Division of Gymnosperm

Division
Coniferophyta

Examples
pines, spruces,

Characteristics
-monoecious; male and
female cones are produced
separately on the same tree.
-leaf is the pine needle, a
simple leaf
-resin of certain pines is
harvested commercially for
its volatile liquid----turpentine

Gingkophyta

Ginkgo biloba

-dioecious: the male and

female reproductive
structures are produced on
separate trees
-Fan shaped leaves
-it is resistant to air
pollution,

Cycadophyta

Cycads

Gnetophyta

Ephedra

-dioecious
-palm-like leaves that bear
no resemblance to leaves of
other living gymnosperms.
-monoecious or dioecious
-has flower-like
compound strobili
-produce ephedrine, which
is used medicinally
as a decongestant

B.
1. Give pollen grain added buoyancy when dispersed into the air by wind
2. Because the wind is able to carry the male pollen to the female ovule to continue the
sexual reproduction without water. The pollen grain will dust the pollen everywhere in its
path.
3. Meiosis
4. By wind and by animals (example:squirrels)

5. Male gametophyte is the yellow and small pollen grain with two nucleii and is wind
dispersed, while the female gametophyte retained within the sporophyte and is composed
of a multicellular structure inside the ovule.
6. Important process occurs in the sporangia is meiosis occurs.
Angiosperms,
1. Appearance :
- Inconspicuous sepals and petals, feathery stigma, no odordispersed through wind
red tubular flowers with little or no odordispersed through hummingbird
-white flowers that smell like fruit, strong flower parts-- by bat
2. -Pollen grain is the male gametophyte
Female gametophyte is the embryo sac located within an ovule
-Pollen is produced in anthers, which is dry and in numerous numbers. Stigma located at
the tip of carpel. It is very sticky which the pollen will land here during wind pollination.
-The pollen may get to the stigma of the same flower on its own which is known as selfpollination.
3. - Pollen grain lands on sticky stigma of a carpel
Pollen grain travels down a tube to the ovule
Pollen grain deposits 2 sperm nuclei within the embryo sac
Double fertilization is occurred. Fertilization produces a zygote.
- In double fertilization, one sperm fertilizes the egg, while the other combines with two
nuclei in the central cell of the female gametophyte and initiates development of food
storing endosperm.
- endosperm: nutrient source for embryonic plant in developing seed.
Difference of tissue nutrients nourishment in gymnosperm compared to endosperm: the
male nucleus never unites with female polar nuclei to form a triploid tissue -- the
endosperm of angiosperms.