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TRT Headquarters which include the division where I performed my summer practice,
ARIM, is in Oran on the Turan Guneş Boulevard. Its adress is:
Fig 1.1
TRT Headquarters and ARIM Division Building
Fig 1.2
Fig 1.3
1.3 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
Fig 1.4
1.3.2 Organizational Structure of ARIM
Fig 1.5
ARIM (Research and Production Division) products various devices used by TRT,
realizes research and development activities of the company, and also sells its products to
other companies. ARIM is the unique producer of many devices produced by the division.
*
SOME PRODUCTS OF ARIM
• Clock System: A clock system which are connected to main clock by radio signals.
Main clock synchronize itself via BBC to World Clock System. (Fig 1.6)
Fig 1.6
• Clock Beep Generator: It generates 0.5 second long 1kHz beeps at every hour and
half hour by the information generated by main clock. When the signal which comes
from main clock, it generates “no information” warning signal. (Fig 1.7)
Fig 1.7
• DAB Project: After FM strereo radio broadcasting, the most important development
in radio technology is DAB (Digital Audio Broadcasting) technic. DAB provides
broadcasting sound and data in 6 programs with a single transmitter in the quality of a
CD. In order to follow these developments in the world, in 2002, ARIM started to
experimental broadcasting on VHF 12B channel in Ankara.
• KAMOK: During broadcasting, speaker read the text which will be read from this
device. Therefore the speaker never lose eye-contact with the audience. The device
has all editing properties in Windows Word program.
• FM Transmitter: It is designed for high quality radio broadcasting. Running interval
of the device is between 87,5 and 108 MHz. (Fig 1.8)
Fig 1.8
Fig 1.9
1.6 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE COMPANY
I have performed my first summer practice TRT (Turkish Radio and Television
Corporation), which is the national public broadcaster of Turkey. Today, TRT broadcasts
from 7 distinct TV channel and 6 distinct radio channel for 24 hours in a day. My practice
lasted totally four weeks starting from 18.06.2007 and ending in 13.07.2007. The division
where I performed my practice is ARIM (Research and Production Division) which designs,
develops, and produces some of devices used in broadcasting. During my summer practice,
we measured and regulated RF filters designed by ARIM. These are band pass filters which
allow to pass signal whise frequencies are between 88 and 108 MHz. We measured filters
with impedance analyzer. While regulating filter, we reformed cylindrical inductors of the
filter.
3. RF (RADIO FREQUENCY) FILTER
Fig 3.1
3.2 FM TRANSMITTER
Fig 3.2
The number and type of circuits used in a FM transmitter varies according to the
characteristics of output signal. However, there are some circuits which are common for all
FM transmitters. In fig 3.3, a simple FM transmitter circuit which includes all the necessary
parts is shown. This circuit consists of a oscillator, a FM modulator, buffer and RF power
amplifier.
Fig 3.3
In this circuit, the non-modulated signal generated by oscillator has central frequency.
When the modulation was applied, frequency of output signal of oscillator varies according to
the frequency of applied signal to oscillator. Infact, the signal applied to the circuit by
modulator is capacitive or inductive reactance. The type and value of rectance applied to
oscillator by modulator depends on amplitude of input signal of modulator. Therefore,
frequency of output signal of oscillator varies acording to amplitude of input signal of
modulator. Modulated output signal of oscillator passes through buffer amplifier and applied
to RF power amplifier. Here, buffer amplifier does not only isolate output signal of oscillator
from RF power amplifier but also amplifies the signal. RF power amlifier amplifies the
output signal of buffer amplifier in order to make the signal enough powerful to broadcast.
3.3 PASSIVE BAND – PASS FILTER
Engineers of ARIM has designed a passive band-pass filter. This designed circuit has
been mass-produced in another company. Our mission was testing these circuits that they
have acceptable values or not. Moreover we should have also reform cylindrical inductors by
pulling or pushing in order to make small changes to their inductance values. First of all, I
have to mention some concept about filters and inductors.
We know that requency band used in radio signals is between 88 and 108 MHz. This
circuit was designed in order to allow the signals having frequency between 88 and 108 MHz
and stop the signals having frequency below 88 MHz and above 108 MHz. Circuit diagram of
this filter is shown below (Fig 3.4).
Fig 3.4
The circuit consists of three cylindrical inductors and more than three capacitors which
are parallel connected. In fig 3.4 a simplified version of the circuit is shown. For capacitors,
chip capacitors are used (fig 3.5). Chip capacitors are rectangular prism shaped element
whose terminals are two opposite side of the prism. They have no wire as other capacitors
used in electronics therefore there is no need to pierce the circuit card. Consequently,
production cost is minimized. Moreover they are used in high frequencies as RF technology.
Chip Capacitors
Fig 3.5
We realized the measurements with a impedance analyzer. This device can measure
and plot transfer function of the measured circuit in given frequency band without any aid of
external hardware as we do in the course EE214. However, values of transfer function is in
logatitmic scale (bode plot) and measured in decibel (dB). We know that in a filter, half
power point are main parameters. At these points, power is half done therefore voltage
becomes its one over squareroot of two. Because power is direct proportional to square of
voltage.
H( fc) (in dB) = 20 log [Vo ( fc) / log Vin ( fc)]
= 10 log [Vo2 ( fc) / log Vin2 ( fc)]
= 10 log [ ½ ] = -3.0103 ≈ -3
For this reason, we focused –3 dB value for a bit above 108 MHz and a bit below 88
MHz. Furthermore, between 88 and 108 MHz transfer function should not be excess small. In
Electronics Workbench program, bode diagram of the filter is below (fig 3.6-7-8). The graphs
we observed in the impedance analyzer is smilar with this graph. Nevertheless, the graphs we
observed is not as rigid as the graph drawn by the program.
Fig 3.6
Fig 3.7
Fig 3.8
Fig 3.9
A solenoid is a helix shaped wire designed for a remarkable inductance. It is accepted
that magnetic field created by the current passing through the solenoid is focused
homogenously inside of the cylinder envelopes the solenoid (fig 3.9). Moreover, outside of
the cylinder, magnetic field is neglectable. This is a good property to use in electronic circuits
in order to avoid affect of coils each other as mutual conductors. In addition, this fact gives us
an easiness to calculate the inductance of solenoid. In theorical calculation, we designed a
loop passing through the solenoid linearly, and arrives its end on a arbitrary path outside the
cylinder we mentioned (fig 3.10).
Fig 3.10
On the path c, we apply Ampére’s Law: "c B·dl = B l = µ0 nI, here n is the number of
turns. Therefore, B = µ0 nI / l .
By the Faraday’s Law of Induction: V = n A dB/dt = µ0 n2 A (dI/dt) / l = L(dI/dt), here
A is the base area of the cylinder we mentioned above.
Briefly, the inductance of the solenoidal L = µ0 n2 A / l . Consequently, the inductance
is inversely proportional to l, the length of solenoidal.
However, in practice, we did not mind these theorical calculation. I wanted to show
that length of the sinusodial is a variable of the inductance above. We applied arbitrary
operations on cylindric inductors. When we reached a satisfactory bode diagram whose I
mentioned proficiency criteria in the part titled “Measurement of the Filter”, we stoped and
passed next circuit.
4. CONCLUSION
• http://www.trt.net.tr
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Radio_and_Television_Corporation
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulation
• http://www.tpub.com/content/et/14086/css/14086_38.htm
• http://news.thomasnet.com/fullstory/13303
• http://members.wri.com/jeffb/visualization/solenoid.shtml
• http://www.physics.sjsu.edu/becker/physics51/mag_field.htm
6. APPENDIX