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TOPIC 1
EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
SYNOPSIS
This topic discusses the concept of technology, the concept of teaching, the
concept of educational technology, the role of learning theory, identify
instructional technology domain and explain the function of the domain. Also
discussed are the principles, the role and importance of educational technology
in teaching and learning.
LEARNING OUTCOME
TOPIC FRAMEWORK
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EDU3105 - EDUCATION TECHNOLOGY IN TEACHING AND LEARNING
The word technology comes from the Greek word, "techne" meaning skill in using
knowledge systematically until achieving the usual practice of performing a task.
Technology is not simply a tool and machine. It encompasses process and ideas.
Strength lies primarily in the technology and ideas, and the success in achieving
a purpose or objective lies in the tool. Based on the original meaning of the
Greek word, it is only appropriate if Galbraith (1967) defines technology as:
The term technology is often associated with the tools of modern technology,
especially electronic devices such as televisions, video cassette recorders, laser
disc game, game disc, cassette tape recorders, LCD projectors and other visual
projectors. Sometimes technology means the development and modernization of
an organization thriving and developing because of the use of technological
tools.
Technology is not simply a tool and machine. It encompasses the process and
ideas. Its strength lies mainly on the processes and ideas, while the success in
achieving a purpose or objective lies in the tool. This means that, in the planning
of the lesson, pre-planning involving the use of the same idea in the form of
theories, approaches, method and so forth is the most important process. Tool is
a "catalyst" to achieve success.
Technology is how we use the tool to meet a need. Use is not seen solely in
terms of science, but also art. So, if a chalkboard or whiteboard in the classroom
obsolete apparently beautified and used to raise the understanding of learning,
then that technology. But if the board is idle and never find a way to optimize
utilization, and dwelt as obsolete tool.
Educational technology is very broad in education to the extent that the concept
of educational technology encompasses an educational organization itself. The
concept and meaning can be discussed from various angles.
This topic will discuss the two domains of instructional technology, that is
Instructional Technology Domain 1977 and 1994.
1.2.1 Instructional Technology domain 1977
ii.
Each domain has their role, moving in a systematic and integrated approach
towards their students, as the target group that will receive the result of the entire
process takes place. From this context, the effect is to make a positive impact
that students do better in their studies.
Having identified a suitable theoretical model, the next task is to design lessons
in line with the theory. Strictly speaking, the theory is now changed into a
specification that will be the basis for instructional construction of teaching. It
begins with an analysis of the students, writing objectives, selecting instructional
strategies, selecting teaching media and also determine the specifications of the
media.
The most emphasised aspect of this evaluation is its ability to meet the
requirements of objectives. In addition, an assessment of the technical quality is
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Once confirmed its effectiveness, then the media is ready for use. At the
application level, the students are assisted to select learning resources (media
teaching part thereof) in accordance with their learning and help them use the
selected source. Students' progress is monitored during their learning activities.
To ensure that learning resources are always available, logistics and space for
collection must be provided. This is where the learning resources are cataloged,
maintained and distributed. Finally, to ensure the development of educational
technology can be followed, the dissemination of information on instructional
technology collected and disseminated. This is done through the provision of
advisory services, training and reporting.
store messages that will be transmitted in the form of notes, books, tapes,
videos, learning modules (as module) and compact discs. Messages are
transmitted through equipments such as projectors, audio recorders, video disc
players and so on. Technique is about how materials, equipments and people
used to send information such as discussions, excursion, electronic mail and
other.
Clearly, the definition states that the theory and practice form the basis of any
actions taken. Logically, a person involved with a job should have the knowledge
that can support their practices.
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The five domains within the definition of instructional technology covers the
theory and practice of design, development, utilization, management and
evaluation of processes and resources for learning:
i.
Design domain
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The second area involves the design of message planning to determine the
manner and media format the most effective in delivering messages to the
students.
The third area is instructional strategy involving the process of selecting and
organizing learning activities in lesson units, content, learning domains, methods
and media best suited to reinforce the learning process.
The last area in the domain of design is analysis of pupil characteristics such as
determining the skills, knowledge, and attitudes that affect the learning process.
The third domain in the instructional technology is the use. Use is the act of using
methods and instructional models, materials and media tools and environment to
enhance the learning process.
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There are four categories of evaluation. Those are the problem analysis,
evaluation criteria, formative assessment and summative assessment.
The use of technology in teaching and learning is only a supporting material for
teachers to teach and not a substitute for teaching. The using of educational
technology is to help teachers teach and help students learn a subject content
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more effectively. It is used for teaching and learning and not for entertainment or
to show the ability of teachers to use technology, also not to waste time while
waiting for the learning of pupils over.
Educational resources are used according to the appropriate time to optimize the
teaching and learning
i.
Before use - planning time and manner relate to the topic being taught
ii.
During use - planning reviews and emphasising the important aspects that will
accelerate the process of learning
iii.
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1.4
Learning
In the past, the use of media is planned during the implementation of curriculum.
As a result, numerous problems have arisen, such as lack of teacher preparation
in teaching and learning and difficulty in obtaining appropriate media materials to
help teachers implement teaching and learning. The presence of educational
technology somehow has contributed changes in the habits implemented in the
past. Now the education system is more efficient and capable of producing
effective learning to pupils in a shorter time.
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For the success of the curriculum, careful planning and rigorous shall be
arranged so that it can help students get the learning experience based on the
objective set by the teacher based on the curriculum that was enacted. Plans
such as the use of appropriate media either using computer applications,
simulations, demonstrations or any other materials to help students understand
the learning should be determined so that the critical and creative thinking can be
generated in the classroom so that pupils are able to apply the learning in their
daily lives.
Technology has also changed the education system with various methods of
teaching and learning techniques such as learning in groups or alone, with
human resources (teachers) and non-technological (computer software),
cooperative learning and actively engage students and encourage students to
think more critically and creatively. These changes are important to provide a
meaningful learning experience to the students to master a lesson.
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approach, students will gather ideas or data, share experiences, discuss among
themselves, and solve problems together. In this approach, each team member are
committed to perform a given task and ready to help each other to improve their
academic performance.
For example, in the teaching and learning of science, the teacher asked students to find
a solution to a problem such as factors affecting corrosion. Pupils are asked to evaluate
the factors affecting corrosion and perform an experiment to support their opinions.
Here, teachers can encourage students to use a variety of resources to assist their
teaching media, such as movies slide show, the observation and the acquisition of
information from internet. Besides encouraging students to communicate, teachers can
also give emphasis on the use of educational technology such as searching for material
on the internet.
SUMMARY
In this topic we have discussed the concept of technology, the concept of teaching, the
concept of educational technology, the role of learning theory, instructional technology
domain, identify and explain the function of the domain. Also discussed are the
principles, the role and importance of educational technology in teaching and learning.