPLGLW\ UDWLR
PRLVWXUH FRQWHQW SURYLGHV D YHU\ XVHIXO
PHWKRGIRUHQJLQHHUVWRHVWLPDWHWKHDPRXQW
RI ODWHQWORDGDQGFRQGHQVDWLRQUDWHWKDWWKH
V\VWHPQHHGVWREHGHVLJQHGIRU)RUH[DPSOH
WKHKXPLGLW\UDWLRSURYLGHVDQLQGLFDWLRQRIWKH
DPRXQW RI ZDWHU WKDW QHHGV WR EH H[WUDFWHG
IURPWKHRXWGRRUDLUWRVXSSO\DLUFRQGLWLRQHG
DLU DW & DQG UHODWLYH KXPLGLW\
DSSUR[LPDWHO\ JNJ DW WKH FRROLQJ FRLO
RIIFRLO FRQGLWLRQ $V WKH DYHUDJH PRLVWXUH
FRQWHQWRIRXWGRRUDLULQ0DOD\VLDLVJNJ
DQ DYHUDJH H[WUDFWLRQ RI JUDPV RI ZDWHU
IURPHDFKNLORJUDPRIRXWGRRUDLULVUHTXLUHG
WR SURYLGH D VXSSO\ RI DLUFRQGLWLRQHG DLU DW
& DQG UHODWLYH KXPLGLW\ 7KLV YDOXH
SURYLGHVDQDSSUR[LPDWLRQRIWKHFRQGHQVDWLRQ
UDWH RI D W\SLFDO FRROLQJ FRLO LQ 0DOD\VLDQ DLU
KDQGOLQJXQLWVGXHWRWKHLQWDNHRIIUHVKDLU
DESIGN RISK
:DWHUIHDWXUHVDQGJUHHQHU\ZRXOGLQFUHDVH
WKH PRLVWXUH FRQWHQW LQ WKH DLU 'XULQJ
WKH SKRWRV\QWKHVLV SURFHVV JUHHQHU\
H[SHOV PRLVWXUH IURP WKH OHDYHV WR SURYLGH
HYDSRUDWLYH FRROLQJ WR WKH HQYLURQPHQW
7KHUHIRUH LW LV QRW QHFHVVDULO\ WUXH WKDW
SODFLQJDIUHVKDLULQWDNHGXFWQHDUWRJUHHQHU\
WRWDNHLQFRROHUDLUZLOO\LHOGORZHUHQHUJ\
XVH EHFDXVH LW PD\ KDYH D KLJKHU PRLVWXUH
FRQWHQWLQLW
36.2%
35%
% of Hours in a Year
PRLVWXUHIURPWKHDLU
40%
30%
25.4%
25%
20.0%
20%
15%
9.1%
10%
5.0%
5%
0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.2%
0.8%
<12
12 - 13
13 - 14
14 - 15
2.6%
15 - 16
16 - 17
17 - 18
18 - 19
19 - 20
20 - 21
0.7%
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%
21 - 22
22 - 23
23 - 24
>24
Moisture Content (g/kg)
RAW DATA | MOISTURE CONTENT

+RXUV
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
$0
$YHUDJH

0LQLPXP

0D[LPXP

6WG'HY

DEW POINT TEMPERATURE

CHART 2.5 | DEW POINT TEMPERATURE
Average
DESIGN RISK
,I WKHUH DUH ZDWHU IHDWXUHV JUHHQHU\ DQG
FRRNLQJGRQHHYDSRUDWLRQRIZDWHUZLWKLQ
WKH VSDFH WKH PRLVWXUH FRQWHQW LQ WKH DLU
PD\ LQFUHDVH DQG FDXVH WKH GHZ SRLQW
WHPSHUDWXUH WR LQFUHDVH DV ZHOO 7KHUHIRUH
FRQGHQVDWLRQPD\RFFXUDWDKLJKHUVXUIDFH
WHPSHUDWXUH GXH WR WKHVH PLFURFOLPDWLF
FRQGLWLRQV
Maximum
27
25
23
21
19
45%
12:00:00 AM
9:00:00 PM
6:00:00 PM
3:00:00 PM
12:00:00 PM
9:00:00 AM
6:00:00 AM
12:00:00 AM
3:00:00 AM
17
)RU PRUH WKDQ RI WKH KRXUV WKH GHZ

SRLQW WHPSHUDWXUH LV EHORZ & DQG IRU
PRUH WKDQ RI WKH KRXUV WKH GHZ SRLQW
WHPSHUDWXUHLVEHORZ&
41.0%
40%
35%
% of Hours in a Year
DESIGN POTENTIAL
7KH GHZ SRLQW WHPSHUDWXUH SURYLGHV DQ
LQGLFDWLRQ ZKHQ FRQGHQVDWLRQ ZLOO RFFXU
$V ORQJ DV WKH VXUIDFH WHPSHUDWXUH LV NHSW
DERYH WKH GHZ SRLQW WHPSHUDWXUH WKHUH
ZLOO EH QR FRQGHQVDWLRQ )RU H[DPSOH LI D
VXUIDFH WHPSHUDWXUH H[SRVHG WR RXWGRRU DLU
LVNHSWDERYH&WKHULVNRIFRQGHQVDWLRQ
LV OHVV WKDQ DQG DERYH & WKH ULVN RI
FRQGHQVDWLRQLVOHVVWKDQ7KLVSURYLGHV
D SRVVLELOLW\WRSURYLGHUDGLDQWFRROLQJWRDQ
RXWGRRU DUHD HJ DOIUHVFR GLQQLQJ HWF
ZKHUH WKH VXUIDFH WHPSHUDWXUH FDQ EH NHSW
DERYH WKH GHZ SRLQW WHPSHUDWXUH WR DYRLG
FRQGHQVDWLRQ ZKLOH PLQLPLVLQJ HQHUJ\
FRQVXPSWLRQWRFRRORFFXSDQWVLQDQRXWGRRU
VSDFH
Minimum
29
Degree Celcius
7KH GHZ SRLQW WHPSHUDWXUH LV GLUHFWO\

OLQNHG WR WKH PRLVWXUH FRQWHQW LQ WKH DLU
+RZHYHU WKH GHZ SRLQW WHPSHUDWXUH KDV
WKH DGYDQWDJH RI SURYLGLQJ XV LQIRUPDWLRQ
RQWKHFRQGHQVDWLRQULVNGXHWRH[SRVXUHWR
RXWGRRU DLU $Q\ VXUIDFH WHPSHUDWXUH WKDW LV
EHORZ WKH GHZ SRLQW WHPSHUDWXUH ZLOO KDYH
FRQGHQVDWLRQ RQ LW 7KH DYHUDJH GHZ SRLQW
WHPSHUDWXUH LQ WKH 75< LV & DQG LV
IDLUO\FRQVLVWHQWGD\RUQLJKWDQGWKURXJKRXW
WKH\HDU7KHSHDNVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQRIWKH
GHZSRLQWWHPSHUDWXUHLV&DWSPLQWKH
DIWHUQRRQ
30%
25%
22.7%
22.5%
20%
15%
10%
7.0%
4.0%
5%
0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.1%
0.5%
<17
17 - 18
18 - 19
19 - 20
1.9%
20 - 21
21 - 22
22 - 23
23 - 24
24 -25
25 - 26
0.3%
0.0%
0.0%
26 - 27
27 - 28
>28
Dew Point Temperature (degree Celcious)
RAW DATA | DEW POINT TEMPERATURE

+RXUV
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
$0
$YHUDJH

0LQLPXP

0D[LPXP

6WG'HY

RELATIVE HUMIDITY
CHART 2.6 | RELATIVE HUMIDITY
Average
Minimum
Maximum
105%
100%
95%
90%
85%
Percentage (%)
5HODWLYHKXPLGLW\LVDPHDVXUHRIWKHDPRXQW
RI ZDWHU PRLVWXUH LQ WKH DLU DV FRPSDUHG
WRWKHPD[LPXPDPRXQWRIZDWHUWKHDLUFDQ
DEVRUE H[SUHVVHG LQ SHUFHQWDJH ,W LV QRW D
GLUHFWLQGLFDWRURIKRZPXFKZDWHULVLQWKHDLU
DV SURYLGHG E\ WKH KXPLGLW\ UDWLR PRLVWXUH
FRQWHQW RU GHZ SRLQW WHPSHUDWXUH 7KH GU\
EXOE WHPSHUDWXUH GHWHUPLQHV WKH PD[LPXP
PRLVWXUHWKHDLUFDQDEVRUEWKHUHIRUHUHODWLYH
KXPLGLW\LVGLUHFWO\OLQNHGWRERWKWKHKXPLGLW\
UDWLR PRLVWXUH FRQWHQW DV ZHOO DV WKH GU\
EXOEWHPSHUDWXUHH[SUHVVHGLQSHUFHQWDJHRI
PRLVWXUHLQWKHDLU
80%
75%
70%
65%
60%
55%
50%
45%
40%
DESIGN POTENTIAL
$ ORZ UHODWLYH KXPLGLW\ LV DQ LQGLFDWLRQ RI
KRZ ZHOO HYDSRUDWLYH FRROLQJ ZLOO ZRUN 7KH
ORZHUWKHUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\WKHHDVLHULWLVIRU
ZDWHUWRHYDSRUDWHWRUHGXFHWKHGU\EXOEDLU
WHPSHUDWXUH$WDYHU\KLJKUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\
OHYHORIRUPRUHRQO\DYHU\VPDOODPRXQW
RIZDWHUZLOOEHDEOHWRHYDSRUDWH
DESIGN RISK
5HODWLYH KXPLGLW\ LV D IDFWRU RI ERWK WKH GU\
EXOE WHPSHUDWXUH DQG PRLVWXUH FRQWHQW ,W LV
QRWSRVVLEOHWRFRPSXWHHQHUJ\FKDQJHVZKHQ
SURYLGHG ZLWK WKH UHODWLYH KXPLGLW\ DORQH
)RUH[DPSOHKRZPXFKHQHUJ\ZLOOLWWDNHWR
UHGXFHWKHUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\RIWR"
,WZRXOGQRWEHSRVVLEOHWRJLYHDQDQVZHUWR
VXFKDTXHVWLRQ+RZHYHULWZLOOEHSRVVLEOHWR
FRPSXWHWKHHQHUJ\FKDQJHLIWKHTXHVWLRQLV
UHSKUDVHGLQWRKRZPXFKHQHUJ\ZLOOLWWDNHWR
UHGXFHWKHUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\RIDW&
WRDUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\RIDW&5HODWLYH
KXPLGLW\LVXVHIXODVDQLQGLFDWRURIPRLVWXUH
LQWKHDLURQO\ZKHQSURYLGHGZLWKWKHGU\EXOE
WHPSHUDWXUH
RAW DATA | RELATIVE HUMIDITY

+RXUV
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
$0
$YHUDJH

0LQLPXP

0D[LPXP

98

97

99
97
97
97
98
99
98
98
99
98
99

6WG'HY

12:00:00 AM
9:00:00 PM
6:00:00 PM
3:00:00 PM
12:00:00 PM
9:00:00 AM
6:00:00 AM
3:00:00 AM
12:00:00 AM
35%
$V WKH PRLVWXUH FRQWHQW LQ WKH DLU LV IDLUO\

FRQVWDQW GD\ RU QLJKW WKH FKDQJH RI UHODWLYH
KXPLGLW\ LV VWURQJO\ UHODWHG WR WKH GU\ EXOE
WHPSHUDWXUH RI WKH DLU 'XULQJ WKH QLJKW WLPH
DQG HDUO\ PRUQLQJ KRXUV ZKHQ WKH GU\ EXOE
WHPSHUDWXUH LV ORZ WKH UHODWLYH KXPLGLW\ LV
YHU\ KLJK EHWZHHQ WR UHODWLYH
KXPLGLW\+RZHYHUGXULQJWKHGD\WLPHKRXUV
ZKHQ WKH GU\ EXOE WHPSHUDWXUH LV KLJK WKH
UHODWLYHKXPLGLW\KDVDQDYHUDJHORZRI
HORIZONTAL GLOBAL RADIATION

7KHDYHUDJHJOREDOUDGLDWLRQLVDOPRVWDSHUIHFWV\PPHWU\EHWZHHQWKHPRUQLQJKRXUVDQGDIWHUQRRQKRXUVZLWKLWVSHDN
FORVHWRWKHVRODUQRRQ7KHDYHUDJHSHDNLV:PDWSPZKLOHWKHDEVROXWHSHDNLQWKH75<LV:PDWSP
ZHVWHUQVXQ7KHDEVROXWHSHDNRIVRODUUDGLDWLRQLVDOPRVWGRXEOHWKHDYHUDJHSHDN7KLVLQGLFDWHVWKDWWKHUHDUHGD\V
ZKHUHWKHFORXGFRYHULVORZDOORZLQJGLUHFWVRODUUDGLDWLRQWRFDXVHKLJKVRODUJDLQLQEXLOGLQJV+RZHYHURQDYHUDJHWKH
FORXGFRYHULQDWURSLFDOFOLPDWHSURYLGHVJRRGSURWHFWLRQWRUHGXFHWKHLPSDFWRIGLUHFWVRODUUDGLDWLRQ7KH75<GDWDDOVR
VKRZHGWKDWLWLVSRVVLEOHDWDQ\WLPHRIGD\IRUWKHVRODUUDGLDWLRQWREH
UHGXFHGWRFORVHWR]HURPRVWOLNHO\FDXVHGE\KHDY\UDLQFORXGFRYHU
RAW DATA | GLOBAL RADIATION
CHART 2.7 | HORIZONTAL GLOBAL RADIATION

Average
Minimum
Maximum
1200
1000
Watt/m2
800
600
400
200
12:00:00 AM
9:00:00 PM
6:00:00 PM
3:00:00 PM
12:00:00 PM
9:00:00 AM
6:00:00 AM
3:00:00 AM
12:00:00 AM
+RXUV
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
$0
$YHUDJH

0LQLPXP

0D[LPXP

6WG'HY

DIFFUSE SOLAR RADIATION

7KHDYHUDJHSHDNGLIIXVHUDGLDWLRQLV:PDWSPZKLOHWKHDEVROXWHSHDNGLIIXVHUDGLDWLRQLV:PDOVRDWSP
7KHVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQLVJHQHUDOO\ORZZLWKWKHKLJKHVWDW:PDWSPLQWKHDIWHUQRRQ
CHART 2.8 | DIFFUSE SOLAR RADIATION
Average
RAW DATA | DIFFUSE RADIATION

Minimum
Maximum
500
450
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
12:00:00 AM
9:00:00 PM
6:00:00 PM
3:00:00 PM
12:00:00 PM
9:00:00 AM
6:00:00 AM
3:00:00 AM
0
12:00:00 AM
Watt/m2
400
+RXUV
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
$0
$YHUDJH

0LQLPXP

0D[LPXP

6WG'HY

DIRECT SOLAR RADIATION

Minimum
Maximum
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
RAW DATA | DIRECT SOLAR RADIATION

+RXUV
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
$0
$YHUDJH

0LQLPXP

0D[LPXP

6WG'HY

12:00:00 AM
9:00:00 PM
6:00:00 PM
3:00:00 PM
12:00:00 PM
9:00:00 AM
6:00:00 AM
0
3:00:00 AM
$OOWKLVGDWDLQGLFDWHVWKDWWKHUHLVDVLJQLFDQW
GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ WKH DYHUDJH DQG WKH
DEVROXWHSHDNGLUHFWUDGLDWLRQLQWKH75<,WLV
DOVRTXLWHFOHDUIURPWKHGLUHFWUDGLDWLRQFKDUW
WKDW WKH DYHUDJH GLUHFW UDGLDWLRQ LV KLJKHU LQ
WKH PRUQLQJ KRXUV WKDQ WKH DIWHUQRRQ KRXUV
+RZHYHU WKH DEVROXWH SHDN GLUHFW VRODU
UDGLDWLRQRFFXUVLQWKHDIWHUQRRQKRXUV
Average
1000
12:00:00 AM
7KH DEVROXWH SHDN GLUHFW VRODU UDGLDWLRQ LV

DOPRVW WLPHV KLJKHU WKDQ WKH DYHUDJH SHDN
GLUHFW VRODU UDGLDWLRQ 7KH VWDQGDUG GHYLDWLRQ
LVUDWKHUKLJKZLWKWKHKLJKHVWDW:PDW
SPLQWKHDIWHUQRRQ
CHART 2.9 | DIRECT SOLAR RADIATION
Watt/m2
7KHDYHUDJHSHDNGLUHFWUDGLDWLRQLV:P
DW QRRQ ZKLOH WKH DEVROXWH SHDN GLUHFW
UDGLDWLRQLV:PDWSPLQWKHDIWHUQRRQ
COMPARISON OF GLOBAL, DIRECT

& DIFFUSE RADIATION
3ODFLQJWKHDYHUDJHJOREDOGLUHFWDQGGLIIXVHUDGLDWLRQLQWKHVDPHFKDUWSURYLGHVDGLVWLQFWXQGHUVWDQGLQJWKDWWKHDYHUDJH
GLUHFWVRODUUDGLDWLRQLVPRUHLQWHQVHLQWKHPRUQLQJZKLOHWKHDYHUDJHGLIIXVHUDGLDWLRQLVPRUHLQWHQVHLQWKHDIWHUQRRQ
KRXUV
DESIGN POTENTIAL
,W LV LPSRUWDQW WR VKDGH WKH ZHVWHUQ IDoDGH IURP GLUHFW
VRODUUDGLDWLRQWRUHGXFHWKHSHDNFRROLQJORDGLQEXLOGLQJV
7KHSHDNFRROLQJORDGLQDEXLOGLQJGHWHUPLQHVWKHVL]HRI
DLUFRQGLWLRQLQJ HTXLSPHQW WR EH SURYLGHG +RZHYHU IRU
HQHUJ\HIFLHQF\WKHSORWWLQJRIDYHUDJHVRODUUDGLDWLRQV
VKRZHG WKDW LW LV PRUH LPSRUWDQW WR VKDGH WKH HDVWHUQ
IDoDGH IURP GLUHFW VRODU UDGLDWLRQ WR UHGXFH WKH DQQXDO
HQHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQLQEXLOGLQJ
DESIGN RISK
7KH GLUHFW DQG GLIIXVH UDGLDWLRQ LQ WKH 75< LV QRW D
PHDVXUHG YDOXH EXW FRPSXWHG IURP WKH PHDVXUHG
KRUL]RQWDO JOREDO UDGLDWLRQ XVLQJ WKH (UEV (VWLPDWLRQ
0RGHO +RZHYHU WKH UHVXOW JHQHUDOO\ DJUHHV ZLWK WKH
GDLO\REVHUYDWLRQRIVRODUUDGLDWLRQLQWKLVFOLPDWH,QWKH
WURSLFDOFOLPDWHZKHUHLWUDLQVPRUHRIWHQLQWKHDIWHUQRRQ
WKDQLQWKHPRUQLQJFUHDWHVVNLHVZLWKDKHDYLHUDYHUDJH
FORXGFRYHULQWKHDIWHUQRRQWKDQLQWKHPRUQLQJ
CHART 2.10 | AVERAGE DAILY RADIATION

Global
Direct
Diffuse
700
600
400
300
200
100
12:00:00 AM
9:00:00 PM
6:00:00 PM
3:00:00 PM
12:00:00 PM
9:00:00 AM
6:00:00 AM
3:00:00 AM
0
12:00:00 AM
Watt/m2
500
CLOUD COVER (OKTAS)

7KH VWDQGDUG GHYLDWLRQ LV KLJKHU LQ WKH PRUQLQJ DV
FRPSDUHG WR WKH DIWHUQRRQ LQGLFDWLQJ WKDW WKHUH LV D
ODUJHUGD\WRGD\YDULDWLRQRIFORXGFRYHULQWKHPRUQLQJ
DV FRPSDUHG WR WKH DIWHUQRRQ ,Q RWKHU ZRUGV LQ WKH
DIWHUQRRQ WKH VN\ LV FRQVLVWHQWO\ KHDY\ ZLWK FORXGV
ZKHUHDVLQWKHPRUQLQJWKHFORXGFRYHUPD\VRPHWLPHV
EHORZ
7KH FORXG FRYHU LQ WKH 75< LV PHDVXUHG LQ 2NWDV XQLWV
2NWDVLVGHQHGE\WKH:RUOG0HWHRURORJLFDO2UJDQL]DWLRQ
DVSURYLGHGE\WKHWDEOHEHORZ
2NWDV 'HQLWLRQ
&DWHJRU\
6N\FOHDU
Fine
Fine
RIVN\FRYHUHGRUOHVVEXWQRW]HUR
RIVN\FRYHUHG
Fine
RIVN\FRYHUHG
3DUWO\&ORXG\
RIVN\FRYHUHG
3DUWO\&ORXG\
RIVN\FRYHUHG
3DUWO\&ORXG\
RIVN\FRYHUHG
Cloudy
RIVN\FRYHUHGRUPRUHEXWQRW
Cloudy
RIVN\FRPSOHWHO\FRYHUHGQREUHDNV
DESIGN POTENTIAL
+LJK 2NWDV QXPEHUV LQGLFDWH KHDY\ FORXG FRYHU LQ
0DOD\VLDVFOLPDWH,WDOVRPHDQVWKDWGXULQJWKHGD\WLPH
WKH0DOD\VLDQVN\LVQRUPDOO\EULJKWEHFDXVHWKHVN\ZLOO
EHLOOXPLQDWHGE\WKHFORXGVDVRSSRVHGWRFOHDUEOXHVNLHV
+HDY\ FORXG FRYHU DOVR KLQGHUV UDGLDWLRQ KHDW WUDQVIHU
EHWZHHQREMHFWVRQWKHJURXQGZLWKWKHVN\,QJHQHUDOWKH
ORZHUWKH2NWDVQXPEHUWKHEHWWHULWLVIRUWKHVN\WRFRRO
REMHFWVRQWKHJURXQGVXUIDFH
2YHUFDVW
7KH FORXG FRYHU LV JHQHUDOO\ KLJK LQ WKH 75< DQG LV
UHHFWLYH RI D WURSLFDO FOLPDWH 7KH DYHUDJH FORXG FRYHU
KDVDQ2NWDVRILQ0DOD\VLDDQGLVIDLUO\FRQVLVWHQWGD\
DQG QLJKW DQG WKURXJKRXW WKH \HDU 7KH PD[LPXP FORXG
FRYHUKDVWKHPD[LPXP2NWDVRIDQGFDQRFFXUDWDQ\
WLPHRIGD\+RZHYHUWKHPLQLPXP2NWDVLVUHFRUGHGE\
WKH75<KDSSHQLQJDWDPDQGDPLQWKHHDUO\PRUQLQJ
DQGWKHPLQLPXPFORXGFRYHULQWKHDIWHUQRRQLVDWOHDVW
2NWDVKLJKHUWKDQLQWKHPRUQLQJLQGLFDWLQJWKDWPLQLPXP
FORXGFRYHULVKHDYLHULQWKHDIWHUQRRQWKDQLQWKHPRUQLQJ
DESIGN RISK
2NWDVPHDVXUHPHQWVDUHGRQHPDQXDOO\E\PHWHRURORJLVWV
7KH\ZRXOGWDNHDORRNDWWKHVN\DQGGHFLGHKRZPDQ\
HLJKWKVRIWKHVN\LVFRYHUHGE\FORXGV
CHART 2.11 | CLOUD COVER
RAW DATA | CLOUD COVER

Average
Minimum
Maximum
8
7
Oktas
6
5
4
3
2
1
KWWSZRUOGZHDWKHUZPRLQWRNWDVKWP
12:00:00 AM
9:00:00 PM
6:00:00 PM
3:00:00 PM
12:00:00 PM
9:00:00 AM
6:00:00 AM
3:00:00 AM
12:00:00 AM
+RXUV
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
$0
$YHUDJH

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EFFECTIVE SKY TEMPERATURE

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KLJKPRLVWXUHFRQWHQWLQWKHDLUDQGWKHKHDY\FORXGFRYHU
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HIIHFWLYHVN\WHPSHUDWXUHLVDSSUR[LPDWHO\&DWDPLQ
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7KHORZHUWKHHIIHFWLYHVN\WHPSHUDWXUHLVWKHEHWWHULWLV
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CHART 2.12 | EFFECTIVE SKY TEMPERATURE

Average
RAW DATA | EFFECTIVE SKY TEMPERATURE

Minimum
Maximum
30
Degree Celcius
25
20
15
10
12:00:00 AM
9:00:00 PM
6:00:00 PM
3:00:00 PM
12:00:00 PM
9:00:00 AM
6:00:00 AM
3:00:00 AM
12:00:00 AM
+RXUV
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
$0
$YHUDJH

0LQLPXP

0D[LPXP

6WG'HY

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7KH JURXQG WHPSHUDWXUH ZDV FRPSXWHG
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JURXQGZDWHU WHPSHUDWXUH ZLOO DOVR EH WKH
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Average
Minimum
Maximum
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
12:00:00 AM
9:00:00 PM
6:00:00 PM
3:00:00 PM
12:00:00 PM
9:00:00 AM
6:00:00 AM
3:00:00 AM
0
12:00:00 AM
DESIGN POTENTIAL
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CHART 2.13 | WIND SPEED
meter/second
7KH DYHUDJH ZLQG VSHHG LQ WKH 75< VKRZHG

WKDWWKHZLQGVSHHGLVORZOHVVWKDQPV
IURPWKHKRXUVRISPWRDP7KHZLQGVSHHG
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RAW DATA | WIND SPEED

+RXUV
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
$0
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WIND DIRECTION & HOURS OF AIR

TEMPERATURE BELOW 29C
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CHART 2.14 | HOURS OF WIND DIRECTION IN THE TRY
North
1200
North-West
1000
North-East
800
600
400
200
West
East
South-West
$6+5$(
South-East
South
All Temperatures
<29C
CHARTS 2.15 | WIND CHARTS OF AIR TEMPERATURE BELOW 29C
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
NORTH WIND
Freq Hours
Freq Hours
NORTH-WEST WIND
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Freq Hours
EAST WIND
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Hours
SOUTH-EAST WIND
SOUTH WIND
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Hours
Freq Hours
WEST WIND
Freq Hours
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hours
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hours
SOUTH-WEST WIND
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hours
Freq Hours
Freq Hours
Freq Hours
NORTH-EAST WIND
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hours
Hours
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hours
SUMMARY
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END OF CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER
BUILDING FORM,
CORE LOCATION
& ORIENTATION
CHAPTER 3 Building Form, Core Location & Orientation
BUILDING FORM,
CORE LOCATION
& ORIENTATION
OBJECTIVE
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KEY RECOMMENDATIONS
The selection of building form, core location and orientation for
energy efficiency should have the following priorities:
Provide Less
Glazing Areas
When Possible
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Excellent
View Out
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location and orientation to fit the site, taking into consideration the high priority of the
buildings aesthetic value to the client and the quality of the view out.
LOCATION OF AHU ROOM

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This study showed
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building energy
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glazing area
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RATIO OF BEI/VIEW OUT

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0.90
0.80
0.93
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INTRODUCTION
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These assumptions were made in this study to generate a comparison between building forms:
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TEST CASES
19 building forms, core locations and orientations were created for
this study. These test cases are presented below:
C0
C1
C2
C3
Offices
es
O
ffic
es
Pa
n
tr
ay
Stairs
Offices
Lift Shaft
Offices
W
alk
Offices
Offices
Offices
Offices
Stairs
O
ffic
AHU
es
Offices
Pantry
Walkway
AHU
Stairs
es
ffic
ffic
es
Offices
Offices
es
ffic
AHU
Offices
AHU
es
Offices
ffic
Pantry
Walkway
Toilet
Lift Shaft
Lift Shaft
Offices
Toilet
Walkway
es
ffic
ffic
Toilet
Toilet
Offices
Lift Shaft
Stairs
Offices
Offices
Pantry
Offices
Offices
Offices
Offices
C4
C5
C6
Offices
C7
Offices
Stairs
Offices
Toilet
Toilet
Stairs
Lift Shaft
Offices
AHU
Offices
Walkway
AHU
Offices
AHU
Walkway
Offices
Pantry
Offices
Lift
Shaft
Stairs
Walkway
Offices
Offices
Walkway
Offices
Lift Shaft
Lift
Shaft
Toilet
AHU
Offices
Pantry
Offices
Pantry
AHU
Pantry
Walkway
Toilet
Offices
C10
C11
Stairs
U
H
irs
To
ile
W
alk
Sta
try
aft
alk
W
Pan
Sh
ft
ay
Li
Sta
ft
try
Li
Pan
ile
aft
To
Walkway
Stairs
Stairs
C9
Lift Shaft
AHU
Sh
Toilet
Pantry
Lift Shaft
irs
C8
Pantry
Toilet
Offices
AHU
es
ffic
ffic
es
Offices
Offices
es
Offices
Walkway
ffic
ffic
Offices
es
Offices
Toilet
Lift Shaft
es
Offices
Pantry
ay
Stairs
es
ffic
ffic
Offices
U
H
try
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aft
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ay
w
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ile
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To
try
ft
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Walkway
aft
irs
Sh
W
alk
ft
To
Li
ile
ay
irs
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alk
W
A
AHU
Stairs
Pantry
Lift Shaft
Toilet
C12
C13
C14
C15
Offices
Offices
tr
es
n
Pa
ffic
Pantry
Toilet
To
il
et
Stairs
ft
ha
ay
tS
w
U
W
alk
es
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ffic
Sta
irs
ffic
es
Lif
Offices
Offices
AHU
Stairs
Toilet
Pantry
Lift Shaft
Walkway
AHU
Lift Shaft
Offices
Offices
Offices
Walkway
Toilet
Lift Shaft
AHU
Offices
Walkway
Offices
Offices
ffic
es
Pantry
Offices
Offices
C17
C18
O
ffic
Sta
es
ffic
es
ffic
es
C16
A
H
ft
Sta
ffic
O
ffic
es
es
irs
es
To
il
et
ft
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n
ha
tr
Pa
n
irs
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O
U
H
ay
w
ha
tS
W
alk
tS
es
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ffic
et
ay
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es
il
To
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alk
W
es
ay
ffic
es
alk
W
et
ffic
ft
ffic
ha
es
tS
ffic
es
tr
Lif
irs
il
To
ffic
tr
n
Pa
TEST RESULTS
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energy 0:K
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C2

C3

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C5

C6

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energy
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&
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AHU
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Offices
Offices
Toilet
C6
Lift
Shaft
Offices
Walkway
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Offices
AHU
Stairs
Pantry
Offices
Lift Shaft
Stairs
Toilet
Walkway
Offices
C3
Offices
AHU
Offices
Offices
Offices
Offices
Offices
C5
Offices
AHU
Pantry
Walkway
Stairs
Pantry
Offices
AHU
Offices
Offices
Offices
Offices
Offices
Toilet
Pantry
Walkway
Offices
&
Toilet
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AHU
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&
AHU
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Lift Shaft
Toilet
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Of
fic
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&
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&
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&
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AHU
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C8
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C8
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&
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C6
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Walkway
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C3
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CHAPTER
4
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OF DIFFUSE LIGHT EXCEEDS 100 LUX
100%
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60%
40%
20%
8:00 - 18:00 hours

9:00 - 17:00 hours
0%
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Daylight Factor (%)

OF DIFFUSE LIGHT EXCEEDS 300 LUX
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
8:00 - 18:00 hours

9:00 - 17:00 hours
0%
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
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3.0
Daylight Factor (%)

OF DIFFUSE LIGHT EXCEEDS 2,000 LUX
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
8:00 - 18:00 hours

9:00 - 17:00 hours
0%
4
Daylight Factor (%)
KEY PRINCIPLES OF
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TECHNOLOGIES FOR
DAYLIGHT HARVESTING
1 CLASSIC DAYLIGHT HARVESTING FOR THE TROPICAL CLIMATE
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FIGURE 4.1 | CLASSIC DAYLIGHT HARVESTING STRATEGY FROM A VERTICAL FAADE
Internal Light Shelves reflect
diffuse light deep into the
office and reduce glare
White reflective
ceiling for reflection
of daylight
Fixed blinds to
reduce glare
DAYLIGHT
WINDOW
External Light Shelves reflect

daylight into the office, while
shading off the faade from
direct sunlight
DF 1.7%
DF 1.0%
VISION
WINDOW
DF 0.8%
DF 0.7%
Adjustable blinds to
reduce glare
DF 0.6%
DF 0.5%
DF 0.5%
DF 0.4%
900mm Spandrel
DF 0.3%
Daylight level with 900mm Spandrel

Daylight level without Spandrel (floor to ceiling window)
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3 INTERNAL LIGHT SHELVES
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FIGURE 4.2 | TYPICAL DIAGRAM OF EXTERNAL

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FIGURE 4.3 | TYPICAL DIAGRAM OF AN INTERNAL

LIGHT SHELF
4 EMBEDDED BLINDS IN DOUBLE GLAZING WITH EXTERNAL LIGHT SHELVES

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FIGURE 4.4 | EMBEDDED BLINDS IN DOUBLE GLAZING WITH

EXTERNAL LIGHT SHELVES (GEO BUILDING, MALAYSIA)
RULES FOR GOOD

DAYLIGHT HARVESTING
For a good quality daylight harvesting system, ensure that these design
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1 RIGHT-SIZING THE WINDOW AREA ON THE FAADE

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LQDEXLOGLQJ
The result of this study provided the following guidelines:

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KDUYHVWLQJPHWKRGVVXFKDVWKHXVHRIH[WHUQDOOLJKWVKHOYHVOLJKWWXEHVDKLJKHUFHLOLQJKHLJKWDQGRWKHUVLPLODU
WHFKQRORJLHVZRXOGKHOSWRGLVWULEXWHWKHGD\OLJKWGHHSHULQWRWKHEXLOGLQJ7KHVHWHFKQRORJLHVVKRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHG
ZKHQODUJHZLQGRZDUHDVDUHXVHGWRDFKLHYHDEDODQFHEHWZHHQGD\OLJKWKDUYHVWHGDQGVRODUKHDWJDLQHG
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2 HARVESTING DAYLIGHT FROM THE FAADE

7KH NH\ SULQFLSOH RI KDUYHVWLQJ
GD\OLJKWIURPWKHIDoDGHLQ0DOD\VLD
LVWRKDUYHVWGD\OLJKWZLWKRXWJODUHIRU
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GHHFW GD\OLJKW RQWR WKH FHLOLQJ IRU
EHWWHUGLVWULEXWLRQRIGD\OLJKWGHHSHU
LQWRWKHEXLOGLQJ
FIGURE 4.5.1 | USE OF HORIZONTAL BLINDS IN OFFICES (TAKE NOTE OF THE

BRIGHTER CEILING AND REFLECTIVE CEILING USED IN THIS PICTURE)
FIGURE 4.5.2 | CROSS-SECTION OF DAYLIGHT HARVESTING FROM THE FAADE USING HORIZONTAL VENETIAN BLINDS
No Glare
FIGURE 4.5.3 | MODEL OF DAYLIGHT HARVESTING

SIMULATION CONDUCTED USING RADIANCE
%/,1'63(&,),&$7,216
6XUIDFH
5HHFWLYLW\
6SHFXODULW\
7RS6XUIDFH

%RWWRP6XUIDFH

A study of daylight harvesting simulation using Radiance with horizontal

blinds in place provided the following guidelines:
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FIGURE 4.5.4 | DAYLIGHT FACTOR OF 1% IS FOUND AT A DISTANCE OF APPROXIMATELY 1.7a WHEN

HORIZONTAL BLINDS ARE USED TO PROVIDE GLARE PROTECTION
1.7a
FIGURE 4.5.5.1 | SIMULATION RESULT OF FULL

FLOOR-TO-CEILING HEIGHT WINDOW
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FIGURE 4.5.5.2 | SIMULATION RESULT OF WINDOW WITH

1 METER SILL HEIGHT
PP
'D\OLJKW)DFWRU
PP
,IIXOORRUWRFHLOLQJKHLJKWZLQGRZVDUHXVHGWKHGHVLJQVKRXOGEHPDGHWRUHGXFHWKHKDUYHVWHGGD\OLJKWQHDUWKH
IDoDGHZKLOHGLVWULEXWLQJWKHGD\OLJKWGHHSLQWRWKHEXLOGLQJZLWKWKHXVHRIDGYDQFHGGD\OLJKWKDUYHVWLQJVWUDWHJLHV
VXFKDVH[WHUQDOOLJKWVKHOYHVDQGRWKHUVLPLODUWHFKQRORJLHV
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FHLOLQJOHYHOOHVVWKDQPHWHUGLVWDQFHIURPWKHIDoDGHEHORZWKHWRSRIWKHIDoDGHZLQGRZKHLJKWDVVKRZQLQ
)LJXUHEHORZ7KHKDUYHVWHGGD\OLJKWIURPWKHKLJKHUFHLOLQJKHLJKWQHDUWKHIDoDGHLVWUDSSHGE\WKHGURSSHG
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LPSURYHGIRUDQLQFUHDVHRIGD\OLJKWLOOXPLQDWLRQLQWKHURRP
FIGURE 4.5.6 | DAYLIGHT DISTRIBUTION BLOCKED BY DROP OF FALSE CEILING BELOW THE TOP OF
WINDOW HEIGHT
~1m
~0.6m
No Glare
FIGURE 4.5.7 | DAYLIGHT ILLUMINATION LEVEL IS 28% HIGHER THAN FIGURE 4.5.6
1m to 1.5m
+28% Daylight
No Glare
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OLJKWHUFRORXUHGIXUQLWXUHZLOOKDYHDVPDOOHULPSDFWRQWKHDPRXQWRIGD\OLJKWKDUYHVWHG7KHVLPXODWLRQFRQGXFWHG
IRUWKLVVWXG\DVVXPHGWKDWWKHWDEOHVDUHOLJKWEURZQLQFRPELQDWLRQZLWKGDUNFRORXUHGFKDLUV
FIGURE 4.5.8 | RADIANCE SIMULATION WITH FURNITURE IN OFFICES
CHART 4.5 | DAYLIGHT LIGHT CURVE WITH AND WITHOUT FURNITURE
Case 1 (no furniture)
Case 3 (with furniture)
4.0%
3.0%
Daylight Factor
2.0%
1.0%
0.0%
Distance (m)
3 HARVESTING DAYLIGHT FROM THE ROOF

There are many options for harvesting daylight from the roof. A few of
which are described here:
Skylights
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FRQWUROWKHGLUHFWVRODUUDGLDWLRQIURPWKHVXQZKHQLWLVGLUHFWO\RYHUKHDG,WLVFRPPRQWRQGVXFKDGHVLJQLQSXEOLF
VSDFHVRI0DOD\VLDQEXLOGLQJV
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LQ VSDFHV ZKHUH FRQVLVWHQW GD\OLJKW LOOXPLQDWLRQ LV QRW UHTXLUHG VXFK DV SXEOLF VSDFHV DQG FRPPRQ DUHDV WKH XVH RI
VN\OLJKWVFDQEULQJDFHUWDLQFKDUPWRWKHVSDFHEHORZLW8QIRUWXQDWHO\WKHSURYLVLRQRIWRRPXFKVN\OLJKWFDQOHDGWR
RYHUKHDWLQJLVVXHVLQWKLVFOLPDWH]RQH$FDUHIXOO\GHVLJQHGVN\OLJKWVKRXOGEULQJLQWKHGHVLUHGDPRXQWRIGD\OLJKWZKLOH
PLQLPLVLQJKHDWJDLQ
FIGURE 4.6.1 | TYPICAL SKYLIGHT DAYLIGHT HARVESTING
Saw-Tooth Roof Light

6DZWRRWKURRIOLJKWVDUHDWRSOLJKWLQJWHFKQLTXHIRUPHGIURPDYHUWLFDOJODVVHOHPHQWDQGDVORSLQJURRIDVVKRZQLQ
)LJXUH,WLVSRVVLEOHWRGHVLJQVXFKURRIOLJKWVWRDYRLGGLUHFWVXQOLJKWLQ0DOD\VLDE\SRVLWLRQLQJWKHZLQGRZVWRIDFH
QRUWKDQGVRXWK,QDGGLWLRQWRIDFLQJGLUHFWO\QRUWKRUVRXWKDVKRUWKRUL]RQWDODQGYHUWLFDORYHUKDQJLVUHTXLUHGWRSURWHFW
LWIURPGLUHFWVXQGXULQJVXPPHUVROVWLFHQRUWKIDFLQJDQGZLQWHUVROVWLFHVRXWKIDFLQJ6XFKURRIOLJKWGHVLJQVZRXOG
EHLGHDOIRURIFHXVHEHFDXVHWKH\RQO\KDUYHVWGLIIXVHGD\OLJKWZKLFKLVH[FHSWLRQDOO\FRQVLVWHQWLQWKLVFOLPDWH]RQH,Q
DGGLWLRQWKHULJKWVL]LQJRIVXFKURRIOLJKWVZLOO\LHOGWKHGHVLUHGDPRXQWRIGD\OLJKWZLWKRXWH[FHVVLYHKHDWJDLQ
FIGURE 4.6.2 | TYPICAL SAW-TOOTH ROOF LIGHT DAYLIGHT HARVESTING
Roof Monitors
$URRIPRQLWRUURRIOLJKWLVVLPLODUWRWKHVDZWRRWKURRIEXWKDVWZRRSSRVLQJYHUWLFDOJOD]HGHOHPHQWVUDLVHGDERYHWKH
JHQHUDOURRIOLQHDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ,WLVDOVRSRVVLEOHWRGHVLJQVXFKURRIPRQLWRUVWRDYRLGGLUHFWVXQOLJKWLQ
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FIGURE 4.6.3 | TYPICAL ROOF MONITOR DAYLIGHT HARVESTING

4 HARVESTING DAYLIGHT FROM SKYLIGHT

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EXLOGLQJFRQYHUWHGWRVN\OLJKWVWRPLPLFGHVLJQVIRXQGLQFRXQWULHVZLWKWHPSHUDWHFOLPDWHV7KHRYHUSURYLVLRQRIVN\OLJKW
LQ0DOD\VLDQEXLOGLQJVZLOOFDXVHKLJKKHDWJDLQJUHHQKRXVHHIIHFWWKDWZLOOEHXQFRPIRUWDEOHIRUWKHEXLOGLQJRFFXSDQWV
DQGDOVRFDXVHKLJKHQHUJ\XVHWRFRROGRZQVXFKVSDFHV
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7UDQVPLVVLRQ9/7RIZDVDVVXPHGIRUDOOWKHVHVWXGLHV*OD]LQJZLWKORZHU9/7PD\EHXVHGWRUHGXFHWKHGD\OLJKW
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UHGXFWLRQRIWKH9/7
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IDFWRURIZLOOEHHTXLYDOHQWWRWKHEULJKWQHVVRIDQRIFHVSDFHZKLOHDGD\OLJKWIDFWRUKLJKHUWKDQPHDQVPRUHWKDQ
RIWKHGD\WLPHKRXUVRIDPWRSPWRKDYHDQLOOXPLQDWLRQOHYHOKLJKHUWKDQOX[,QVKRUWDGD\OLJKWIDFWRU
KLJKHUWKDQZLOOEULQJLQWRRPXFKOLJKWDQGKHDWLQWRWKHVSDFH7KHORZHUWKHGD\OLJKWIDFWRUWKHFRROHUWKHVSDFHZLOO
EH%XLOGLQJGHVLJQHUVQHHGWRVWULNHDEDODQFHEHWZHHQWKHUHTXLUHGEULJKWQHVVRIDQDWULXPVSDFHYHUVXVWKHKHDWJDLQHG
LQWKHVSDFH
The simulation studies were conducted based on these criteria:

A The roof and floor area
B The height of the skylight
P[PP
P[PP
P[PP
RRUVPKHLJKW
RRUVPKHLJKW
RRUVPKHLJKW
was based on 3 options:
was based on 3 options:
C Skylight aperture sizes were

tested based on 4 options:
RIURRIDUHD
RIURRIDUHD
RIURRIDUHD
RIURRIDUHD
7KHYHUWLFDOVXUIDFHVVXUURXQGLQJWKHDWULXPZHUHDVVXPHGWREHJOD]LQJDUHDDQGZKLWHZDOODUHD
Skylight aperture size options:

5%, 10%, 15% & 20% of roof area
CASE 1-3
8m x 8m
10 Floors
(40m)
CASE 4-6
12m x 12m
5 Floors
(20m)
CASE 7-9
16m x 16m
2 Floors
(8m)
TABLE 4.1 | SIMULATION CASES

MODEL
SPECIFICATION
SURFACE AREA
P2
P2
SKYLIGHT APERTURE SIZE

(% OF ROOF AREA)
FLOORS
P2

5%

20%
5P_CASE_1
5P_CASE_2
5P_CASE_3
5P_CASE_4
5P_CASE_5
5P_CASE_6
5P_CASE_7
5P_CASE_8
5P_CASE_9
10P_CASE_1
10P_CASE_2
10P_CASE_3
10P_CASE_4
10P_CASE_5
10P_CASE_6
10P_CASE_7
10P_CASE_8
10P_CASE_9
15P_CASE_1
15P_CASE_2
15P_CASE_3
15P_CASE_4
15P_CASE_5
15P_CASE_6
15P_CASE_7
15P_CASE_8
15P_CASE_9
20P_CASE_1
20P_CASE_2
20P_CASE_3
20P_CASE_4
20P_CASE_5
20P_CASE_6
20P_CASE_7
20P_CASE_8
20P_CASE_9
SKYLIGHT SIMULATION RESULTS
1 LOW-RISE ATRIUM : DOUBLE VOLUME HEIGHT (8 Meter Height)

5% SKYLIGHT
10% SKYLIGHT
8.0%
7.0%
6.0%
5.0%
4.0%
3.0%
2.0%
1.0%
7.0%
6.0%
5.0%
4.0%
3.0%
2.0%
1.0%
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1
5P_CASE_1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
5P_CASE_4
-7 -6 -5
-4
5P_CASE_7
-3
-2
-1
15P_CASE_1
10P_CASE_4
12m x 12m
5P_CASE_4
10P_CASE_4
15P_CASE_4
20% SKYLIGHT
10.0%
9.0%
8.0%
7.0%
6.0%
5.0%
4.0%
3.0%
2.0%
1.0%
-3
10P_CASE_1
15% SKYLIGHT
-7 -6 -5 -4
-2 -1
8m x 8m
5P_CASE_1
10P_CASE_1
15P_CASE_1
20P_CASE_1
7.0%
6.0%
5.0%
4.0%
3.0%
2.0%
1.0%
0
-5
-4
15P_CASE_4
-3
-2
-1
20P_CASE_1
16m x 16m
5P_CASE_7
When a roof area is large (16m x 16m or larger):
t
t
7KHSURYLVLRQRIVN\OLJKWRQWKHURRIZRXOGSURYLGHDGHTXDWHGD\OLJKWIRUWKHVSDFHEHORZLWZLWKDQDYHUDJH
GD\OLJKWIDFWRURI
7KHSURYLVLRQRIVN\OLJKWRQWKHURRIZLOOFDXVHWKHGD\OLJKWIDFWRUWRLQFUHDVHEH\RQG
When a roof area is small (8m x 8m or smaller):
t
t
7KHSURYLVLRQRIVN\OLJKWRQWKHURRISURYLGHVDQDYHUDJHGD\OLJKWIDFWRURI
7KHSURYLVLRQRIVN\OLJKWRQWKHURRISURYLGHVDQDYHUDJHGD\OLJKWIDFWRURI
These results indicate that for a double volume

space, the skylight area requirement is only a
small percentage of the roof area to provide
adequate daylight for the space below it
2 MEDIUM-RISE ATRIUM : 5 FLOORS (20 Meter Height)

,WZDVIRXQGWKDWWKHGD\OLJKWUHFHLYHGDWWKHRRUOHYHOUHGXFHVDVWKHDWULXPKHLJKWLQFUHDVHV7KLVLVGXHWRWKHVXUURXQGLQJ
ZDOOVDEVRUELQJWKHOLJKWEHIRUHLWUHDFKHVWKHRRUEHORZ
When a roof area is large (16m x 16m or larger):
t
t
7KHSURYLVLRQRIVN\OLJKWRQWKHURRIZRXOGSURYLGHMXVWDGHTXDWHGD\OLJKWIRUWKHVSDFHEHORZLWZLWKDQDYHUDJH
GD\OLJKWIDFWRURI
7KHSURYLVLRQRIVN\OLJKWRQWKHURRIZLOOFDXVHWKHGD\OLJKWIDFWRUWRLQFUHDVHWR
When a roof area is small (8m x 8m or smaller):
t
7KH SURYLVLRQ RI VN\OLJKW GRHV QRW SURYLGH DGHTXDWH GD\OLJKW IRU WKH VSDFH EHORZ LW 0RVW RI WKH GD\OLJKW LV
DEVRUEHGE\WKHVXUURXQGLQJZDOOV
5% SKYLIGHT
10% SKYLIGHT
2.0%
2.5%
1.5%
2.0%
1.0%
1.0%
0.5%
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1
0.5%
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
5P_CASE_8
15% SKYLIGHT
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1
10P_CASE_5
15P_CASE_5
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10P_CASE_8
20% SKYLIGHT
4.5%
4.0%
3.5%
3.0%
2.5%
2.0%
1.5%
1.0%
0.5%
3.5%
3.0%
2.5%
2.0%
1.5%
1.0%
0.5%
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1
8m x 8m
1.5%
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
15P_CASE_8
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1
20P_CASE_5
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
20P_CASE_8
12m x 12m
10P_CASE_5
15P_CASE_5
20P_CASE_5
16m x 16m
5P_CASE_8
10P_CASE_8
15P_CASE_8
20P_CASE_8
3 HIGH-RISE ATRIUM : 10 FLOORS (40 Meter Height)

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END OF CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER
GLAZING
PROPERTIES
CHAPTER 5 Glazing Properties
GLAZING
PROPERTIES
INTRODUCTION
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ENERGY EFFICIENT GLAZING SELECTION

IN A TRANSPARENT BUILDING
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FIGURE 5.1 | SOLAR SPECTRUM COMPONENTS
Solar spectrum outside atmosphere
Increasing flux
Solar spectrum at sea level
Visible
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6 x 10-7
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GLAZING TERMINOLOGIES
In the tropical climate, where daylight harvesting can improve the energy
efficiency of the building significantly, the following terminologies are
relevant:
Visible Light Transmission (VLT)
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GLAZING TECHNOLOGIES FOR

ENERGY EFFICIENCY
A good glazing technology has an advantage over external shading
because a good glazing will reduce solar heat gain from both direct
and diffuse solar radiation, while external shading mainly reduces direct
radiation and has only a small influence on heat gain from diffuse radiation
(Chapter 6).
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GLAZING PROPERTIES
& ENERGY REDUCTION
An energy simulation was conducted to derive an approximate
estimate of the energy and peak load reduction by reducing
the window area together with the selection of good glazing
properties for each orientation.
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1 REDUCTION OF GLAZING AREA

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TABLE 5.1 | ENERGY AND PEAK LOAD IMPACT OF REDUCING THE GLAZING AREA (SHGC 0.75)
Orientation
North
South
East
West
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EXAMPLE 1 - USE OF TABLE 5.1

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2 REDUCTION OF SOLAR HEAT GAIN COEFFICIENT (SHGC)

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TABLE 5.2.1 | ENERGY AND PEAK LOAD IMPACT OF REDUCING THE SHGC, IN SINGLE GLAZING
Orientation
North
South
East
West
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TABLE 5.2.2 | ENERGY AND PEAK LOAD IMPACT OF REDUCING THE SHGC, IN DOUBLE GLAZING
Orientation
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South
East
West

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EXAMPLE 3 - USE OF TABLE 5.2.1 & TABLE 5.2.2

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TABLE 5.3 | ENERGY AND PEAK LOAD IMPACT OF REDUCING THE U-VALUE IN GLAZING
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Average of All Orientations
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THE MS1525 OTTV

The Malaysian Standard available from SIRIM1, MS1525, provides
a method to calculate the Overall Thermal Transmission Value
(OTTV) of a building fabric.
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offer a simple solution to give reasonably
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1 REPLACEMENT OF SC WITH SHGC IN OTTV

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CORRECT SOLAR FACTOR USED IN MS1525?

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END OF CHAPTER 5
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CHAPTER
EXTERNAL &
INTERNAL SHADES
CHAPTER 6 External & Internal Shades
6 EXTERNAL &
INTERNAL SHADES
INTRODUCTION
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ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION
LEGITIMATE USE OF INTERNAL SHADES

TO REDUCE SOLAR HEAT GAIN
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$KLJKSHUIRUPDQFHGRXEOHJOD]LQJXQLWKDVWZRSLHFHV
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VROXWLRQ LQLWLDOO\ EXW LW PD\ QHHG WR EH UHSODFHG DW
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)LQDOO\ WKH UHGXFWLRQ RI HQHUJ\ DQG SHDN FRROLQJ ORDG

IURPWKHXVHRIH[WHUQDODQGLQWHUQDOVKDGHVLVQRWZHOO
NQRZQ LQ WKH 0DOD\VLDQ EXLOGLQJ LQGXVWU\ &KDSWHU
RIIHUVDPHWKRGRORJ\GHULYHGIURP&KDSWHUWRSURYLGH
DQHVWLPDWHRIWKHHQHUJ\DQGSHDNORDGUHGXFWLRQGXH
WRWKHXVHRIH[WHUQDODQGLQWHUQDOVKDGHVRQZLQGRZV
,QDGGLWLRQWKLVFKDSWHUSURYLGHVJXLGDQFHRQWKHXVH
RI LQWHUQDO VKDGHV WR UHGXFH HQHUJ\ FRQVXPSWLRQ LQ
EXLOGLQJV
KEY RECOMMENDATIONS
The total SHGC of any fenestration system can be estimated using the following equation:
6+*&WRWDO 6+*&H[W[6+*&JO] [6+*&LQW

:KHUH
6+*&WRWDO
6+*&H[W
6+*&JO]
6+*&int
LVWKHHQHUJ\UHGXFWLRQSHU\HDUN:K\HDU
LVWKH6RODU+HDW*DLQ&RHIFLHQWRIH[WHUQDOVKDGLQJGHYLFHVLIQRH[WHUQDOVKDGLQJGHYLFHLVXVHG
LVWKH6RODU+HDW*DLQ&RHIFLHQWRIWKHJOD]LQJ
LVWKH6RODU+HDW*DLQ&RHIFLHQWRILQWHUQDOVKDGLQJGHYLFHVLIQRLQWHUQDOVKDGLQJGHYLFHVLVXVHG
7KH HTXDWLRQ DERYH VLJQLHV WKDW WKH 6+*& YDOXHV RI H[WHUQDO VKDGHV JOD]LQJ DQG LQWHUQDO VKDGHV KDYH HTXDO
ZHLJKWDJHLQLWVDELOLW\WRUHGXFHVRODUKHDWJDLQLQEXLOGLQJV,QDGGLWLRQVLQFHLWLVDPXOWLSOLFDWLRQRIWKHVHWKUHH
6+*&WHUPVDVORQJDVDQ\RQHRIWKHWKUHH6+*&WHUPVLVUHGXFHGWRDVLJQLFDQWO\ORZYDOXHWKHUHVXOWZLOOEHD
ORZVRODUKHDWJDLQIRUWKDWIHQHVWUDWLRQXQLW$OWHUQDWLYHO\LWLVDOVRSRVVLEOHWRUHGXFHWKH6+*&YDOXHVPDUJLQDOO\
RQDOOWKUHH6+*&WHUPVWRUHDFKWKHVDPHSHUIRUPDQFH7KHSRVVLEOHGHVLJQYDULDWLRQVDUHKLJKOLJKWHGLQ7DEOH
EHORZ
TABLE 6.1 | SHGC TOTAL COMPUTED FROM VARIOUS POTENTIAL DESIGN COMBINATIONS
Case
Description
SHGC ext
shades
SHGC
glazing
SHGC int
shades
Computed SHGC
total
% SHGC
reduction
Potential VLT
allowed into
building*
3RRUO\GHVLJQHGIDoDGH

0.87
0%
70% - 90%
2QO\LWHPGRQHZHOO

0.30
66%
10% - 60%
2QO\LWHPGRQHZHOO

2SHQLQWHUQDOEOLQG
0.87
0.26
60%
&ORVHGLQWHUQDOEOLQG
7ZRLWHPVGRQH
PRGHUDWHO\ZHOO

0.35
$OOLWHPVGRQH
PRGHUDWHO\ZHOO

2SHQLQWHUQDOEOLQG
$OOLWHPVGRQHZHOO

0.35
0.25
&ORVHGLQWHUQDOEOLQG
0.15

2SHQLQWHUQDOEOLQG
0.08
&ORVHGLQWHUQDOEOLQG
9DULHVGHSHQGLQJRQWKHSURSHUWLHVRIJOD]LQJH[WHUQDODQGLQWHUQDOVKDGLQJGHYLFHVVHOHFWHG
70%
&ORVHGLQWHUQDO
EOLQG
72%
&ORVHGLQWHUQDO
EOLQG
91%
&ORVHGLQWHUQDO
EOLQG
70% - 90%
2SHQLQWHUQDOEOLQG
0% - 10%
&ORVHGLQWHUQDOEOLQG
25% - 70%
25% - 70%
2SHQLQWHUQDOEOLQG
0% - 30%
&ORVHGLQWHUQDOEOLQG
10% - 60%
2SHQLQWHUQDOEOLQG
0% - 10%
&ORVHGLQWHUQDOEOLQG
7KHUHDUHPDQ\SRWHQWLDOFRPELQDWLRQVWRUHGXFHWKHVRODUKHDWJDLQLQDEXLOGLQJE\RUPRUH7DEOHVKRZVD
UDQJHRISRWHQWLDOGHVLJQRSWLRQVWRUHGXFHVRODUKHDWJDLQIURPDIDoDGHE\DPLQLPXPRILQFRPSDULVRQWR&DVH
&DVHLVWKHEDVHFDVHRIDVLQJOHFOHDUJOD]LQJZLWKRXWDQ\H[WHUQDORULQWHUQDOVKDGHV7KHVHSRWHQWLDOVROXWLRQVDUH
VXPPDULVHGKHUH
Case
Case
Case
Poorly designed faade
Only 1 item done well
Only 1 item done well
%DVH&DVH6LQJOHFOHDUJOD]LQJ
ZLWKRXWH[WHUQDORULQWHUQDO
VKDGLQJSURYLGHG
8VHRIDKLJKSHUIRUPDQFH
GRXEOHJOD]LQJ
8VHRIDKLJKO\UHHFWLYH
LQWHUQDOEOLQG
6+*&UHGXFWLRQ
FRPSDUHGWR&DVH
6+*&UHGXFWLRQ
FRPSDUHGWR&DVH
Case
Case
Case
Two (2) items done

moderately well
All 3 items done

moderately well
All 3 items done well
8VHRIDQH[WHUQDOKRUL]RQWDO
VKDGHZLWKD5UDWLRRI
RUKLJKHUDQGDVOLJKWO\WLQWHG
VLQJOHORZHJOD]LQJ
VKDGHZLWK5UDWLRRIRU
KLJKHUDVOLJKWO\WLQWHGVLQJOH
ORZHJOD]LQJDQGDOLJKW
FRORXUHGUHHFWLYHLQWHUQDOEOLQG
VKDGHZLWKD5UDWLRRIRU
KLJKHUDKLJKSHUIRUPDQFH
GRXEOHJOD]LQJDQGDKLJKO\
UHHFWLYHLQWHUQDOEOLQG
6+*&UHGXFWLRQ
FRPSDUHGWR&DVH
6+*&UHGXFWLRQ
FRPSDUHGWR&DVH
6+*&UHGXFWLRQ
FRPSDUHGWR&DVH
$QDSSUR[LPDWHHVWLPDWHRIWKHSRWHQWLDOYLVLEOHOLJKWWUDQVPLWWHGLQWRWKHEXLOGLQJGXHWRWKHXVHRIWKHVHWKUHH
6+*&WHUPVWRUHGXFHVRODUKHDWJDLQLQDEXLOGLQJLVDOVRSURYLGHGLQ7DEOHDVDQLQGLFDWLRQIRUDUFKLWHFWVWRPDNH
DTXLFNGHFLVLRQ,WLVDOVRLPSRUWDQWWRQRWHWKDWWKHYLVLEOHOLJKWWUDQVPLVVLRQYDOXHYDULHVVLJQLFDQWO\GHSHQGLQJRQ
WKHSURSHUWLHVDQGGHVLJQRIWKHJOD]LQJH[WHUQDODQGLQWHUQDOVKDGLQJGHYLFHVXVHG+RZHYHULWFDQEHVXPPDULVHG
WKDWLWLVSRVVLEOHWRDOORZDVPXFKDVYLVLEOHOLJKWWUDQVPLVVLRQLQWRWKHEXLOGLQJZKLOHVWLOOSURYLGLQJDVRODUKHDW
JDLQUHGXFWLRQRIWR
It can be summarised that it is possible to allow

as much as 70% visible light transmission into
the building while still providing a solar heat gain
reduction of 60% to 90%
)LJXUH'HQLWLRQRI5UDWLRIRU+RUL]RQWDO6KDGHV
ESTIMATING SHGC VALUES

SHGC OF GLAZING
$EULHIQRWHRQWKHHVWLPDWLRQRIWKH6+*&RIJOD]LQJLVSURYLGHGEHORZKRZHYHUPRUHGHWDLOVFDQ
EHIRXQGLQ&KDSWHU
7KH6+*&RIJOD]LQJLVQRUPDOO\SURYLGHGE\JOD]LQJVXSSOLHUVDQGLWUDQJHVIURPDKLJKRI
DVLQJOHFOHDUJOD]LQJWRDW\SLFDOORZRI,WLVDOVRSRVVLEOHWRHVWLPDWHWKHSRWHQWLDO6+*&
LQWKHDEVHQFHRIVXSSOLHUVLQIRUPDWLRQEDVHGRQWKHYLVLEOHOLJKWWUDQVPLVVLRQRIJOD]LQJGHVLUHG
IRUWKHEXLOGLQJDQGWKH/LJKWWR6RODU*DLQUDWLR/6*RIGLIIHUHQWJOD]LQJWHFKQRORJLHVXVLQJWKH
HTXDWLRQEHORZ
6+*&
:KHUH
6+*&
9/7
/6*
9/7
/6*
LVWKH6RODU+HDW*DLQ&RHIFLHQWRIWKH*OD]LQJ
LVWKH9LVLEOH/LJKW7UDQVPLVVLRQRIWKH*OD]LQJ
LVWKH/LJKWWR6RODU*DLQ5DWLRRIWKH*OD]LQJ
Depending on the glazing colour and technology used, LSG can be approximated by
these numbers:
t
t
t
t
t
6LQJOHJOD]LQJwithoutORZHSURSHUWLHVKDVW\SLFDO/6*YDOXHVRIWR
6LQJOHJOD]LQJwithORZHSURSHUWLHVKDVW\SLFDO/6*YDOXHVRIWR
+LJKSHUIRUPDQFHGRXEOHJOD]LQJwithORZHSURSHUWLHVKDVW\SLFDO/6*YDOXHVRIWR
&RORXUVVXFKDV*UHHQ&OHDURU%OXHXVXDOO\KDYHKLJKHUOLPLWVRI/6*YDOXHVZKLOH
&RORXUVVXFKDV%URQ]HRU5HGXVXDOO\KDYHORZHUOLPLWVRI/6*YDOXHV
SHGC OF EXTERNAL SHADES

7KH6+*&RIH[WHUQDOVKDGLQJGHYLFHVLVSURYLGHGLQWKLVFKDSWHULQ7DEOHIRUKRUL]RQWDO
VKDGHV 7DEOH IRU YHUWLFDO VKDGHV DQG 7DEOH IRU FRPELQHG KRUL]RQWDO DQG YHUWLFDO
VKDGHV6+*&RIH[WHUQDOVKDGLQJGHYLFHVUDQJHIURPQRH[WHUQDOVKDGLQJGHYLFHVXVHGWR
D SRWHQWLDO ORZ RI RQ WKH (DVW IDoDGH XVLQJ D FRPELQDWLRQ RI ODUJH KRUL]RQWDO DQG YHUWLFDO
VKDGHV
SHGC OF INTERNAL SHADES

7KH 6+*& RI LQWHUQDO VKDGLQJ GHYLFHV LV SURYLGHG LQ 7DEOH 7KH 6+*& RI LQWHUQDO VKDGLQJ
GHYLFHV UDQJH IURP QR LQWHUQDO VKDGHV WR D SRWHQWLDO ORZ RI XVLQJ UHHFWLYH LQWHUQDO
EOLQGV,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRQRWHWKDWWKH6+*&YDOXHRIWKHVDPHLQWHUQDOVKDGLQJGHYLFHLVGLIIHUHQW
GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH W\SH RI JOD]LQJ LW LV FRPELQHG ZLWK )RU H[DPSOH WKH 6+*& RI DQ LQWHUQDO
UHHFWLYHZKLWHRSDTXHUROOHUEOLQGLVIRUDVLQJOHFOHDUJOD]LQJIRUVLQJOHJUHHQJOD]LQJ
DQGIRUDEURQ]HORZHGRXEOHJOD]LQJXQLW
ESTIMATING ENERGY SAVED

7KURXJK DQ HQHUJ\ VLPXODWLRQ VWXG\ LW ZDV IRXQG WKDW WKH GDWD IURP 7DEOH IURP &KDSWHU
RIIHUV D IDLUO\ JRRG HVWLPDWH RI WKH HQHUJ\ VDYHG IURP WKH UHGXFWLRQ RI WKH 6+*& 7DEOH is
UHSURGXFHGEHORZDV7DEOHZLWKDSHUFHQWDJHLPSURYHPHQWVKRZQIURPWKH6RXWKRULHQWDWLRQ
TABLE 6.2 | ENERGY REDUCTION PER GLAZING AREA PER SHGC REDUCTION
(EXTRACTED FROM TABLE 5.2.1 IN CHAPTER 5)
Preference
Orientation
Energy Reduction (per year) Per

Glazing Area Per SHGC Reduction
(kWh/m2 SHGC of glazing area)
% Improvement
Compared to South
Orientation
(DVW

West

North

South

7DEOHLQGLFDWHVWKDWLWLVPRVWHQHUJ\HIFLHQWWRUHGXFHWKH6+*&LQIHQHVWUDWLRQRQWKH(DVW
IDoDGH3URYLVLRQRIVKDGLQJGHYLFHVRUJOD]LQJWHFKQRORJLHVWKDWUHGXFHV6+*&YDOXHVZLOOSURYLGH
WKHTXLFNHVWSD\EDFNIRUWKH(DVWIDoDGHIROORZHGE\:HVW1RUWKDQGODVWO\6RXWKIDoDGHV7KLV
DOVRLQGLFDWHVWKDWLWPD\EHMXVWLDEOHWRXVHPRUHH[SHQVLYHPDWHULDOVWRUHGXFHWKH6+*&RQWKH
(DVWHUQIDoDGHWKDQRQWKH6RXWKHUQIDoDGH
CALCULATION EXAMPLE 1 - USE OF TABLE 6.2

%DVH'HVLJQ
(DVW)DoDGHP6LQJOH*OD]LQJ6+*&
5HYLVHG'HVLJQ
(DVW)DoDGHP
D6LQJOH*OD]LQJ*UHHQ7LQWHG6+*&JO]
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$GGLWLRQDO&RVW=HUREHFDXVHLWLVDOUHDG\SURYLGHGIRULQWKHEDVHGHVLJQ
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(DVW)DoDGH
7RWDO5HYLVHG'HVLJQ6+*& [[
6+*&5HGXFWLRQ
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D*OD]LQJ50P[P 50
E([WHUQDO6KDGHV 50
F,QWHUQDO6KDGHV 50
G7RWDO$GGLWLRQDO&RVW 50
EXTERNAL SHADING DEVICES

$QHQHUJ\VLPXODWLRQVWXG\ZDVFRQGXFWHGWRGHULYHWKHDYHUDJH\HDUO\6+*&RIH[WHUQDOEOLQGV7KHVHVLPXODWLRQVWXGLHV
DFFRXQWHGIRUWKHUHGXFWLRQRIVRODUJDLQGXHWRGLUHFWDQGGLIIXVHVKDGLQJRQDZLQGRZ7KHHQHUJ\VLPXODWLRQVWXG\ZDV
EDVHGRQDIXOO\HDUKRXUVRIZHDWKHUGDWDLQWKH7HVW5HIHUHQFH<HDURI0DOD\VLD&KDSWHU
HORIZONTAL SHADING DEVICES

7KHGHIDXOW06GHQLWLRQRIKRUL]RQWDOVKDGLQJGHYLFHLVXVHGLQWKLVFKDSWHUDQGLVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH
EHORZ,QDGGLWLRQLWLVTXLWHFRPPRQWRQGKRUL]RQWDOSURMHFWLRQVWKDWDUHQRWSODFHGLPPHGLDWHO\DERYHWKHZLQGRZ
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LQWKHQH[WVHFWLRQ
FIGURE 6.3.1 | DEFINITION OF R1 RATIO FOR HORIZONTAL SHADES
5
+3
Z
:KHUH
+3 +RUL]RQWDO3URMHFWLRQP
= :LQGRZ+HLJKWP
HP
PERSPECTIVE VIEW
SECTION VIEW
TABLE 6.3.1.1 | SHGC OF HORIZONTAL SHADES

BASED ON R1 RATIO
7KH 6+*& RI XVLQJ KRUL]RQWDO VKDGHV LQ WKLV FOLPDWH LV
SURYLGHG LQ 7DEOH 7KHVH QXPEHUV DUH GHULYHG
IURP HQHUJ\ VLPXODWLRQ VWXGLHV ,W FDQ EH REVHUYHG
IURP WKH WDEOH WKDW WKH GLIIHUHQFH RI 6+*& IURP WKH
XVH RI KRUL]RQWDO H[WHUQDO VKDGHV IRU GLIIHUHQW IDoDGH
RULHQWDWLRQV LV UHODWLYHO\ VPDOO 7KLV FRXOG EH GXH WR WKH
VLJQLFDQWO\ KLJKHU GLIIXVH VRODU UDGLDWLRQ DV FRPSDUHG
WR WKH GLUHFW VRODU UDGLDWLRQ RI WKH ZHDWKHU GDWD LQ WKH
7HVW5HIHUHQFH<HDURI0DOD\VLD&KDSWHU
R1
1.65
1.00
0.60
0.35
0.10
0.00
6+*&1RUWK

6+*&6RXWK

6+*&(DVW

6+*&:HVW

&KDUW DQG 7DEOH SURYLGHV WKH FXUYH W HTXDWLRQV IRU YDULRXV 5 UDWLRV IRU GLIIHUHQW RULHQWDWLRQV 7KLV
LQIRUPDWLRQLVSURYLGHGWRJLYHH[DFWHVWLPDWHVRIWKH6+*&YDOXHIURPDQ\5YDOXH
CHART 6.3.1.1 | SHGC CURVE FITS FOR HORIZONTAL SHADES FOR NORTH, SOUTH, EAST & WEST ORIENTATIONS
Curve Fit for South Horizontal Shades
1.0
1.0
0.8
0.8
SHGC
SHGC
Curve Fit for North Horizontal Shades
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0.0
0.2
0.4
R1 Ratio
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
1.6
1.8
R1 Ratio
Curve Fit for East Horizontal Shades
Curve Fit for West Horizontal Shades
1.0
1.0
0.8
0.8
SHGC
SHGC
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0.0
R1 Ratio
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
R1 Ratio
TABLE 6.3.1.2 | SHGC CURVE FIT EQUATION, WHERE: X IS R1 RATIO
Orientation
SHGC Curve Fit Equation
R2
North
6+*& [ [ [ [

South
6+*& [[[[

(DVW
6+*& [[[

West
6+*& [ [ [

CHART 6.3.1.2 | KWH OF ENERGY SAVINGS PER GLAZING AREA DUE TO

THE PROVISION OF HORIZONTAL SHADING DEVICE
H. North
H. South
H. East
H. West
100
80
kWh/m2
Savings
&KDUW SURYLGHV WKH HQHUJ\

UHGXFWLRQ IRU HDFK RULHQWDWLRQ RI
WKHEXLOGLQJDVVXPLQJDVLQJOHFOHDU
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6+*&UHGXFWLRQ
60
40
20
0
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
R1 Ratio
ESTIMATING THE SHGC OF HORIZONTAL SHADING DEVICES

WITH OFFSET DISTANCE
)LJXUHEHORZGHVFULEHVDYHU\FRPPRQVFHQDULRIRXQGLQEXLOGLQJGHVLJQ,WKDVEHHQREVHUYHGWKDWPDQ\DUFKLWHFWV
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DSSURSULDWHPHWKRGWRHVWLPDWHWKH6+*&IRUWKHZLQGRZLVSURYLGHGLQWKLVVHFWLRQ
FIGURE 6.3.2.1 | HORIZONTAL EXTERNAL SHADING DEVICES WITH OFFSET
6+*&] "
P
Y
Z
PERSPECTIVE VIEW
SECTION VIEW
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FIGURE 6.3.2.2 | SIMPLIFICATION 1
FIGURE 6.3.2.3 | SIMPLIFICATION 2
PERSPECTIVE VIEW
PERSPECTIVE VIEW
Y
T
SECTION VIEW
SECTION VIEW
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6+*&RI:LQGRZ=
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5HZULWWHQDV
6+*&]
7[6+*&W<[6+*&y

Z
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6+*&t 6+*&RI:LQGRZ7DYDLODEOHIURP7DEOHZLWK5UDWLRRI37
6+*&y 6+*&RI:LQGRZ<DYDLODEOHIURP7DEOHZLWK5UDWLRRI3<
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FIGURE 6.3.2.4 | SOLUTION TO CALCULATE THE SHGC OF FENESTRATION WITH OFFSET

HORIZONTAL PROJECTIONS
6+*&]
7[6+*&W<[6+*&y

Z
P
Y
T
PERSPECTIVE VIEW
SECTION VIEW
VERTICAL SHADING DEVICES
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FIGURE 6.3.3 | DEFINITION OF R2 RATIO FOR VERTICAL SHADES
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TABLE 6.3.3 | SHGC VERTICAL SHADES, R2

R2
1.65
1.00
0.60
0.35
0.10
0.00
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CHART 6.3.3 | KWH OF ENERGY SAVINGS PER GLAZING AREA DUE TO

THE PROVISION OF VERTICAL SHADING DEVICE
V. North
V. South
V. East
V. West
40
35
30
kWh/m2
Savings
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1.20
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1.60
1.80
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TABLE 6.3.4 | SHGC OF COMBINED HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL SHADES, R1 & R2
R1
1.50
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.80
0.80
0.60
0.60
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.20
0.20
0.20
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1.00
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0.90
0.30
1.30
0.40
1.30
0.40
1.60
0.90
0.30
1.20
0.50
0.20
North

South

East

West

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TABLE 5.2.1 | ENERGY AND PEAK LOAD IMPACT OF REDUCING THE SHGC, IN SINGLE GLAZING
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South
East
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CHART 6.4 | AVERAGE DAILY RADIATION DATA FOR SUBANG TEST REFERENCE YEAR
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70
60
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50
40
30
20
10
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TABLE 6.4 | A SELECTION OF ASHRAE SHGC VALUES OF INTERNAL SHADES3

6mm Single Glazing
ASHRAE ID
Description
SHGC of Draperies, Roller Shades and Insect Screens

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ASHRAE ID
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glazing
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END OF CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER
WALL
INSULATION
CHAPTER 7 Wall Insulation
WALL INSULATION
INTRODUCTION
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TABLE 7.1 | ENERGY (ELECTRICITY) REDUCTION PER WALL AREA PER U-VALUE REDUCTION FOR A
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CASE 1 - SQUARE BUILDING CENTER CORE
Offices
Offices
Toilet
AHU
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Walkway
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Pantry
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Offices
Lift Shaft
Stairs
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WALL PROPERTIES
CASE 1: Steel Sheet, 10mm
TABLE 7.3.1 | STEEL SHEET WALL CONSTRUCTION PROPERTIES
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TABLE 7.3.2 | CONCRETE WALL CONSTRUCTION PROPERTIES
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CASE 3: Brick Wall, 115mm

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CASE 5: Double Brick Wall with 50mm Cavity, 300mm

TABLE 7.3.5 | DOUBLE BRICK WALL WITH CAVITY CONSTRUCTION PROPERTIES
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TABLE 7.3.6 | ALC 100MM CONSTRUCTION PROPERTIES
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CASE 9: Steel/Aluminum Composite with 75mm Insulation

TABLE 7.3.9 | STEEL/ALUMINUM COMPOSITE WITH 75MM INSULATION
CONSTRUCTION PROPERTIES
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NIGHT TIME PARASITIC LOAD

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1 Low Night Time Parasitic Load
2 Mid Night Time Parasitic Load
3 High Night Time Parasitic Load
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TABLE 7.4 | SIMULATION RESULTS
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CHART 7.4 | LINEAR CURVE FIT OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND PEAK COOLING LOAD IN BUILDING
Mid Base Load
1,360
kW/year/m2 of wall area
Low Base Load

y = 5.956x + 1310
R2 = 0.978
1,350
1,340
1,330
1,320
1,310
0
1,560
y = 5.451x + 1516
R2 = 0.969
1,550
1,540
1,530
1,520
1,510
Wall U-Value (W/m2K)
1,680
y = 5.148x + 1640
R2 = 0.965
1,660
1,650
1,640
0
Peak Cooling Load

Ton/m2 of wall area
High Base Load
1,670
0.480
0.475
0.470
0.465
0.460
0.455
0.450
0.445
y = 0.004x + 0.445
R2 = 0.976
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SUMMARY
7KHHQHUJ\VDYLQJVGXHWRZDOOLQVXODWLRQLVGHSHQGHQWRQWKHLQWHUQDOKHDWSURGXFHGE\WKHEXLOGLQJHTXLSPHQW
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LQVXODWHG ZDOOV ZLOO WUDS WKH KHDW JHQHUDWHG GXULQJ WKH QLJKW WLPH E\ WKH OLJKWV DQG HTXLSPHQW WKDW DUH QRW
VZLWFKHGRIILQFUHDVLQJWKHDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJORDGWKHQH[W PRUQLQJ 7KHUHIRUH LW LV LPSRUWDQW WR PDQDJH WKH
KHDWSURGXFHGLQVLGHDEXLOGLQJGXULQJWKHQLJKWWLPHLQRUGHUWREHQHWIURPDQLQVXODWHGZDOO
0RUHLPSRUWDQWO\LQVXODWHGZDOOVGRSURYLGHDVLJQLFDQWSHDNFRROLQJORDGUHGXFWLRQWKDWUHGXFHVWKHFKLOOHUSHDN
FDSDFLW\DQGKHOSVWRUHGXFHWKHFDSLWDOFRVWRIDQDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJV\VWHP,WLVUHFRPPHQGHGIRUDUFKLWHFWVWR
FKHFNZLWKDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJV\VWHPGHVLJQHUVWRH[SORUHWKHVDYLQJVSURYLGHGE\LQVXODWHGZDOOV7KLVFKDSWHUDOVR
SURYLGHVDQDSSUR[LPDWLRQRIHQHUJ\VDYHGDQGSHDNORDGUHGXFWLRQGXHWRWKHXVHRIZDOOLQVXODWLRQ$JDLQWKLV
FDQEHXVHGE\EXLOGLQJGHVLJQHUVDVDTXLFNDSSUR[LPDWLRQDQGJXLGHWRPDNHGHVLJQGHFLVLRQV
END OF CHAPTER 7
CHAPTER
ROOF
INSULATION
CHAPTER 8 Roof Insulation
8 ROOF INSULATION
INTRODUCTION
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This chapter provides the potential energy reduction due to the use of
insulation in roofing systems for these scenarios below the roof space:
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The above air-conditioning hours are then applied to these 3 types of

roofing system:
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KEY RECOMMENDATIONS
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In general, the maximum insulation thickness to be provided for buildings in the Malaysian
climate zone is 100mm of polystyrene foam or mineral wool. Providing insulation thicker
than 100mm does not yield much further energy reduction.
CONCRETE FLAT ROOF

FIGURE 8.1 | CROSS-SECTION OF CONCRETE FLAT ROOF SCHEMATIC
Outer Surface
Cement Screed (25mm)
Waterproofing Membrane (12mm)
Polystyrene Foam Insulation
(0mm - 500mm)
Cast Concrete (100mm)
Inner Surface (Air-Conditioned)
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TABLE 8.1.2 | SIMULATION RESULTS FOR FLAT ROOF, AIR-CONDITIONING HOURS OF 8.00AM TO 5:30PM ON WEEKDAYS
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TABLE 8.1.3 | SIMULATION RESULTS FOR FLAT ROOF, AIR-CONDITIONING FOR 24 HOURS DAILY
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TABLE 8.1.4 | SIMULATION RESULTS FOR FLAT ROOF, AIR-CONDITIONING HOURS OF 2.00PM TO 10.00PM DAILY
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TABLE 8.1.5 | SIMULATION RESULTS FOR FLAT ROOF, AIR-CONDITIONING HOURS OF 10.00PM TO 6.00AM DAILY
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FIGURE 8.2 | CROSS-SECTION OF PITCH ROOF CONSTRUCTION WITH PLASTERBOARD AS CEILING
Metal Roof (6mm)

Mineral Wool Insulation (0mm - 500mm)
Roof Air Space
Plasterboard (12mm)
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TABLE 8.2.2 | SIMULATION RESULTS FOR PITCH ROOF, AIR-CONDITIONING HOURS OF 8.00AM TO 5:30PM ON WEEKDAYS
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TABLE 8.2.3 | SIMULATION RESULTS FOR PITCH ROOF, AIR-CONDITIONING FOR 24 HOURS DAILY
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TABLE 8.2.4 | SIMULATION RESULTS FOR PITCH ROOF, AIR-CONDITIONING HOURS OF 2.00PM TO 10.00PM DAILY
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TABLE 8.2.5 | SIMULATION RESULTS FOR PITCH ROOF, AIR-CONDITIONING HOURS OF 10.00PM TO 6.00AM DAILY
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Mineral Wool Insulation (0mm - 500mm)
Roof Air Space
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TABLE 8.3.2 | SIMULATION RESULTS FOR PITCH ROOF, AIR-CONDITIONING HOURS OF 8.00AM TO 5:30PM ON WEEKDAYS
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TABLE 8.3.3 | SIMULATION RESULTS FOR PITCH ROOF, AIR-CONDITIONING FOR 24 HOURS DAILY
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TABLE 8.3.4 | SIMULATION RESULTS FOR PITCH ROOF, AIR-CONDITIONING HOURS OF 2.00PM TO 10.00PM DAILY
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TABLE 8.3.5 | SIMULATION RESULTS FOR PITCH ROOF, AIR-CONDITIONING HOURS OF 10.00PM TO 6.00AM DAILY
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SIMULATION MODELS
Three (3) types of roof were created for this study on roof insulation:
CONCRETE FLAT ROOF MODEL

TABLE 8.4 | CONSTRUCTION PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE FLAT ROOF
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PITCH ROOF WITH PLASTERBOARD CEILING MODEL

TABLE 8.5.1 | CONSTRUCTION PROPERTIES OF PITCH ROOF SECTION
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PITCH ROOF WITH CONCRETE CEILING MODEL

TABLE 8.6.1 | CONSTRUCTION PROPERTIES OF PITCH ROOF SECTION
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AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM
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DETAILED SIMULATION CHARTS

FLAT ROOF (8AM - 5.30PM)
FLAT ROOF (24HRS)
35.0
142
34.5749
34.5
140
Energy (MWh)
Energy (MWh)
34.0
33.5
33.0
32.5
32.0
31.5
141.3327
31.7936
31.4747
31.339
31.263
31.1376
31.1385
31.0847
31.0768
200
300
400
500
138
136
134
133.7988
132.7162
132.2794
132.0431
132
31.0
30.5
131.6639
131.5301
131.4618
131.4205
200
300
400
500
130
0
100
600
100
Insulation (mm)
Insulation (mm)
PITCH ROOF (8AM - 5.30PM)

34.5
PITCH ROOF (24HRS)

138.0
34.1157
137.5
137.4011
137.0
33.5
Energy (MWh)
Energy (MWh)
34.0
33.0
32.5
32.0
31.9562
31.4099
31.2125
31.1007
31.5
31.0
136.5
136.0
135.5
135.0
134.5
134.5499
133.8504
133.5465
133.3744
134.0
30.9047
30.8274
30.8004
133.5
30.7977
133.0886
133.0
30.5
100
200
300
400
500
600
100
Insulation (mm)
132.9003
200
300
400
500
600
PITCH ROOF WITH CONCRETE SLAB (24HRS)

138
32.8636
32.8
137.6074
137
32.6
Energy (MWh)
Energy (MWh)
132.935
Insulation (mm)
PITCH ROOF WITH CONCRETE SLAB (8AM - 5.30PM)
32.4
32.2
32.0
132.9879
132.5
0
33.0
600
31.9482
31.8
31.716
31.6386
31.5939
31.6
136
135
134.6089
133.8926
133.5804
133.4035
134
133.1077
133
31.5179
31.4954
31.49
31.4881
200
300
400
500
31.4
133.0011
132.945
132.9091
300
400
500
132
0
100
600
Insulation (mm)
100
200
Insulation (mm)
600
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FLAT ROOF (2PM - 10PM)

47
FLAT ROOF (10PM - 6AM)

39.5
46.3929
46
39.0
Energy (MWh)
Energy (MWh)
45
44
43
42
41
40.529
39.8526
39.584
40
39.4383
39.195
39.0811
39.0599
39.0428
200
300
400
500
39
38.9205
38.5
38.0
37.9458
37.5693
37.4099
37.3226
37.5
38
100
600
100
Insulation (mm)
41.5
Energy (MWh)
Energy (MWh)
36.8
41.0
40.5718
40.5
40.2131
39.9992
39.8804
40.0
200
300
400
500
600
37.0
42.282
39.6809
39.5738
39.5
39.4897
36.4
100
200
300
400
500
36.9107
36.9372
36.9331
400
500
35.7649
36.7289
36.6724
36.6
36.4801
36.2
35.8
0
36.8512
36.0
39.4375
39.0
600
35.8942
100
Insulation (mm)
200
300
600
Insulation (mm)
PITCH ROOF WITH CONCRETE SLAB (2PM - 10PM)
PITCH ROOF WITH CONCRETE SLAB (10PM - 6AM)

39.0
43.0871
43.0
38.8775
38.8
42.5
Energy (MWh)
Energy (MWh)
37.0654
PITCH ROOF (10PM - 6AM)
42.0
42.0
41.5
41.0
37.091
Insulation (mm)
PITCH ROOF (2PM - 10PM)
43.5
37.0576
36.5
0
42.5
37.1831
37.0
40.8594
40.3644
40.1641
40.0507
40.5
40.0
38.6
38.4
38.2571
38.2
38.0831
37.9822
37.9248
38.0
37.8312
39.8536
39.7728
39.7342
39.7178
200
300
400
500
37.8
39.5
37.7954
37.7671
300
400
37.7433
37.6
0
100
Insulation (mm)
600
100
200
500
600
Insulation (mm)
SIMULATION RESULTS
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END OF CHAPTER 8
CHAPTER
ATRIUM
VENTILATION
STRATEGIES
CHAPTER 9 Atrium Ventilation Strategies
ATRIUM VENTILATION
STRATEGIES
INTRODUCTION
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FIGURE 9.1 | CROSS-SECTION OF AN ATRIUM SPACE WITH NATURAL

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KEY RECOMMENDATIONS
After analysing the results of 10 simulation cases, the
following recommendations were made:
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the atrium roof
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the buildings total
energy consumption
as opposed to
having a ventilated
atrium roof space to
exhaust hot air out
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GDLO\ DOORZHG WKH FRROHU RXWGRRU DLU WR FRRO
WKH DWULXP VSDFH GRZQ GXULQJ WKH QLJKW WLPH
LQWR WKH HDUO\ PRUQLQJ KRXUV 7KH FORVLQJ RI
WKH JURXQG RRU DWULXP VSDFH RSHQLQJV IURP
DPWRSPZLOONHHSWKHDWULXPVSDFHFRROHU
IRU ORQJHU KRXUV EHFDXVH LW SUHYHQWV WKH KRW
RXWGRRU DLU IURP KHDWLQJ XS WKH DWULXP VSDFH
GXULQJ WKH GD\WLPH ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH OHDNHG
FRROLQJ IURP WKH RIFHV LV UHWDLQHG E\ WKH
FORVHGDWULXPVSDFH
FIGURE 9.2 | DAYTIME VENTILATION STRATEGY
DAYTIME
7.00AM to 4.00PM
ATRIUM GROUND FLOOR:
Air-tight to prevent loss of
FRROLQJIURPWKHRIFHVDQG
the night before.
ATRIUM ROOF SPACE:
.HSWRSHQIRUQDWXUDO
YHQWLODWLRQDQGHDVHRI
RSHUDWLRQ+RWDQGKXPLG
DLULVOLJKWHUWKDQFROGDQG
GU\DLUWKHUHIRUHLWZLOO
QRWPL[ZLWKWKHDLUDWWKH
ERWWRPRIWKHDWULXPVSDFH
7KH DWULXP URRI VSDFH LV UHFRPPHQGHG

WR UHPDLQ SHUPDQHQWO\ RSHQ IRU QDWXUDO
YHQWLODWLRQ :KHQ WKH JURXQG RRU VSDFH LV
NHSWDLUWLJKWGXULQJWKHGD\WLPHLWLVGLIFXOW
IRU RXWGRRU DLU WR LQOWUDWH LQWR WKH DWULXP
VSDFH +RZHYHU ZKHQ WKH JURXQG RRU VSDFH
LV RSHQ IRU YHQWLODWLRQ GXULQJ WKH QLJKW KRXUV
LWZLOOSURPRWHQDWXUDOYHQWLODWLRQGXHWRVWDFN
YHQWLODWLRQHIIHFWZKHUHWKHKRWDLUULVHVXSWR
H[LWWKHDWULXPVSDFHDWWKHURRIOHYHODQGWKH
FRROHU RXWGRRU DLU ZLOO HQWHU WKH DWULXP VSDFH
IURPWKHJURXQGRRURSHQLQJVEHORZ
FIGURE 9.3 | NIGHT TIME VENTILATION STRATEGY
)XUWKHU LPSURYHPHQWV FDQ EH REWDLQHG E\

KDYLQJ DQ DXWRPDWLF V\VWHP WKDW RSHQV WKH
JURXQG RRU DQG URRI WR QDWXUDO YHQWLODWLRQ
ZKHQHYHUWKHPHDVXUHGLQGRRUDLUWHPSHUDWXUH
LV KLJKHU WKDQ WKH RXWGRRU DLU WHPSHUDWXUH
+RZHYHUWKHDGYDQWDJHJDLQHGIURPWKLVIRUP
RI DXWRPDWLF V\VWHP PD\ RQO\ EH YLDEOH IRU
ODUJHUEXLOGLQJV
NIGHT TIME
4.00PM to 7.00AM
ATRIUM GROUND FLOOR:
2SHQWRSURPRWHVWDFN
YHQWLODWLRQWREULQJLQFRROHU
QLJKWWLPHDLU
ATRIUM ROOF SPACE:
2SHQIRUQDWXUDOVWDFN
YHQWLODWLRQ
,WZDVDOVRIRXQGLQWKHVHVWXGLHVWKDWQDWXUDOYHQWLODWLRQXVLQJSHUPDQHQWO\[HGRSHQLQJVDUHQRWDVHIIHFWLYHDVWKRVH
VWUDWHJLHVWKDWDOORZHGWKHRSHQLQJVDWWKHJURXQGRRUOHYHOWREHRSHQHGDQGFORVHGDFFRUGLQJWRWKHWLPHRUPHDVXUHG
WHPSHUDWXUH
7KHIROORZLQJSHUPDQHQWO\[HGVWUDWHJLHVZLOOFDXVHWKHDWULXPVSDFHWRKDYHFRPIRUWDEOHFRQGLWLRQVIRUOHVVWKDQ
RIWKHWLPH
13HUPDQHQWO\&ORVHG*URXQG)ORRU/HYHODQG&ORVHG5RRIFRPIRUWDEOHKRXUV
23HUPDQHQWO\&ORVHG*URXQG)ORRU/HYHODQG2SHQ5RRIFRPIRUWDEOHKRXUV
33HUPDQHQWO\2SHQ*URXQG)ORRU/HYHODQG2SHQ5RRIFRPIRUWDEOHKRXUV
TABLE 9.1 | SUMMARY RESULTS OF 11 SIMULATED CASES TESTED FOR CHAPTER 9
Total Building
Energy Saved
(%)
Comfortable
Hours/Year at
Atrium Floor Level
(8am to 6pm,
Mon-Fri)
Comfortable
Hours/Year
(%)
Case
Description
BASE
$LU&RQGLWLRQHG*URXQG)ORRU
$WULXP3HUPDQHQWO\&ORVHGDW%RWWRPDQG7RS

CASE 1
1DWXUDO9HQWLODWLRQ
$WULXP3HUPDQHQWO\2SHQDW%RWWRPDQG7RS

CASE 2
1DWXUDO9HQWLODWLRQ
3HUPDQHQWO\&ORVHGDW%RWWRPDQG7RS

977

CASE 3
1DWXUDO9HQWLODWLRQ
3HUPDQHQWO\&ORVHGDW%RWWRPDQG2SHQDW7RS

CASE 4
1DWXUDO9HQWLODWLRQ
7HPSHUDWXUH&RQWUROOHG9HQWLODWLRQDW%RWWRPDQG7RS

CASE 5
1DWXUDO9HQWLODWLRQ
7LPH&RQWUROOHG9HQWLODWLRQDW%RWWRPDQG7RS

CASE 6
1DWXUDO9HQWLODWLRQ
7LPH&RQWUROOHG9HQWLODWLRQDW%RWWRPDQG3HUPDQHQWO\2SHQ7RS

CASE 7
1DWXUDO9HQWLODWLRQ
7HPSHUDWXUH&RQWUROOHG9HQWLODWLRQDW%RWWRPDQG3HUPDQHQWO\2SHQ7RS

CASE 8
$WULXP3HUPDQHQWO\2SHQDWWKH7RS

CASE 9
$WULXP7HPSHUDWXUH&RQWUROOHGDWWKH7RS

CASE 10
$WULXP7HPSHUDWXUH&RQWUROOHGDWERWK7RSDQG%RWWRP

SIMULATION MODEL
$QHLJKWRRURIFHEXLOGLQJZDVPRGHOOHGIRUWKLVVWXG\ZLWKWKHDWULXP
ORFDWHG DW WKH FHQWHU RI WKH EXLOGLQJ VXUURXQGHG E\ DLUFRQGLWLRQHG RIFH
VSDFHV IURP WKH VW RRU OHYHO WR WK RRU OHYHO 7KH HQWLUH JURXQG RRU ZDV
PRGHOOHGDVSDUWRIWKHDWULXPVSDFHDQGZDVHLWKHUDLUFRQGLWLRQHGRUQDWXUDOO\
YHQWLODWHGGHSHQGLQJRQWKHFDVHVWXG\7KHUHVWRIWKHDWULXPVSDFHZDVQRW
DLUFRQGLWLRQHGIRUDOOFDVHV
FIGURE 9.4 | VIEW OF ATRIUM SIMULATION MODEL
The simulation model took these

factors into consideration:
,QWHUQDOZDOOVIDFLQJWKHDWULXPVSDFH
KDG D ZLQGRZWRZDOO UDWLR RI
7KHVHLQWHUQDOZDOOVVHSDUDWHWKHDLU
FRQGLWLRQHG RIFHV IURP WKH DWULXP
VSDFH 7KH LQWHUQDO JOD]LQJ ZDV
DVVLJQHGDVVLQJOHJOD]LQJFOHDUJODVV
,QDGGLWLRQRIWKHLQWHUQDOJOD]LQJ
DUHDZDVDVVXPHGWREHSHUPDQHQWO\
RSHQWRPRGHODLUOHDNDJHVEHWZHHQ
WKHRIFHVDQGWKHDWULXPVSDFH7KLV
DVVXPSWLRQ ZLOO EH YDOLG IRU PRVW
EXLOGLQJVZKHUHWKHLQWHUQDOZLQGRZV
DUH DOO NHSW FORVHG WR WKH DWULXP
VSDFH 7KH RSHQLQJ DVVXPSWLRQ
PDGH LQ WKLV VWXG\ UHSUHVHQWV WKH
OHDNDJHV GXH WR WKH FUDFNV EHWZHHQ
WKHZLQGRZIUDPHVDQGWKHZDOOV
2
FIGURE 9.5 | CROSS-SECTION VIEW OF ATRIUM SIMULATION MODEL
7KH DWULXP URRI WRS LV PRGHOOHG WR

EH KLJKHU WKDQ WKH KLJKHVW RIFH
RRU OHYHO 7KH KLJKHU URRI KHLJKW RI
DWULXP VSDFHV LV W\SLFDOO\ GHVLJQHG
IRUDHVWKHWLFUHDVRQVEXWLQWKLVFDVH
LWLVDOVRWRFUHDWHDVSDFHIRUVWRUDJH
RI KRW DLU IRU LW WR EH FRQGXFWHG RU
YHQWLODWHGRXWRIWKHEXLOGLQJ
RIWKHDWULXPURRIZDVPRGHOOHG
DVDVN\OLJKWWRDOORZQDWXUDOGD\OLJKW
LQWRWKHDWULXPVSDFH
AIR-CONDITIONED ATRIUM STRATEGIES

BASE CASE: AIR-CONDITIONED, PERMANENTLY CLOSED ATRIUM SPACE
,QDW\SLFDOEXLOGLQJVFHQDULRWKHDWULXPVSDFHZLOOUHPDLQFORVHGGD\DQGQLJKW1RWHWKDWWKHWHPSHUDWXUHLQWKHDWULXP
VSDFHLVVLJQLFDQWO\ZDUPHUWKDQWKHRXWGRRUDLUWHPSHUDWXUHGXULQJWKHQLJKWKRXUVDQGZHHNHQGV7KLVWHPSHUDWXUH
PHDVXUHPHQWLVWDNHQDWWKHJURXQGRRURIWKHDWULXPVSDFHZKHUHEXLOGLQJRFFXSDQWVZLOOSDVVWKURXJK
FIGURE 9.6 | CROSS-SECTION VIEW OF
ATRIUM SIMULATION MODEL
38
Temperature (C)
36
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Date: Sun 05/Mar to Wed 08/Mar

Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (base_closedacbtm_door.aps)
AIR-CONDITIONED GROUND FLOOR
Dry-bulb temperature: SubangTRY.fwt (SubangTRY.fwt)
CASE 8: AIR-CONDITIONED GROUND

FLOOR, ATRIUM PERMANENTLY OPEN
AT THE TOP
FIGURE 9.7 |
CROSS-SECTION
VIEW OF ATRIUM
SIMULATION MODEL
THE IDEA
6LQFHFROGDQGGU\DLUFRQGLWLRQHGDLULVKHDYLHUWKDQKRW
DQG KXPLG DLU WKLV VWUDWHJ\ DWWHPSWV WR DOORZ KRW DQG
KXPLGDLUWRULVHLQWKHDWULXPVSDFHDQGHVFDSHIURPWKH
WRSRIWKHEXLOGLQJ
AIR-CONDITIONED GROUND FLOOR
38
Temperature (C)
36
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed

Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c8_ac_opentop.aps)
Thu
THE REALITY
+DYLQJ WKH WRS RI WKH DWULXP VSDFH RSHQ WR YHQWLODWLRQ
LQFUHDVHV WKH LQOWUDWLRQ UDWH VLJQLFDQWO\ DW WKH JURXQG
RRU OHYHO ZKHQ WKH GRRUV DUH RSHQHG DQG FORVHG IRU
RFFXSDQWDFFHVV7KLVLQFUHDVHLQLQOWUDWLRQUDWHLQFUHDVHV
ERWK WKH VHQVLEOH DQG ODWHQW ORDG IRU WKH DLUFRQGLWLRQLQJ
V\VWHPDWWKHJURXQGRRUOHYHO7KHWRWDOEXLOGLQJHQHUJ\
FRQVXPSWLRQ ZDV LQFUHDVHG E\ LQ WKLV WHVW FDVH
VFHQDULRFRPSDUHGWRWKH%DVH&DVHVFHQDULR7KHDWULXP
JURXQGRRUGRRUVZHUHPRGHOOHGWREHRSHQRIWKH
EXLOGLQJDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJKRXUV
CASE 9: AIR-CONDITIONED
GROUND FLOOR, TEMPERATURE
CONTROLLED OPENINGS AT THE
TOP
CASE 10: AIR-CONDITIONED

GROUND FLOOR, TEMPERATURE
CONTROLLED OPENINGS AT THE
TOP AND BOTTOM
THE IDEA
,QVWHDGRINHHSLQJWKHWRSRIWKHDWULXPURRISHUPDQHQWO\
RSHQ WR QDWXUDO YHQWLODWLRQ DQ DWWHPSW LV PDGH WR
KDYH WKH URRI YHQWLODWLRQ RSHQ WR H[KDXVW KRW DLU RXW
RI WKH DWULXP VSDFH ZKHQHYHU WKH PHDVXUHG LQGRRU
DLU WHPSHUDWXUH DW WKH URRI VSDFH LV ZDUPHU WKDQ WKH
RXWGRRUDLUWHPSHUDWXUH2WKHUZLVHWKHDWULXPVSDFHLV
NHSWDLUWLJKW
THE IDEA
,W ZDV REVHUYHG WKDW WKH JURXQG RRU DWULXP VSDFH DLU
WHPSHUDWXUH LV VLJQLFDQWO\ KLJKHU WKDQ WKH RXWGRRU DLU
WHPSHUDWXUH ZKHQHYHU WKH DLUFRQGLWLRQLQJ V\VWHP LV
VZLWFKHGRII,QWKLVFDVHVWXG\DWHPSHUDWXUHGLIIHUHQWLDO
VHQVRULVXVHGWRRSHQWKHURRIWRSORXYUHVDQGJURXQG
RRU GRRUV ZKHQHYHU WKH LQGRRU VSDFH LV ZDUPHU WKDQ
WKHRXWGRRUDLUWHPSHUDWXUH7KLVZLOOWKHQDOORZQDWXUDO
FRROLQJ RI WKH JURXQG RRU DWULXP VSDFH ZKHQ DLU
FRQGLWLRQLQJV\VWHPLVVZLWFKHGRII
THE REALITY
7KHVLPXODWLRQUHVXOWZDVVLPLODUWR&DVHZKHUHWKHWRS
RI WKH DWULXP VSDFH ZDV NHSW SHUPDQHQWO\ RSHQ 7RWDO
EXLOGLQJHQHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQLQFUHDVHGE\LQWKLV
WHVWFDVHVFHQDULRFRPSDUHGWRWKH%DVH&DVHVFHQDULR
ZKHUHWKHDWULXPVSDFHZDVNHSWDLUWLJKW$JDLQLWZDV
IRXQG WKDW KDYLQJ WKH WRS RI WKH DWULXP VSDFH RSHQ WR
YHQWLODWLRQ LQFUHDVHV WKH LQOWUDWLRQ UDWH VLJQLFDQWO\ DW
WKHJURXQGRRUOHYHOZKHQGRRUVDUHRSHQHGDQGFORVHG
IRU RFFXSDQW DFFHVV 7KLV LQFUHDVH LQ LQOWUDWLRQ UDWH
LQFUHDVHV ERWK WKH VHQVLEOH DQG ODWHQW ORDG IRU WKH DLU
FRQGLWLRQLQJV\VWHPDWWKHJURXQGRRUOHYHO7KHDWULXP
THE REALITY
7KH VLPXODWLRQ UHVXOW ZDV VLPLODU WR &DVH ZKHUH WKH
WRSRIWKHDWULXPVSDFHZDVNHSWSHUPDQHQWO\RSHQ7RWDO
EXLOGLQJHQHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQLQFUHDVHGE\LQWKLV
WHVWFDVHVFHQDULRFRPSDUHGWRWKH%DVH&DVHVFHQDULR
ZKHUHWKHDWULXPVSDFHZDVNHSWDLUWLJKW$JDLQLWZDV
IRXQG WKDW KDYLQJ WKH WRS RI WKH DWULXP VSDFH RSHQ WR
YHQWLODWLRQ LQFUHDVHV WKH LQOWUDWLRQ UDWH VLJQLFDQWO\ DW
WKHJURXQGRRUOHYHOZKHQGRRUVDUHRSHQHGDQGFORVHG
IRU RFFXSDQW DFFHVV 7KLV LQFUHDVH LQ LQOWUDWLRQ UDWH
LQFUHDVHV ERWK WKH VHQVLEOH DQG ODWHQW ORDG IRU WKH DLU
FRQGLWLRQLQJV\VWHPDWWKHJURXQGRRUOHYHO7KHDWULXP
38
36
36
34
34
Temperature (C)
Temperature (C)
38
32
30
28
26
32
30
28
26
24
24
22
22
20
20
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c9_ac_opentop.aps)
Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c11_ac_nvnite.aps)
Dry-bulb resultant temperature: SubangTRY.fwt (SubangTRY.fwt)
Thu
NATURAL VENTILATION STRATEGIES

CASE 1: PERMANENTLY OPEN TOP AND BOTTOM
THE IDEA
7R DOORZ QDWXUDO VWDFN YHQWLODWLRQ WR
FRROWKHDWULXPVSDFHWKHHQWLUHGD\
36
34
Temperature (C)
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
THE REALITY
7KH RSHUDWLQJ KRXUV RI WKH RIFH
EXLOGLQJ FRLQFLGHV ZLWK WKH KRWWHVW
WHPSHUDWXUHV RI WKH GD\ $OORZLQJ
VXFK QDWXUDO YHQWLODWLRQ VWUDWHJ\
DOORZHGKRWRXWGRRUDLUWHPSHUDWXUHV
WR KHDW XS WKH JURXQG RRU VSDFH
GXULQJWKHGD\WLPH+RZHYHUGXULQJ
WKHQLJKWWLPHWKHFROGHURXWGRRUDLU
WHPSHUDWXUH GRHV KHOS WR FRRO WKH
VSDFHGRZQ
Date: Mon 06/Mar to Wed 08/Mar

Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c1_opentopbtm.aps)
FIGURE 9.8 | CROSS-SECTION VIEW OF ATRIUM SIMULATION MODEL
CASE 2: PERMANENTLY CLOSED TOP

AND BOTTOM
CASE 3: PERMANENTLY CLOSED

BOTTOM AND OPEN TOP
THE IDEA
7R WU\ WR FDSWXUH DOO WKH FRROLQJ WKDW LV FRQGXFWHG DQG
LQOWUDWHGIURPWKHRIFHVLQWRWKHDWULXPVSDFH
THE IDEA
7KLVFDVHVWXG\DWWHPSWVWRFDSWXUHDOOWKHFRROLQJWKDWLV
FRQGXFWHGDQGLQOWUDWHGIURPWKHRIFHVLQWRWKHDWULXP
VSDFHZKLOHDOORZLQJWKHKRWDLUWRHVFDSHYLDWKHWRSRI
WKHDWULXPURRI
THE REALITY
.HHSLQJWKHDWULXPVHDOHGDLUWLJKWWXUQVWKLVVSDFHLQWR
D JUHHQKRXVH HVSHFLDOO\ GXULQJ WKH ZHHNHQGV 7KH
VLPXODWHGDWULXPVSDFHZDVKRWWHUWKDQWKHRXWGRRUDLU
WHPSHUDWXUH GXULQJ ZHHNHQGV 'XULQJ ZHHNGD\V ZLWK
WKHDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJUXQQLQJLQWKHRIFHVWKHFRQGXFWLRQ
DQGLQOWUDWLRQOHDNDJHVLQWRWKHDWULXPVSDFHUHGXFHVLWV
GDLO\SHDNRSHUDWLYHWHPSHUDWXUHEXWLWZDVQRWHQRXJK
WRNHHSLWDWFRPIRUWDEOHOHYHO
THE REALITY
$OWKRXJK LW ZRUNHG DV SODQQHG WKH DPRXQW RI KRW
DLU HVFDSLQJ IURP WKH WRS RI WKH DWULXP VSDFH LV QRW
VLJQLFDQW HQRXJK WR UHGXFH WKH RSHUDWLYH WHPSHUDWXUH
RIWKHJURXQGRRUOHYHOE\PXFK
38
36
36
34
34
Temperature (C)
Temperature (C)
38
32
30
28
26
24
32
30
28
26
24
22
22
20
20
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c2_closetopbtm.aps)
Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c3_closetopbtm_opentop.aps)
CASE 4: TEMPERATURE CONTROLLED VENTILATION AT BOTTOM AND TOP

THE IDEA
2SHQWKHJURXQGRRUDQGURRIWRSIRUQDWXUDOYHQWLODWLRQZKHQHYHUWKHDLUWHPSHUDWXUHRIWKHLQGRRUDWULXPVSDFHLVKLJKHU
WKDQWKHRXWGRRUDLUWHPSHUDWXUH&ORVHWKHQDWXUDOYHQWLODWLRQZKHQHYHUWKHRXWGRRUDLUWHPSHUDWXUHLVKLJKHUWKDQWKH
LQGRRUDWULXPVSDFHDLUWHPSHUDWXUH7KLVZLOODOORZWKHFRROHURXWGRRUDLUWRFRROWKHDWULXPVSDFHGRZQZKHQWKHWLPHLV
ULJKWDQGZKHQWKHRXWGRRUDLULVKRWNHHSWKHDWULXPVSDFHDLUWLJKWWRSUHYHQWLWIURPKHDWLQJXSWKHVSDFH
36
34
Temperature (C)
THE REALITY
'XH WR WKH FDSWXUHG FRROLQJ WKDW ZDV FRQGXFWHG DQG
LQOWUDWHGIURPWKHRIFHVWRWKHDWULXPVSDFHWKHSHDN
RSHUDWLYHWHPSHUDWXUHRIWKHJURXQGRRUDWULXPVSDFH
LV DSSUR[LPDWHO\ & ORZHU WKDQ WKH SHDN RXWGRRU DLU
WHPSHUDWXUH ,Q VKRUW WKLV VWUDWHJ\ ZRUNHG DV SODQQHG
DQG SURYLGHG WKH EHVW FRPELQDWLRQ RI FRPIRUW DQG
HQHUJ\UHGXFWLRQ8QIRUWXQDWHO\ZHZHUHVWLOOXQDEOHWR
DFKLHYHFRPIRUWDEOHFRQGLWLRQVDWDOOWLPHVDWWKHDWULXP
VSDFH,QWKLVEHVWFDVHVFHQDULRLWZDVVLPXODWHGWKDWWKH
RSHUDWLYHWHPSHUDWXUHZLOOEHKLJKHUWKDQ&RI
WKHWKHUPDODGDSWLYHFRPIRUWOLPLWIRUKRXUVD\HDU
RUDQDYHUDJHRIKRXUVSHUZRUNLQJGD\
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed

Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c4_autobtmtop.aps)
Thu
CASE 5: TIME CONTROLLED VENTILATION AT BOTTOM AND TOP

36
34
Temperature (C)
THE IDEA
6LQFHWKHGDLO\DLUWHPSHUDWXUHSDWWHUQ
LQ0DOD\VLDLVIDLUO\FRQVLVWHQWZKDW
ZRXOGEHWKHLPSDFWRIXVLQJDWLPH
FRQWUROOHU LQVWHDG RI WHPSHUDWXUH
GLIIHUHQWLDO FRQWUROOHU" ,Q WKLV FDVH
VWXG\ WKH DWULXP RSHQLQJV DUH NHSW
RSHQIURPWKHKRXUVRIDPWRSP
DQGFORVHGIURPWKHKRXUVRISPWR
DP
32
30
28
26
24
THE REALITY
7KHQXPEHURIXQFRPIRUWDEOHKRXUV
LQFUHDVHG E\ DV FRPSDUHG WR
&DVH,WFDQEHFRQFOXGHGWKDWWKH
WLPHFRQWUROOHULVDOPRVWDVHIIHFWLYH
DV XVLQJ D WHPSHUDWXUH GLIIHUHQWLDO
FRQWUROOHU
22
20
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu

Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c5_timebtmtop.aps)
CASE 6: TIME CONTROLLED VENTILATION AT THE BOTTOM AND PERMANENTLY

OPEN AT THE TOP
THE REALITY
7KHQXPEHURIXQFRPIRUWDEOHKRXUV
LQFUHDVHG E\ DV FRPSDUHG WR
&DVH DQG PDWFKHG WKH UHVXOW IRU
&DVH,WFDQWKHUHIRUHEHFRQFOXGHG
WKDW LW LV QRW UHTXLUHG WR KDYH DQ\
FRQWUROVRQWKHWRSRRURIDQDWULXP
VSDFH ZKHQ WKH DWULXP LV QDWXUDOO\
YHQWLODWHG&RQWUROVDUHRQO\UHTXLUHG
DW WKH JURXQG RRU OHYHO WR LQFUHDVH
WKHFRPIRUWOHYHOLQWKHEXLOGLQJ
36
34
Temperature (C)
THE IDEA
,QVWHDGRIKDYLQJFRQWUROVDWERWKWKH
WRS DQG ERWWRP RI WKH DWULXP VSDFH
IRUQDWXUDOYHQWLODWLRQWKLVVLPXODWLRQ
FDVH VWXG\ ZLOO WHVW WKH RSWLRQ RI
OHDYLQJ WKH WRS RI WKH DWULXP VSDFH
RSHQ ZLWKRXW DQ\ FRQWUROV WR DOORZ
KRWDLUWRHVFDSHRXW0HDQZKLOHWKH
ERWWRP RI WKH DWULXP VSDFH PD\ EH
PDQXDOO\RUDXWRPDWLFDOO\FRQWUROOHG
WR NHHS KRW RXWGRRU DLU RXW RI WKH
EXLOGLQJ GXULQJ WKH GD\WLPH DQG
DOORZLQJ QDWXUDO YHQWLODWLRQ GXULQJ
WKH QLJKW WLPH ZKHQ WKH RXWGRRU
DLU LV FRROHU WKDQ WKH DWULXP DLU
WHPSHUDWXUH
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu

Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c6_timebtm_opentop.aps)
SUMMARY
7KLVFKDSWHUH[SORUHGXSWRGLIIHUHQWRSWLRQVRQERWKQDWXUDOO\YHQWLODWHGDQGDLU
FRQGLWLRQHGVFHQDULRVIRUDQDWULXPJURXQGRRUVSDFHWRPD[LPLVHFRPIRUWZKLOH
PLQLPLVLQJWKHHQHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQRIWKHEXLOGLQJ$OOGLIIHUHQWRSWLRQVH[SORUHG
ZHUHSURYLGHGZLWKDGLVWLQFWLYHWKHRU\RQKRZDQGZK\HDFKVWUDWHJ\VKRXOGZRUN
WRLQFUHDVHFRPIRUWDQGUHGXFHHQHUJ\XVH+RZHYHUWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHVLPXODWLRQ
VWXGLHV FRQGXFWHG IRU WKLV FKDSWHU VKRZHG WKDW VRPH RI WKH WKHRULHV ZRUNHG DQG
VRPHGLGQRW
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END OF CHAPTER 9
CHAPTER
10
ZONING &
INFILTRATION
CONTROL
CHAPTER 10 Zoning & Infiltration Control
10 ZONING &
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INTRODUCTION
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on Windows
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The simulation
cases were created
from the worst
case scenario into
the best air-tight
building scenario.
BASE CASE WORST CASE SCENARIO

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CASE 1
GROUND ENTRANCE
DOOR OPEN
50% OF THE AIRCONDITIONING
HOURS
CASE 2
GROUND ENTRANCE
DOOR OPEN
10% OF THE AIRCONDITIONING
HOURS
CASE 3
WINDOW OPENING
REDUCED TO 0.8% OF
WINDOW AREA
CASE 4
WINDOW OPENING
REDUCED TO 0.0% OF
WINDOW AREA
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CASE 6
WINDOW WEATHER
STRIPPING WITH
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COEFFICIENT OF 0.39
(l s-1 m-1 Pa-0.6)
CASE 7
WINDOW WEATHER
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COEFFICIENT OF 0.13
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CASE 8
WINDOW WEATHER
STRIPPING WITH
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COEFFICIENT OF 0.086
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INFILTRATION CONTROL
The objectives regarding air-infiltration
therefore are:
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entire building
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PRESCRIPTIVE REQUIREMENTS
FOR DOORS SEPARATING
NON-AIR-CONDITIONED AND
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INFILTRATION LIMITS
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The biggest air-infiltration

often occurs where the
curtain wall, door and
window systems join the
walls/floors/ceilings
EXAMPLES OF DOOR AND WINDOW SEAL INSTALLATION

TYPICAL DOOR SEAL
TYPICAL BOTTOM DOOR BRUSH SEAL
TYPICAL WINDOW SEAL
TYPICAL AIR-TIGHT WINDOW FRAME
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CONNECTION BETWEEN WINDOW FRAME

AND WALL
CONNECTION BETWEEN WINDOW SILL AND WALL
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CONNECTION BETWEEN DOOR AND WALL
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SUMMARY
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END OF CHAPTER 10
CHAPTER
11
INTERIOR LAYOUT
OF OFFICES
CHAPTER 11 Interior Layout of Offices
11
INTERIOR LAYOUT
OF OFFICES
INTRODUCTION
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KEY RECOMMENDATIONS
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CHART 11.1 | TOTAL BUILDING ENERGY SAVED BY PLACING INDIVIDUAL ROOMS AWAY FROM THE
FAADE, ALLOWING THE OPEN SPACE OFFICES TO BENEFIT FROM HARVESTED DAYLIGHT
Percantage of Total Energy Savings
3.5%
3.0%
y = 0.061x
R2 = 0.999
2.5%
2.0%
1.5%
1.0%
0.5%
0.0%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
Percentage of Hours Individual Rooms Not Occupied

,WLVIDLUO\UHDVRQDEOHWRHVWLPDWHWKHHQHUJ\VDYHGXVLQJWKHIDFWRUVVKRZQLQ7DEOH
RQWKHQH[WSDJHEDVHGRQWKHDUHDRILQGLYLGXDORIFHVPRYHGDZD\IURPWKHGD\OLJKW
VSDFHV 7KLV WDEOH DVVXPHV WKDW WKH HQWLUH LQGLYLGXDO RIFH VSDFH ZDV GD\OLJKW LQ WKH
RULJLQDO VFHQDULR 7KHVH LQGLYLGXDO RIFHV ZHUH WKHQ PRYHG DZD\ IURP WKH GD\OLJKW
VSDFHVDOORZLQJWKHGD\OLJKWVSDFHVWREHDOORFDWHGLQVWHDGIRURSHQVSDFHRIFHVZKHUH
WKH EXLOGLQJ RFFXSDQWV DUH ZRUNLQJ DW WKHLU GHVN DOPRVW HYHU\ ZRUNLQJ KRXU RI HYHU\
ZRUNLQJGD\
50%
60%
TABLE 11.1 | ENERGY AND RUNNING COST SAVINGS PER M2 OF MOVED INDIVIDUAL OFFICES FROM
DAYLIGHT SPACE TO NON-DAYLIGHT SPACE. THE DAYLIGHT SPACE IS THEN ALLOCATED FOR
BUILDING OCCUPANTS THAT REGULARLY OCCUPY THE SPACE. LIGHTING POWER DENSITY IN THIS
MODEL WAS SIMULATED AT 15 W/M2.
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CALCULATION EXAMPLE - USE OF TABLE 11.1

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It should also be highlighted that this study also showed that if a senior staff individual office room
size is 10m2, moving this office space away from the building faade saved only RM44 per year per
staff or RM3.70 per month per senior staff.
SIMULATION MODEL
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CASE 1 - SQUARE BUILDING CENTER CORE
Offices
Offices
Toilet
AHU
Offices
Walkway
Offices
Pantry
Offices
Offices
Lift Shaft
Stairs
Offices
Offices
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PIRULQGLYLGXDORIFHVZKLOHWKHUHPDLQLQJPZDVDOORFDWHGDVRSHQVSDFHRIFHV
Individual Offices
Open Space Offices
Open Space Offices
Individual Offices
AHU
Stairs
Pantry
Walkway
AHU
Stairs
Open Space Offices
Individual Offices
Individual Offices
Open Space Offices
'D\OLJKW,QGLYLGXDO2IFHV
1RQ'D\OLJKW2SHQ6SDFH2IFHV
1RQ'D\OLJKW,QGLYLGXDO2IFHV
'D\OLJKW2SHQ6SDFH2IFHV
Open Space Offices
Lift Shaft
Individual Offices
Individual Offices
Open Space Offices
Individual Offices
Pantry
Walkway
Toilet
Open Space Offices
Open Space Offices
Individual Offices
Toilet
Lift Shaft
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CASE SCENARIOS
Base Case
The following scenarios were tested out:
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RI WKH EXLOGLQJ RFFXSDQF\ KRXUV WKHVH
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Case 1
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GD\OLJKWKDUYHVWLQJ
t /RFDWLQJ LQGLYLGXDO RIFH VSDFHV QHDU WKH FRUH ZLWKRXW
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SDUWLWLRQVEHWZHHQRIFHVSDFHV
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t 2SHQVSDFHRIFHVZHUHPRGHOOHGWREHRFFXSLHGRI
WKHEXLOGLQJRFFXSDQF\KRXUV

Case 2

Case 3
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RI WKH EXLOGLQJ ZLWKRXW DQ\ DFFHVV WR GD\OLJKW
KDUYHVWLQJ RI WKH EXLOGLQJ RFFXSDQF\
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Case 4
The assumption is that

individual office spaces are
usually allocated for higher
ranking office staff that are
regularly out for meetings
and will not spending 100%
of the working hours in
their own room

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Case 5

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Case 6
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WKHUHIRUHQRHOHFWULFDOOLJKWVZLOOEHVZLWFKHGRII
GXULQJ RFFXSDQF\ KRXUV H[FHSW GXULQJ GD\OLJKW
KDUYHVWLQJ
SIMULATION RESULTS
CHART 11.2 | BUILDING ENERGY INDEX OF VARIOUS CASE SCENARIOS
Individual Offices at Building Perimeter

160
159.5
158.4
158
kWh/m2/year
Individual Offices at Building Core
157.5
156
155.7
154.6
154
152
150.7
150
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Percentage of Hours Individual Rooms are Not Occupied
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TABLE 11.2 | BEI OF SIMULATED CASES

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SUMMARY
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IURP WKHLU RZQ LQGLYLGXDO RIFH URRPV ,QGLYLGXDO RIFHV ORFDWHG ZLWK DFFHVV
WR KDUYHVWHG GD\OLJKW DUH GHHPHG DV ZDVWLQJ DQ RSSRUWXQLW\ WR VDYH HQHUJ\
EHFDXVH ZKHQ WKH SHUVRQ LV QRW LQ WKH URRP OLJKW LV QRW UHTXLUHG LQ WKH UVW
SODFH %\ ORFDWLQJ WKH LQGLYLGXDO RIFH URRPV DZD\ IURP GD\OLJKW VSDFHV DQG
LQVWHDG SODFLQJ PRUH SHUPDQHQW RIFH VWDII LQ GD\OLJKW VSDFHV ZLOO HQDEOH
HQHUJ\WREHVDYHGLQWKHEXLOGLQJE\KDYLQJPRUHHOHFWULFDOOLJKWVVZLWFKHGRII
ZKHQWKHLQGLYLGXDOURRPVDUHHPSW\
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END OF CHAPTER 11
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
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Passive Design

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Passive Design

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BUILDING ENERGY EFFICIENCY

TECHNICAL GUIDELINE FOR

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BUILDING ENERGY EFFICIENCY

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8 | Building Energy Efficiency Technical Guideline For Passive Design

Dew Point Temperature

Building Energy Efficiency Technical Guideline for Passive Design | 9

Building Energy Efficiency Technical Guideline for Passive Design | 11

12 | Building Energy Efficiency Technical Guideline For Passive Design

CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Energy Efficiency in Buildings

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CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Energy Efficiency in Buildings

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16 | Building Energy Efficiency Technical Guideline For Passive Design

CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Energy Efficiency in Buildings

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Building Energy Efficiency Technical Guideline for Passive Design | 17

CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Energy Efficiency in Buildings

1 Chiller System Efficiency

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18 | Building Energy Efficiency Technical Guideline For Passive Design

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CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Energy Efficiency in Buildings

1ST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

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Building Energy Efficiency Technical Guideline for Passive Design | 19

CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Energy Efficiency in Buildings

Only a fraction of the

Only a fraction of the fan

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MYTH A 100 watt light bulb

MYTH A 100 watt fan motor

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